pierid
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia.DeVries P. J. in Le ...
butterflies of
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
. It forms part of the full
List of butterflies of India
The following is a list of the butterflies of India.
India has extremely diverse terrain, climate and vegetation, which comprises extremes of heat cold, desert and jungle, of low-lying plains and the highest mountains, of dryness and dampness, i ...
.
The family
Pieridae
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia.DeVries P. J. in Le ...
, or the whites and yellows are a family of butterflies of moderate or small size. The common names refer to the two predominant colours found on the wings of these butterflies along with markings in black.
Of the 1051 species of pierids occurring in the world, 81 species in 21 genera are found in India.
Distinguishing features
* Outline of wings usually regular. Hindwings are never tailed.
* Forelegs are fully developed in both sexes.
* The hindwings are channelled at the abdomen to fit the abdomen.
Classification
Worldwide, family
Pieridae
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia.DeVries P. J. in Le ...
has four subfamilies, of which the whites and the yellows are well represented in India.
*
Pierinae
The Pierinae are a large subfamily of pierid butterflies. The subfamily is one of several clades of butterflies often referred to as the whites.
Species
It includes the following species (additional species can be found under the tribes list ...
or the whites
*
Coliadinae
Coliadinae, the sulphurs or yellows, are a subfamily of butterflies with about 300 described species.
There are 36 species in North America, where they range from Mexico to northern Canada. In most species, males are easily distinguished from f ...
or the yellows
Subfamily Pierinae, whites
Genus ''
Aporia
In philosophy, an aporia ( grc, ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱ, aporíā, literally: "lacking passage", also: "impasse", "difficulty in passage", "puzzlement") is a conundrum or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rh ...
Gray
Grey (more common in British English) or gray (more common in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is "without color", because it can be composed o ...
, 1832)
Genus ''
Baltia
Baltia, Basilia or Abalus is a mythic island in northern Europe mentioned in Greco-Roman geography in the connection of amber.
It presumably corresponds to a territory near either the Baltic Sea or the North Sea, perhaps the coast of Prussia, t ...
Bates
Bates may refer to:
Places
* Bates, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
* Bates, Illinois. an unincorporated community in Sangamon County
* Bates, Michigan, a community in Grand Traverse County
* Bates, New York, a hamlet in the town of Ell ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Genus ''
Pontia
''Pontia'' is a genus of pierid butterflies. They are found in the Holarctic, but are rare in Europe and central to eastern North America, and a few species range into the Afrotropics. Several East Asian species once placed here are now more o ...
Hübner __NOTOC__
Hübner is a Germanic surname, sometimes spelled Huebner or Hubner.
The name means an agricultural worker, a farmer, possibly and specifically one who worked a "hube", which was a piece of land roughly equivalent to the English measuremen ...
Common gull
The common gull or sea mew (''Larus canus'') is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Palearctic, northern Europe. The closely related short-billed gull is sometimes included in this species, which may be known collectively as "mew gull". Man ...
Cramer Cramer may refer to:
Businesses
* Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers
* Cramer Systems, a software company
* Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London
Other uses
* Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
, 1764
Genus ''
Delias
''Delias'' is a genus of butterflies. There are about 250 species of the genus ''Delias'', found in South Asia and Australia. The genus is considered to have its evolutionary origins in the Australian region.Braby, M.F. and N.E. Pierce. 2006. Sy ...
Common Jezebel
''Delias eucharis'', the common Jezebel, is a medium-sized pierid butterfly found in many areas of south and southeast Asia, especially in the non-arid regions of India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand. The common Jezebel is one of ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Prioneris
''Prioneris'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae found in the Indomalayan realm.
Species
*'' Prioneris autothisbe'' (Hübner, 1826)
*'' Prioneris clemanthe'' (Doubleday, 1846)
*'' Prioneris cornelia'' (van Vollenhoven, 1865)
*'' Pr ...
Appias
In ancient Rome, Appias was a statue of a nymph near the Appiades Fountain in the Forum of Caesar. Ovid wrote that the fountain was in the middle of the Temple of Venus Genetrix and surrounded by statues of nymphs who were called "The Appiades" ( ...
Cramer Cramer may refer to:
Businesses
* Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers
* Cramer Systems, a software company
* Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London
Other uses
* Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...
Wallace
Wallace may refer to:
People
* Clan Wallace in Scotland
* Wallace (given name)
* Wallace (surname)
* Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back
* Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name ...
Psyche
Psyche (''Psyché'' in French) is the Greek term for "soul" (ψυχή).
Psyche may also refer to:
Psychology
* Psyche (psychology), the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious
* ''Psyche'', an 1846 book about the unconscious by Car ...
Euchloe
''Euchloe'' is a genus of pierid butterflies from the orangetip tribe (Anthocharini). They are Holarctic in distribution, with most species in Europe, Central Asia, and North America. Like other Anthocharini, the American species are usually c ...
'', little whites
* Lemon white, ''Euchloe charlonia lucilla''
Butler
A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some a ...
, 1886
*
Pearl white
Pearl Fay White (March 4, 1889 – August 4, 1938) was an American stage and film actress. She began her career on the stage at the age of six, and later moved on to silent films appearing in a number of popular serials.
Dubbed the "Queen of ...
, ''Euchloe ausonia dephalis''
Hübner __NOTOC__
Hübner is a Germanic surname, sometimes spelled Huebner or Hubner.
The name means an agricultural worker, a farmer, possibly and specifically one who worked a "hube", which was a piece of land roughly equivalent to the English measuremen ...
1803
Genus ''
Hebomoia
''Hebomoia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae. There are two widespread, strong-flying southeast Asian species that are among the largest pierids.
Species
*''Hebomoia glaucippe'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – great orange tip
*'' Hebomoia ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Genus ''
Colotis
''Colotis'', called orange tips or Arabs, is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Pierinae found mainly in Africa and south-western Asia. The larvae of all ''Colotis''
species specialize on plants in the family Capparaceae.
Species
Liste ...
Butler
A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some a ...
, 1876)
*
Large salmon Arab
''Colotis fausta'', the large salmon Arab, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in Israel, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, India, Arabia, Chad, Somalia
Pareronia
''Pareronia'' is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Pierinae within the family Pieridae. The species are found in Southeast Asia and are mimics of the Danainae genus '' Parantica''.
Species
*'' Pareronia argolis'' (Felder, C & R Felder, 18 ...
Cramer Cramer may refer to:
Businesses
* Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers
* Cramer Systems, a software company
* Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London
Other uses
* Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...
, 1776)
Subfamily
Coliadinae
Coliadinae, the sulphurs or yellows, are a subfamily of butterflies with about 300 described species.
There are 36 species in North America, where they range from Mexico to northern Canada. In most species, males are easily distinguished from f ...
, yellows
Genus ''
Catopsilia
''Catopsilia'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, commonly called migrants or emigrants.
Species
Ordered alphabetically.Common emigrant, ''Catopsilia pomona'' Fabricius, 1775
* Mottled emigrant, ''Catopsilia pyranthe'' Latreille, 1758
Genus ''
Gonepteryx
''Gonepteryx'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, which contains about 1,100 species. They live in Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. They are commonly known as brimstones for the bright yellow colour of the wings of most species. ...
'', brimstones
*
Common brimstone
''Gonepteryx rhamni'' (known as the common brimstone) is a butterfly of the family Pieridae. It lives throughout the Palearctic realm, Palearctic zone and is commonly found across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Across much of its range, it is ...
Dercas
''Dercas'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more n ...
Hoeven
Hoeven is a village in the municipality of Halderberge in the Netherlands. The name Hoeven originated from the purchase of a certain amount of ground in 1282 by the abbey of Cistercians of Bernard of Clairvaux, St. Bernard. This amount was equal ...
Eurema
''Eurema'' is a widespread genus of grass yellow butterfly, butterflies in the family Pieridae.
Species range from Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania, to the New World. The type species is the North American barred yellow (''Eurema daira' ...
Cramer Cramer may refer to:
Businesses
* Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers
* Cramer Systems, a software company
* Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London
Other uses
* Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...
, 1780
*
Spotless grass yellow
''Eurema laeta'', the spotless grass yellow, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae (the yellows and whites), which is found in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indochina, Japan, and onwards to Australia.
Description
Photo gallery
File:Spo ...
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Colias
''Colias'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae. They are often called clouded yellows; the North American name "sulphurs" is elsewhere used for Coliadinae in general. The closest living relative is the genus '' Zerene'', which is so ...
Pale clouded yellow
''Colias hyale'', the pale clouded yellow, is a butterfly of the family Pieridae, (also known as the yellows and whites) which is found in most of Europe and large parts of the Palearctic. It is a rare migrant to the British Isles and Scandinavia ...
, ''Colias hyale''
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
,
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
Dark clouded yellow
''Colias croceus'', clouded yellow, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites.
Subspecies and forms
* ''Colias croceus croceus''
* ''Colias croceus'' f. ''deserticola'' (Verity, 1909)
* ''Colias croceus'' f. '' ...
*Eggs - Tall, bottle-shaped eggs which are ribbed down the sides. They are generally white, eventually changing to yellow or orange, or, they may be blotched with red.
*Caterpillars - The caterpillars are cylindrical and smooth usually covered with hairy-ended tubercles. They are generally green and have pale longitudinal stripes. They are all generally similar and difficult to distinguish apart.
*Chrysalids - Angular with a pointed head which may be produced into a long snout. Supported by a tail hook and girth, some being suspended head upwards like the swallowtails and others being fastened horizontally to a leaf or other surface.
Food plants
The food plants vary considerably, however there is a general trend, in that the whites mostly use capers, (family
Capparidaceae
The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and about 700 species. The largest genera are '' Capparis'' (about ...
) while the yellows usually prefer members of the family
Pieridae
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia.DeVries P. J. in Le ...