Lingeer (also: ''Linger'' or Linguère) was the title given to the
mother
]
A mother is the female parent of a child. A woman may be considered a mother by virtue of having given childbirth, birth, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological offspring, or by supplying her ovum for fertilisation in the cas ...
or
sister
A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...
of a king in the
Serer kingdoms of
Sine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...
,
Saloum
The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a Serer people, Serer/Wolof people, Wolof monarchy, kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka people, Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum wa ...
, and previously the
Kingdom of Baol
The Kingdom of Baol or Bawol in central Senegal was one of the kingdoms that arose from the split-up of the Empire of Jolof (Diolof) in 1555. The ruler ( Teigne or Teen) reigned from a capital in Diourbel.
The Kingdom encompassed a strip of la ...
; and the
Wolof
Wolof or Wollof may refer to:
* Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania
* Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania
* The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...
kingdoms of
Cayor
Cayor ( wo, Kajoor; ar, كاجور) was the largest and most powerful kingdom (1549–1879) that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal. Cayor was located in northern and central Senegal, southeast of Walo, west of the kingdom ...
,
Jolof, Baol and
Waalo
Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...
in pre-colonial
Senegal
Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
. The word "Lingeer" means "queen" or "
princess
Princess is a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince (from Latin ''princeps'', meaning principal citizen). Most often, the term has been used for the consort of a prince, or for the daughter of a king or prince.
Princess as a subst ...
" in
Serer and
Wolof language
Wolof (; Wolofal: ) is a language of Senegal, Mauritania, and the Gambia, and the native language of the Wolof people. Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo language family. ...
. The Lingeer was considered the “great princess of royal courts.”
These kingdoms utilized a
bilineal system, as a candidate for kingship could not succeed to the throne if he was not a member of the reigning materlineage, and thus, the Lingeer's maternal lineage was highly significant. In similarity, a candidate could not succeed to the throne as king if he was not a member of the noble reigning patriclans. That was particular so among the Serer who retained much of their old culture, customs and
traditional religion
In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group. Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, in which gaining converts is a prima ...
where women played a significant role compared to the Wolof who adopted Islam. Various Lingeers have been noted for their resistance efforts to colonial conquest.
Classification
Although the royal title ''Lingeer'' was generally given to the mother or sister of the king, and sometimes the first wife of the king (the ''"Lingeer-Awo"''), the title could also mean a
royal princess
Royal Princess may refer to:
Ships
* A ship named "Royal Princess", see List of ships named ''Royal Princess''
* ''Royal''-class cruise ship; aka ''Royal Princess''-class cruise ship,
Princess Cruises ships
''Royal Princess'' is a name carried ...
. In this case, it meant a woman who could trace royal descent from both her
paternal
A father is the male parent of a child. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship with the child that carries with it certain rights and obligations. An adoptive fathe ...
and
maternal line. In Wolof and Serer tradition, a woman who could trace royal descent on both her paternal and maternal line automatically became a Lingeer. The male equivalent was ''
Garmi
The Gharmi, or Garmi people (russian: Гарми tg, Ғармӣ, tg, Ğarmî/Ƣarmī/غرمى), are one of the original groups of Tajiks, originate from the Rasht Valley in central Tajikistan. From the 1920s to 1955 there was a Gharm oblast in T ...
'' (a man who could trace royal descent on both his paternal and maternal line). It is from these Lingeers (a woman of pure royal blood) that a king would seek to marry. The king himself was a member of the Garmi class.
Characteristics and powers
Historians are careful to not understate her influence in the pre-colonial period; the Lingeer is said to both make and unmake kings. In the Wolof state, the Lingeer's political significance traditionally included: control of some of the king's land, which they would administer by using captives; provision of food and maintenance for their retainers; and integration into the clan system. Members of the community needed to charm and persuade a Lingeer if they held hopes of acquiring a political career.
In the Serer Kingdoms of
Sine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...
and
Saloum
The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a Serer people, Serer/Wolof people, Wolof monarchy, kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka people, Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum wa ...
, the Lingeer held significant power and was crowned ''Lingeer'' by the
Maad a Sinig
Maad a Sinig (variations : Mad a Sinig, 'Maad Sine, Maat Sine, Bour Sine, Bur Sine, etc.) means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine, now part of Senegal, was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom . Their kings were titled ''Maad'' or ''Maad'' (also ...
and
Maad Saloum
Maad Saloum (variations :Maad a Saloum, Mad Saloum, Maat Saloum, Bour Saloum, Bur Saloum, etc.) means king of Saloum, in the Serer language. The ancient Kingdom of Saloum now part of present-day Senegal was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom. Their ki ...
(King of Sine and Saloum respectively) after his own corronation ceremony. In the economic realm, like her Wolof counterpart, the Lingeer of Serer societies controlled several villages, the contributions of which she was free to utilize. The inhabitants of such villages would traditionally cultivate a field of grain for their Lingeer.
Many noble families sent forth their daughters to be followers of the Lingeer; however, captives often filled this role as well.
The Lingeer was accompanied by a female ''géwél'', a professional singer or musician, regionally known as a
griot
A griot (; ; Manding: jali or jeli (in N'Ko: , ''djeli'' or ''djéli'' in French spelling); Serer: kevel or kewel / okawul; Wolof: gewel) is a West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet, and/or musician.
The griot is a repos ...
. The géwél sang listeners to sleep at night and awakened them in the morning.
The types of songs sung to honor a Lingeer's sovereignty include: ''taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer,'' and ''buur.''
The power position that the Lingeer occupied was a bi- and sometimes tri-cameral one: her leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch. In the case of a conflict between a Lingeer and the king, a Lingeer would sometimes create new political alliances.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century, a relationship was established throughout many Wolof lands between the Lingeers and the
Idaw al-Hajj, a vast grouping of Saharan immigrants that established a commercial network linking Senegambia with North Africa and the western Sahara. In these instances, the Idaw al-Hajj served as the queen's religious advisors.
History
While many of the Lingeer are no longer known of, some of these women made their way into the historical record for their leadership and, in later cases, resistance to colonial incursions.
One of the earliest known Lingeer is
Lingeer Fatim Beye
Lingeer Fatim Beye Joos FadiouMany variations : ''Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, pp 225, 233), ''Fatim/Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234), ''Fatime Bey'' (BIFAN, 1979, p 234), etc. The Serer surname ''Beye'' or ''Bèye'', following i ...
( 1335), the matriarch of the
Joos Maternal Dynasty
The Joos Maternal Dynasty ( Serer: ''Joos Fadiou/Fadioudj'', other variations: ''Dioss Fahou/Fadiou'',Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines / Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 41. p 234, (1979) ''Dyoss'',Institut français d'Afrique noir ...
. She was a
Serer Princess and Queen of
Sine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...
. She was once married to King
Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali. She is an early ancestor of all the Joos who went on to rule
Waalo
Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...
, such as her granddaughter
Lingeer Ndoye Demba
Linguere Ndoye Demba Joos Fadiou, also known as Ndoye Demba in Senegambian dynastic history, was a Serer princess from the Kingdom of Sine (now part of present-day Senegal), from the later half of the 14th century to the 15th century. The roya ...
(c. 1367). Lingeer Ndoye Demba, also of
Serer origin, established the
Joos Maternal Dynasty
The Joos Maternal Dynasty ( Serer: ''Joos Fadiou/Fadioudj'', other variations: ''Dioss Fahou/Fadiou'',Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines / Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 41. p 234, (1979) ''Dyoss'',Institut français d'Afrique noir ...
in the
Wolof
Wolof or Wollof may refer to:
* Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania
* Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania
* The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...
kingdom of
Waalo
Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...
as the region's queen and Princess of
Sine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...
. Lingeer
Fatoumata Sall was the mother of the possibly mythical monarch
Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who was emperor of the
Jolof in the 1360s.
The Lingeer's role sometimes extended to overthrowing the current king. In 1673,
Ndyai Sal or Sar, a marabout of likely
Tukuloor descent, was offered marriage and military alliance from a Lingeer who had been recently deposed by a new king. Together, they defeated and killed the king. They then proceeded to select a new candidate, royal by birth, but also potentially more malleable to their control.
Historians have cited instances in which the Lingeer's role extended into negotiating the relationship between the Wolof and Serer kingdoms. One such example involves the Lingeer Djembet (many variations: Jembet,
Njembot Mbodj Njembot Mbodj (or Njembot Mbooj or Njëmbët Mbooj, variations: Ndjeumbeut Mbodj or ''Djembet Mbodj'', c. 1800 – 1846 or 1811—1846) was a Lingeer (Queen) of Waalo, a Senegambian precolonial kingdom which is now part of present-day Senegal.
Njem ...
). In 1833, Djembet married the king of Trarza (in
Mauritania
Mauritania (; ar, موريتانيا, ', french: Mauritanie; Berber: ''Agawej'' or ''Cengit''; Pulaar: ''Moritani''; Wolof: ''Gànnaar''; Soninke:), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( ar, الجمهورية الإسلامية ...
), Mohamed El-Habib. This political marriage provided the couple with control over the
Waalo
Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...
and the
Trarza
Trarza ( ar, ولاية الترارزة) is a region in southwest Mauritania. Its capital is Rosso. Other major cities and towns include Mederdra and Boutilimit. Trarza borders the regions of Inchiri and Adrar to the north, Brakna to the east, an ...
. The alliance was prompted not by the threat of Moorish expansion – a position encouraged by the opposition – but rather to construct a more resistant bloc against colonial invasion. The marriage faced a not insignificant amount of opposition within Waalo, yet was carried through by Djembet in order to halt French political expansion in the region. In 1841, she chose the king to succeed Fara Penda Adam Sal upon his death.
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj also known as Ndateh Yalla Mbooj — 1860M'bayo, Tamba Eadric, ''African Interpreters, Mediation, and the Production of Knowledge in Colonial Senegal: The Lower and Middle Senegal Valley, Ca. 1850s to Ca. 1920s, Volume 2''. Mi ...
was the sister of Djembet and succeeded her in 1846. Her political action was similarly momentous and controversial; she is notable for her refusal of a French alliance. She prevented her son from contesting the accession of Djembet's son to the throne. One scholar attributes this choice to N’Daate Yaala's desire to not “break up the power of the unified kingdom.”
Literary and filmic representations
The character of the Lingeer has been featured in Senegambian literature. Ginette Ba-Curry writes of the Lingeer presence in
Cheikh Hamidou Kane
Cheikh Hamidou Kane (born 2 April 1928) is a Senegalese writer best known for his 1961 novel '' L'Aventure ambiguë'' (''Ambiguous Adventure''), about the interactions of western and African cultures. Its hero is a Fulani boy who goes to study i ...
's novel ''Ambiguous Adventure'': “The Most Royal Lady is a female figure belonging to pre-Islamic society, recalling the 'Linguere' ... She is the reflection of the historical heroines of the Senegalese past such as the heiress of the Waalo throne, Lingeer Jombot who was in charge of the political affairs of the Waalo region and was succeeded by her sister Nade Yalla, wife of Maroso, the Prince of Kajoor”.
In artistic Serer expression, especially in oral poetry and the culture of the traditional ''griotte,'' performers depict the Lingeer character as playing an important role in their society's functioning.
Films such as
Abderrahmane Sissako
Abderrahmane Sissako (born 13 October 1961) is a Mauritanian-born Malian film director and producer. His film '' Waiting for Happiness'' (''Heremakono'') was screened at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival official selection under Un Certain Regard, ...
’s
''Timbuktu'' (2014) feature a Lingeer character.
Djibril Diop Mambety's ''Hyènes'' (1992) features the character Linguere Ramatou as its protagonist. Her first name is an alternate spelling of Lingeer and she has in fact been described as a royal of sorts: film scholars write that she is “an outcast-cum-queen who sits contemplating the horizon”.
Burial ground
All crowned Serer lingeers of
Sine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...
are buried at
Tioupane,
Diakhao Diakhao ( Serer proper : Jaxaaw) is a commune in the Fatick Region in the west of Senegal.
History
Diakhao was the last capital of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine. It has several sites classified as historical monuments. It houses the t ...
(in modern-day Senegal). The historic village of Tioupane was where the crowned lingeer, usually the
Maad a Sinig
Maad a Sinig (variations : Mad a Sinig, 'Maad Sine, Maat Sine, Bour Sine, Bur Sine, etc.) means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine, now part of Senegal, was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom . Their kings were titled ''Maad'' or ''Maad'' (also ...
's mother, took residence. The Serer kings are buried elsewhere in Sine. Only the lingeers are buried in Tioupane. Non-crowned lingeers are also buried in Tioupane, but in a different section within the graveyard, away from the crowned lingeers. Like the graves of the Serer kings, the graves of the lingeers are also marked and there are historian on site that narrates their genealogy and history.
Like the other Serer historic and sacred grounds, the burial site of Tioupane has been added to the list of sites of historic importance by the Senegalese Ministry of Culture (2006 decree).
[Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, ''MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE '' : ''ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006'' (30 Sep 2006]
/ref>
List of Lingeers
*Lingeer Fatim Beye
Lingeer Fatim Beye Joos FadiouMany variations : ''Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, pp 225, 233), ''Fatim/Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234), ''Fatime Bey'' (BIFAN, 1979, p 234), etc. The Serer surname ''Beye'' or ''Bèye'', following i ...
(c. 1335)
* Lingeer Ndoye Demba
Linguere Ndoye Demba Joos Fadiou, also known as Ndoye Demba in Senegambian dynastic history, was a Serer princess from the Kingdom of Sine (now part of present-day Senegal), from the later half of the 14th century to the 15th century. The roya ...
(c. 1367) (granddaughter of Fatim Beye)
*Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
Lingeer Ngoné Dièye ( Serer: Lingeer Ngoone Jaay, or Lingeer Ngoneh Jaay) was a Lingeer from the Serer Kingdom of Saloum, and early ancestor of the ''Guedj'' ( Wolof: ''Géej''; Serer: '' Geej'') maternal dynasty of Cayor and Baol. Diome, Fat ...
, 17th century Queen and Queen Mother of Cayor and Baol, and mother of Damel Lat Sukabe Fall
* Lingeer Djembet or Njembot Mbodj Njembot Mbodj (or Njembot Mbooj or Njëmbët Mbooj, variations: Ndjeumbeut Mbodj or ''Djembet Mbodj'', c. 1800 – 1846 or 1811—1846) was a Lingeer (Queen) of Waalo, a Senegambian precolonial kingdom which is now part of present-day Senegal.
Njem ...
(active in 1830s; died September 1846).
* Lingeer Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
Ndaté Yalla Mbodj also known as Ndateh Yalla Mbooj — 1860M'bayo, Tamba Eadric, ''African Interpreters, Mediation, and the Production of Knowledge in Colonial Senegal: The Lower and Middle Senegal Valley, Ca. 1850s to Ca. 1920s, Volume 2''. Mi ...
, succeeded her sister in 1846.
* Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (French: Selbé Diouf), daughter of King of Sine—Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
Maad a Signig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (variations : Mad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, Mad a Sinig Coumba Ndoffène Fa mak Diouf, Coumba N'Doffène Diouf, Coumba N'Doffène Diouf I, Maat Sine Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, etc. - c. 1810 ...
. She was kidnapped by the Senegambian Muslim forces during the surprise attack of ''Mbin o Ngor'' (or ''Keur Ngor''). That surprise attack against the Serer people of Sine precipitated the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune in 1867 where the forces of Kumba Ndoffene defeated the Muslim Marabouts, killing their leader Maba Diakhou Bâ
Maba Diakhou Bâ (1809 – July 1867), also known as Ma Ba Diakhu, Ma Ba Diakho Ba, Ma Ba Jaaxu, Mabba Jaxu Ba, was a Muslim leader in West Africa during the 19th century. Born in Rip, Maba was a disciple of the Tijaniyya Sufi brotherhood and bec ...
. Following the kidnappng of the Serer Princes, she was forcefully married off to Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ—one of Maba's brothers without her father's permission. After Kumba Ndoffene's victory at Fandane-Thiouthioune, the King gave the order to have Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ castrated for his audacity in entering his daughter into a forced marriage.[Sarr, pp 37-38]
See also
* Maad a Sinig
Maad a Sinig (variations : Mad a Sinig, 'Maad Sine, Maat Sine, Bour Sine, Bur Sine, etc.) means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine, now part of Senegal, was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom . Their kings were titled ''Maad'' or ''Maad'' (also ...
* Maad Saloum
Maad Saloum (variations :Maad a Saloum, Mad Saloum, Maat Saloum, Bour Saloum, Bur Saloum, etc.) means king of Saloum, in the Serer language. The ancient Kingdom of Saloum now part of present-day Senegal was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom. Their ki ...
* Damel Damel was the title of the ruler (or king) of the Wolof kingdom of Cayor in what is now northwest Senegal, West Africa.
The most well-known ''damel'' is probably Lat Dior Diop (1842–1886) who died in battle during the final French drive to capt ...
* Teigne (title)
Teigne (also : Teign, Tègne, Teeñ, Tin or Tañ in Wolof language) was the title of the monarch of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Baol, now part of present-day Senegal.
In Wolof, "Teigne" means the support that is placed on the head to carry som ...
* Brak (African kings)
Brak (or Braque) was the title of the kings of the kingdoms of Waalo (or Oualo) and Biffeche on the Senegal River in Senegal and Mauritania in West Africa until the 19th century.
The word ''brak'' possibly derive from Arabic and mean "high," o ...
* Buumi
Buumi (many variations : Buumy, Bumy, Bumi, etc.) was a Serer royal title in the Serer pre-colonial
Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and previously Baol. Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine''. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et ...
* Thilas
Thilas (or tjilas, Djilas Tilas, etc.) was an ancient title of nobility used in the Serer pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and previously the Kingdom of Baol, which are all now part of modern-day Senegal. The ''Thilas'' was the second in the ...
* Loul
The title Loul (or Lul) is an ancient royal title used in the pre-colonial Serer kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Sine, the Kingdom of Saloum and formerly the Kingdom of Baol. These three pre-colonial kingdoms are now part of independent Senega ...
Notes
Bibliography
*Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). "African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter". Journal of Pan African Studies, July 2008, vol 2, no.5.
* Sarr, Alioune, ''"Histoire du Sine-Saloum"'' (Sénégal), (Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87.
*Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa", vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p 148
*Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968) pp 11–15 & 262,
*Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110,
*Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)
*Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p. 148
*Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the Museum of Saint-Louis, nMuseums & urban culture in West Africa, Institut africain international, Oxford, 2002, p. 145-146
* Fage, John D., Oliver, Roland, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486,
*Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine.'' Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726–729 (PDF: pp. 16–18)
External links
« linguère, linguer »
in Geneviève N'Diaye Corréard (dir.), ''Les mots du patrimoine : le Sénégal'', Éd. des Archives contemporaines, Paris ; Agence universitaire de la francophonie, Paris, Montréal, 2006, pp. 327–328
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lingeer
Serer matriarchs
African women
African queens
African female royalty
Matriarchy
African noble titles
African traditional governments