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This article summarizes
equation In mathematics, an equation is a formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign . The word ''equation'' and its cognates in other languages may have subtly different meanings; for example, in ...
s in the theory of
gravitation In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stron ...
.


Definitions


Gravitational mass and inertia

A common misconception occurs between centre of mass and centre of gravity. They are defined in similar ways but are not exactly the same quantity. Centre of mass is the mathematical description of placing all the mass in the region considered to one position, centre of gravity is a real physical quantity, the point of a body where the gravitational force acts. They are equal if and only if the external gravitational field is uniform.


Newtonian gravitation


Gravitoelectromagnetism

In the weak-field and slow motion limit of general relativity, the phenomenon of
gravitoelectromagnetism Gravitoelectromagnetism, abbreviated GEM, refers to a set of formal analogies between the equations for electromagnetism and relativistic gravitation; specifically: between Maxwell's field equations and an approximation, valid under certain c ...
(in short "GEM") occurs, creating a parallel between gravitation and
electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions of a ...
. The ''gravitational field'' is the analogue of the
electric field An electric field (sometimes E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field fo ...
, while the ''gravitomagnetic field'', which results from circulations of masses due to their
angular momentum In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed syst ...
, is the analogue of the magnetic field.


Equations


Newtonian gravitational fields

It can be shown that a uniform spherically symmetric mass distribution generates an equivalent gravitational field to a point mass, so all formulae for point masses apply to bodies which can be modelled in this way.


Gravitational potentials

General classical equations.


Weak-field relativistic equations


See also

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Defining equation (physical chemistry) In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of ''amounts'' of substance, ''activity'' or ''concentration'' of a substance, and the ''rate'' of reaction. This article use ...
*
Defining equation (physics) In physics, defining equations are equations that define new quantities in terms of base quantities. This article uses the current SI system of units, not natural or characteristic units. Description of units and physical quantities Physical q ...
* List of electromagnetism equations *
List of equations in classical mechanics Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. The sub ...
*
List of equations in nuclear and particle physics This article summarizes equations in the theory of nuclear physics and particle physics. Definitions Equations Nuclear structure Nuclear decay Nuclear scattering theory The following apply for the nuclear reaction: :''a'' + ''b'' ↠...
*
List of equations in quantum mechanics This article summarizes equations in the theory of quantum mechanics. Wavefunctions A fundamental physical constant occurring in quantum mechanics is the Planck constant, ''h''. A common abbreviation is , also known as the ''reduced Planck cons ...
*
List of equations in wave theory This article summarizes equations in the theory of waves. Definitions General fundamental quantities A wave can be longitudinal where the oscillations are parallel (or antiparallel) to the propagation direction, or transverse where the oscill ...
* List of photonics equations *
List of relativistic equations Following is a list of the frequently occurring equations in the theory of special relativity. Postulates of Special Relativity To derive the equations of special relativity, one must start with two other #The laws of physics are invariant ...
*
Table of thermodynamic equations This article is a summary of common equations and quantities in thermodynamics (see thermodynamic equations for more elaboration). Definitions Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions. General ...


Footnotes


Sources

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Further reading

* * * * {{SI units navbox Physical quantities SI units Equations of physics Gravity