This is a ''historical'' list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

* Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher * Abrotelia (5th century BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece * Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician *

Aesara Aesara of Lucania ( el, Αἰσάρα ''Aisara''; 4th or 3rd century BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher who wrote ''On Human Nature'', of which a fragment is preserved by Stobaeus. Life Aesara is known only from a one-page fragment of her philosop ...

of Lucania (4th or 3rd century BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece *

Agamede Agamede (Ancient Greek: Ἀγαμήδη means ‘very cunning’) was a name attributed to two separate women in classical Greek mythology and legendary history. * Agamede ( twelfth century BC) was, according to Homer, a Greek physician acquainte ...

(12th century BCE), physician in Ancient Greece (possibly mythical) * Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece * Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens *

Andromache In Greek mythology, Andromache (; grc, Ἀνδρομάχη, ) was the wife of Hector, daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. She was born and raised in the city of Cilician Thebe, over which her father ruled. The name means 'man battler ...

(mid-6th century), Egyptian physician * Anyte (300 BCE), Greek physician and poet *

Arete of Cyrene Arete of Cyrene (; el, Ἀρήτη; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a Cyrenaic philosopher who lived in Cyrene, Libya. She was the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene. Life and teachings Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had ...

(5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher * Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist *

Asclepigenia Asclepigenia ( grc-gre, Ἀσκληπιγένεια; fl. 430 – 485 AD) was an Athenian philosopher and mystic. Biography Asclepigenia was the daughter of Plutarch of Athens. She studied and taught, alongside her brother Hierius, at the Neoplato ...

(4th CE), Greek Neoplatonist *

Aspasia Aspasia (; grc-gre, Ἀσπασία ; after 428 BC) was a ''metic'' woman in Classical Athens. Born in Miletus, she moved to Athens and began a relationship with the statesman Pericles, with whom she had a son, Pericles the Younger. Accor ...

(4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist * Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician *

Axiothea of Phlius Axiothea of Phlius ( el, Ἀξιοθέα Φλειασία ) was a female student of Plato and Speusippus. She was born in Phlius, an ancient city in the Peloponnese which was under Spartan rule when Plato founded his Academy. Axiothea is said b ...

(fl. c. 350 BCE), Greek philosopher *

Aurelia Alexandria Zosime Aurelia may refer to: People * Version of feminine given name Aurélie * Aurelia (mother of Caesar) * Aurelia gens, a Roman family * Aurelia Browder, American civil rights activist * Astrud Aurelia, American drag queen Science * ''Aurelia'' (c ...

, Ancient Roman physician * Beronice (1st century CE), Roman philosopher *

Caerellia Caerellia (fl. 1st c. BCE) was a Roman lady distinguished for her philosophical pursuits. A friend of Cicero who shared his interest in philosophy. She attempted to mend his relationship with his second wife whom he had divorced. She was accused b ...

(c. 45 BCE), Roman academician * Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist *

Clea Clea Strange () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by co-plotters Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Clea first appeared in the Doctor Strange feature in ''Strange Tales'' #126 (November 1964). S ...

(1st–2nd century CE), philosopher * Cleachma (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher *

Cleopatra the Alchemist Cleopatra the Alchemist (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα; fl. c. 3rd century AD) was a Greek alchemist, author, and philosopher. She experimented with practical alchemy but is also credited as one of the four female alchemists who could produce the P ...

(c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, ''Chrysopoeia'', or "gold-making" * Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher *

Diotima of Mantinea Diotima of Mantinea (; el, Διοτίμα; la, Diotīma) is the name or pseudonym of an ancient Greek character in Plato's dialogue ''Symposium'', possibly an actual historical figure, indicated as having lived circa 440 B.C. Her ideas and doct ...

(4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece * Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher * Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher *

Elephantis Elephantis ( grc, Ἐλεφαντίς) (fl. late 1st century BC) was a Greek poet and physician apparently renowned in the classical world as the author of a notorious sex manual. Due to the popularity of courtesans taking animal names in classica ...

(1st century BCE), Greek physician *

Enheduanna Enheduanna ( sux, , also transliterated as , , or variants) was the priestess of the moon god Nanna (Sīn) in the Sumerian city-state of Ur in the reign of her father, Sargon of Akkad. She was likely appointed by her father as the leader of t ...

(c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet * Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician *

Fang A fang is a long, pointed tooth. In mammals, a fang is a modified maxillary tooth, used for biting and tearing flesh. In snakes, it is a specialized tooth that is associated with a venom gland (see snake venom). Spiders also have external fa ...

(first century BCE), Chinese chemist * Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician *

Gu Bao Bao Gu (Chinese: 鮑姑, 4th-century), was a Chinese Taoist physician. She is the daughter of accomplished Taoist practitioner and governor Bao Jing and the wife of Ge Hong who is the author of ''Baopuzi''. She is also known as one of the fam ...

(4th century), Chinese physician *

Hypatia Hypatia, Koine pronunciation (born 350–370; died 415 AD) was a neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where ...

(370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt * Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife *

Lais of Corinth Lais of Corinth ( grc, Λαΐς and Λαΐδα) (fl. 425 BC) was a famous hetaira or courtesan of ancient Greece, who was probably born in Corinth. She shared a name with the younger hetaira Lais of Hyccara; as ancient authors (in their usually ...

, Ancient Greek physician *

Lastheneia of Mantinea Lastheneia (or Lasthenia) of Mantinea ( el, Λασθένεια Μαντινική) was one of Plato's female students. She was born in Mantinea, an ancient city in Arcadia, in the Peloponnese. She studied in the Academy of Plato dressed as a ...

(5th century BCE), student of Plato * Leontium (3rd BCE), Greek philosopher * Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist * Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun * Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer *

Mary the Jewess Mary or Maria the Jewess ( la, Maria Hebraea), also known as Mary the Prophetess ( la, Maria Prophetissa) or Maria the Copt ( ar, مارية القبطية, Māriyya al-Qibṭiyya), was an early alchemist known from the works of Zosimos of Panop ...

(1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist *

Melissa Melissa is a female given name. The name comes from the Greek word μέλισσα (''mélissa''), "bee", which in turn comes from μέλι (''meli''), "honey". In Hittite, ''melit'' signifies "honey". ''Melissa'' also refers to the plant '' ...

(3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher *

Metrodora Metrodora ( grc, Μητροδώρα) was possibly the author an ancient Greek medical text, ''On the Diseases and Cures of Women'' (Περὶ τῶν Γυναικείων παθῶν τῆς μἠτρας). She is known from a Byzantine manuscript ...

(c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author * Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician *

Myia Myia (; grc-gre, Μυῖα, literally "Fly"; fl. c. 500 BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher and, according to later tradition, one of the daughters of Theano and Pythagoras. Life Myia was married to Milo of Croton Milo or Milon of Croton (la ...

(5th century BCE), Greek philosopher * Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer * Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician * Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife * Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer * Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist *

Paphnutia the Virgin Paphnutia the Virgin (fl. 300 C.E.) was an Egyptian alchemist living around the time of 300 C.E. who was referred to in the letters between the alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis Zosimos of Panopolis ( el, Ζώσιμος ὁ Πανοπολίτης ...

(c. 300), Egyptian alchemist * Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer *

Perictione Perictione ( grc-gre, Περικτιόνη ''Periktiónē''; fl. 5th century BC) was the mother of the Greek philosopher Plato. She was a descendant of Solon, the Athenian lawgiver. Her illustrious family goes back to Dropides, archon of the yea ...

(5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato *

Panthea ''Panthea'' is a genus of the owlet moth family, Noctuidae. The word ''Panthea'' is from Greek, meaning "all of gods" .''Panthea''

, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon * Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician * Peseshet, Egyptian physician ( Fourth Dynasty) * Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer * Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist *
Restituta Saint Restituta (''Santa Restituta of Africa''; died in AD 255 or 304) is a Berber saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. She was said to have been born in Carthage or Teniza (presently Ras Djebel, Tunisia) and ma ...
(1st century), Ancient Roman physician * Salpe of Lesbos, Ancient Greek physician *
Salpe Salpe was an ancient Greek midwife cited by Pliny the Elder, and a writer of a work called the ''Paignia'' mentioned in Athenaeus' ''Deipnosophistae''. It is not certain whether the Salpe mentioned by Pliny and the Salpe mentioned by Athenaeus wer ...
(1st century BCE), Greek midwife * Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician * Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process * Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician *
Theano In Greek mythology, Theano (; Ancient Greek: Θεανώ) may refer to the following personages: *Theano, wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. Metapontus demanded that she bear him children, or leave the kingdom. She presented the children of Mel ...
(6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician * Thelka, Iranian * Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer * Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Middle Ages
* Abella (14th century), Italian physicianL. Whaley:
Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800
' * Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician * Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician * Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse * Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician * Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician * Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon * Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer * Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician *
Hildegard of Bingen Hildegard of Bingen (german: Hildegard von Bingen; la, Hildegardis Bingensis; 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher ...
(1099–1179), German natural philosopher * Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes * Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist * Constanza, Italian surgeon, mentioned in
Pope Sixtus IV Pope Sixtus IV ( it, Sisto IV: 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death in August 1484. His accomplishments as pope include ...
edict regarding physicians and surgeons. *
Denice Denice is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southeast of Turin and about southwest of Alessandria. As of 30 June 2017, it had a population of 175 and an area of .All demogra ...
(fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon * Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician *
Dobrodeia of Kiev Dobrodeia of Kiev (died 16 November 1131), was a Rus' princess, spouse of the Byzantine co-emperor Alexios Komnenos, and author on medicine. Life Born in Kyiv in the early years of the 12th century, Dobrodeia was the daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev ...
(
fl. ''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...
1122), Byzantine physician *
Dorotea Bucca Dorotea Bocchi (1360–1436) (also sometimes referred to as Dorotea Bucca) was an Italian noblewoman known for studying medicine and philosophy. Dorotea was associated with the University of Bologna, though there are differing beliefs regarding th ...
(
fl. ''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...
1390), Italian professor of medicine * Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye * Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician * Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician * Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon * Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician * Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician * Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician * Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician * Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician * Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon * Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician * Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician * Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician * Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher *
Alessandra Giliani Alessandra Giliani (1307-1326) was thought to be an Italian natural historian, best known as the first woman to be recorded in historical documents as practicing anatomy and pathology. However, the historical evidence for her existence is limited ...
(fl. 1318), Italian anatomist * Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician * Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon * Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon, mentioned in
Pope Sixtus IV Pope Sixtus IV ( it, Sisto IV: 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death in August 1484. His accomplishments as pope include ...
edict regarding physicians and surgeons. * Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician * Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician * Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician *
Keng Hsien-Seng Master Geng (, died 975 CE) was a Chinese alchemist. Geng was employed at the Imperial Court. She distilled perfumes, and utilized an early form of the Soxhlet process to extract camphor into alcohol, and gained recognition for her skill in usi ...
(10th century), Chinese chemist * Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist * Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician * Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon * Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician, mentioned in
Pope Sixtus IV Pope Sixtus IV ( it, Sisto IV: 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death in August 1484. His accomplishments as pope include ...
edict regarding physicians and surgeons. * Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main * Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon * Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician * Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon * Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician * Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist * Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon * Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician *
Trota of Salerno Trota of Salerno (also spelled Trocta) was the world's first gynecologist. She was a medical practitioner and writer in the southern Italian coastal town of Salerno who lived in the early or middle decades of the 12th century. Her fame spread as f ...
(fl. 1090), Italian physician * Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician * Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician * Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician * Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist * Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist * Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon * Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon * Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician * Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon * Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the
University of Salerno The University of Salerno ( it, Università degli Studi di Salerno, UNISA) is a university located in Fisciano and in Baronissi, Italy. Its main campus is located in Fisciano while the Faculty of Medicine is located in Baronissi. It is organize ...
She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...
, as a patient. * Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician *
Zhang Xiaoniang Zhang Xiaoniang (11th-century), was a Chinese physician. She is known as one of the famous four female physicians in Chinese history, along with Yi Jia of Western Han dynasty, Gu Bao of the Jin dynasty and Tan Yunxian, who was active during t ...
(11th century), Chinese physician

16th century
* Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist * Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist * Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist *
Isabella Cortese Isabella Cortese (floruit, fl. 1561), was an Italians, Italian alchemy, alchemist and writer of the Renaissance. All that is known of her life and work is from her book on alchemy, ''The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese''. Cortese was also well-ve ...
(fl. 1561), Italian alchemist *
Helena Magenbuch Helena Magenbuch (born 14 March 1523 in Nuremberg; died 9 September 1597 in Hohenacker, was a German pharmacist.Gerhard Raff: Hie gut Wirtemberg allewege. Band 2: Das Haus Württemberg von Herzog Friedrich I. bis Herzog Eberhard III. Mit den Linie ...
(1523–1597), German pharmacist *
Loredana Marcello Loredana Marcello (died 12 December 1572) was a Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Alvise I Mocenigo (r. 1570-1577). She was an author of letters and poetry and studied botany, and was regarded as a model of an educated and cultivated re ...
(died 1572), Venetian botanist * Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English
barber-surgeon The barber surgeon, one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages, was generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians, but instead by barbers ...
*
Tarquinia Molza Tarquinia Molza Tarquinia Molza (1 November 1542 – 8 August 1617) was an Italian singer, poet, conductor, composer, and natural philosopher. She was considered a great '' virtuosa''. She was involved with the famous ''Concerto delle donne'', al ...
(1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher *
Catherine de Parthenay Catherine de Parthenay (22 March 1554 – 26 October 1631) was a French noblewoman and mathematician. She studied with mathematician François Viète and was considered one of the most brilliant women of the era. She married Charles de Que ...
(1554–1631), French mathematician * Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon *
Agatha Streicher Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), was a German physician who lived her entire life in Ulm. She has been referred to as the first female physician in Germany. Streicher was prohibited from studying medicine at the University because she was a woman ...
(1520–1581), German physician *
Caterina Vitale Caterina Vitale (1566–1619) was the first female pharmacist and chemist in Malta, and the first female pharmacist of the Knights Hospitaller. Caterina Vitale was originally from Greece. She married Ettore Vitale, pharmacist of the Knights Ho ...
(1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist *
Tan Yunxian Tan Yunxian (; 1461–1554) was a Chinese physician during the Ming dynasty in China. Life Tan's grandmother was the daughter of a physician. One reason Tan's grandfather married her grandmother was to learn medicine himself. Two of her grandpa ...
(1461–1554), Chinese physician

17th century
* Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist * Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher *
Aphra Behn Aphra Behn (; bapt. 14 December 1640 – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright, poet, prose writer and translator from the Restoration era. As one of the first English women to earn her living by her writing, she broke cultural barrie ...
(1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work * Martine Bertereau (1600–''fl.''1642), French
mineralogist Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proce ...
*
Agnes Block Agnes, or Agneta Block (29 October 1629, Emmerich am Rhein – 20 April 1704, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Mennonite art collector and horticulturalist. She is most remembered as the compiler of an album of flower and insect paintings. Life Agneta B ...
(1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist *
Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was b ...
(1618–1680), German natural philosopher * Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician * Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet * Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher * Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician *
Maria Cunitz Maria Cunitz or Maria CunitiaCunitz, Maria. "Urania propitia, sive Tabulæ Astronomicæ mirè faciles, vim hypothesium physicarum à Kepplero proditarum complexae; facillimo calculandi compendio, sine ullâ logarithmorum mentione paenomenis sati ...
(1610–1664), Silesian astronomer * Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer *
Maria Clara Eimmart Maria Clara Eimmart (27 May 1676 – 29 October 1707), was a German astronomer, engraver and designer. She was the daughter and assistant of Georg Christoph Eimmart the Younger. Biography Maria Clara Eimmart was a German astronomer born in N ...
(1676–1707), German astronomer *
Marie Fouquet Marie François Fouquet (1590–1681), was a French medical writer and philanthropist. She was born to Gilles de Maupeou, and married to François IV Fouquet (1587–1640). She was the manager of the hospital ''Dame de la Charité de l'Hôtel- ...
(1590–1681), French medical writer *
Eleanor Glanville Eleanor Glanville (born Goodricke; first married name Ashfield; 1654–1709) was an English entomologist and naturalist, specializing in the study of butterflies and moths. She inherited family properties across Somersetshire and married t ...
(1654–1709), English entomologist *
Elisabeth Hevelius Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann-Hevelius (in Polish called ''Elżbieta Heweliusz''; January 17, 1647–December 22, 1693) is considered one of the first female astronomers. Originally from Danzig, Poland, she contributed to improve the work and obs ...
(1647–1693), Polish astronomer *
Maria Sibylla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian (2 April 164713 January 1717) was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator. She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss M ...
(1647–1717), naturalist * Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist *
Elena Cornaro Piscopia Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (, ; 5 June 1646 – 26 July 1684) or Elena Lucrezia Corner (), also known in English as Helen Cornaro, was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent who in 1678 became one of the first women to receive an academic ...
(1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD * Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher *
Jane Sharp Jane Sharp (c. 1641–1671) was an English midwife. Her work ''The Midwives Book: or the Whole Art of Midwifery Discovered'', published in 1671, was the first on the subject to be produced by an Englishwoman. Life Little is known of Sharp's l ...
(fl. 1671), British obstetrician * Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician * Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist * Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

18th century
*
Maria Gaetana Agnesi Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( , , ; 16 May 1718 – 9 January 1799) was an Italian mathematician, philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian. She was the first woman to write a mathematics handbook and the first woman appointed as a mathematics profe ...
(1718–1799), Italian mathematician * Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist * Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713 - ''fl.'' 1740) French dentist. *
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen , consort = yes , succession = Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , reign = 10 March 1772 – 20 April 1804 , image = Charlotte Amalie of Saxe-Meiningen.jpg , caption = Portrait by Johann Ernst Heinsius , spouse ...
(1751–1827), German astronomer * Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist * Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector *
Giuseppa Barbapiccola Giuseppa Eleonora Barbapiccola (1702 – ca 1740) was an Italian natural philosopher, poet and translator. She is best known for her translation of René Descartes' ''Principles of Philosophy'' to Italian language, Italian in 1722. In her prefac ...
(c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator *
Jeanne Baret Jeanne Baret (; 27 July 1740 – 5 August 1807) was a member of Louis Antoine de Bougainville's expedition on the ships '' La Boudeuse'' and '' Étoile'' in 1766–1769. Baret is recognized as the first woman to have completed a voyage of c ...
(1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist * Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist *
Marie Marguerite Bihéron Marie Marguerite Bihéron (17 November 1719 – 18 June 1795) (also known as Marie Catherine Bihéron) was a French anatomist, known for her medical illustrations and wax figure models. Biography Bihéron was the daughter of a French apothecary ...
(1719–1795), French anatomist * Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher * Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy * Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor * Margaret Bryan (philosopher), Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher * Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist * Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist * María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician * Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist * Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician * Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist * Rosalie de Constant (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist * Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife * Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician * Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist * Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist * Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician * Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian * Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist * Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician * Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory * Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist * Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor * Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist * Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer * Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist * Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer * Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer * Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer * Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife * Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer * Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator * Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer * Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist * Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist * Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer * Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist * Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist * Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist * Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist * Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill * Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist * Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician * Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician * Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist * Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer * Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician * Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist * Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician * Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher * Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician * Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic * Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist * Wang Zhenyi (astronomer), Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

19th century

Anthropology
* Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist * Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist * Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist * Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist * Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist * Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer * Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology
* Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist * Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist * Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy
* Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer * Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer * Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer * Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer * Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979), American astronomer and astrophysicist * Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer * Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England * Margaret Lindsay Huggins, Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer * Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer * Annie Scott Dill Maunder, Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer * Antonia Maury, Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer * Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer * Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer * Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer * Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist * Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer * Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history
* Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist * Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian * Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer * Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian * Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist * Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist * Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist * Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian * Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist * Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist * Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist * Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist * Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian * Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist * Eunice P. Cutter (1819-1898), American author of anatomy textbooks * Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist * Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer * Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian * Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist * Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist * Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist * Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist * Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist * Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist * Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist * Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist * Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist * Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist * Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist * Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist * Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist * Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist * Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist * Alice Johnson (zoologist), Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist * Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist * Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist * Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist * Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist * Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist * Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist * Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist * Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist * Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist * Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian * Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist * Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist * Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist * Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist * Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist * Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist * Mary J. Rathbun, Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist * Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic * Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist * Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist * Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado * Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist * Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist * Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist * Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist * Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist * Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist * Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist * Mary Lua Adelia Davis Treat, Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist * Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist * Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist * Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist * Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist * Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms

Chemistry
* Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist * Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom * Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist * Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry * Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist * Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist * Rachel Lloyd (chemist), Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist * Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist * Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist * Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist * Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist * Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist * Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist * Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist * Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist * Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist * Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist * Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy * Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist * Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician * Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

Engineers
* Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer * Lanying Lin (1918–2003), Chinese materials science

Geology
* Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist * Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist * Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist * Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist * Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist * Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator * Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist * Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors
* Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker * Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor * Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor * Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor * Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer. * Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor * Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor * Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent * Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

Mathematics
* Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions) * Ada Lovelace, Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician * Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician * Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse * Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology
* Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine
* Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist * Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician * Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician * Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden * Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist * Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer) * Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician * Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor), Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician * Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician * Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics * Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana * Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States * Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States * Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician * Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician * Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon * Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist * Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist * Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician * Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber * Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician * Kisamor, Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as ''Kisamor'', Swedish physician * Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician * Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician * Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist * Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse * Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist * Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician * Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist * Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology * Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician * Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist * Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist * Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist * Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium * Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist * Mary Edwards Walker, Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon * Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician * Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829-1902), Polish-American physician

Nuclear physics
* Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics
* Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist * Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist * Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist * Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath * Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels could impact climate https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/obituaries/eunice-foote-overlooked.html

Psychology
* Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist * Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist * Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist * Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education
* Jane C. Loudon, Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books * Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books * Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator * Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

Sociology
* Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist * Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist * Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist

See also
* Timeline of women in science

Notes

References
* * * * * * * * * *

External links

4000 Years of Women in Science

Most influential British women in the history of science
(selected by Royal Society panel) {{DEFAULTSORT:Scientists, List Of Pre-20th-Century Female Lists of women scientists, 16th on 16th-century women scientists, . 17th-century women scientists, . 18th-century women scientists, . 19th-century women scientists, . Ancient women scientists Medieval women scientists