An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830). This was a minor modification of that of

de Candolle Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

(1813). He developed this further over a number of publications, including the ''Nixus plantarum'' (1833) and a second edition of ''Natural History'' (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families). He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838). In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register. Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846, 1847, 1853). The schema of the ''Natural History'' is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii. In the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853, with the schema on p. ''lv''. Cross references from ''Natural History'' to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' in quare brackets

Summary

''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830)

:Schema p. xxxv, :Outline p. xxxvii :Index p. 345 :Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English) * Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1 ** Subclass I: Exogenae (

Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

) p. 1 *** Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2 *** Tribe II.

Gymnospermae The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμνό ...

p. 245 ** Subclass II: Endogenae (

Monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

) p. 251 *** Tribe I

Petaloideae An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830). This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813). He develop ...

p. 252 *** Tribe II Glumaceae * Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants) ** 1. Filicoideae ** 2. Muscoideae ** 3. Aphyllae * Index to ''Introduction to Natural History'' p. 345

''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846–1853)

:Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes) :Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv :Genera organised into Alliances and Orders Flowerless plants (Asexual) * Class I: Thallogens * Class II: Acrogens Flowering plants (Sexual) * Class III: Rhizogens * Class IV: Endogens * Class V:

Dictyogens Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

* Class VI: Gymnogens * Class VII: Exogens *Index to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' p. 833

Natural History orders (1830–1836)

165 orders (list p. 3)

Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants

p. 1

Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)

* Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2 ** Polypetale 165 orders p. 2 *** Thalamiflorae **** Apocarpae ***** 23. Menispermeae p. 31 ***** ... ***** 117. Coriarieae p. 135 **** Syncarpae ***** 5. Nymphaeaceae ***** ... ***** 130.

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed t ...

(Violets) p. 146 ***** ... ***** 107.

Humiriaceae Humiriaceae (or, alternatively Houmiriaceae Juss.) is a family of evergreen flowering plants. It comprises 8 genera and 56 known species. The family is exclusively Neotropical, except one species found in tropical West Africa West Africa o ...

***

Calyciflorae Calyciflorae is a grouping of plants that is no longer used by botanists. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle defined it as a subclass within the class Dicotyledoneae. It overlapped largely with the modern Rosids group. The group Calyciflorae was define ...

**** Apocarpae **** 38. Saxifrageae **** ... **** 147.

Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a unique form of photosynthesis, known as Crass ...

**** Syncarpae ***** 132. Malesherbiaceae ***** ... ***** 1.

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguish ...

(Aralia) p. 4 ***** ... ***** 58. Alangieae ** Apetale *** Aristolochiae *** ... *** Empetreae ** Achlamydeae *** Podostemeae *** .... ***

Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: ''Piper'' ...

** Monopetale *** Gesnereae *** ... *** Orobancheae * Tribe II.

p. 245 ** Coniferae ** Cycadeae

Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons)

Endogenae, or

Monocotyledonous Plants Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

p. 251 * Tribe I

32 orders p. 252 (May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous) ** Tripetaloideae 8 orders *** 230 Butomeae (p. 253) lismales 208 *** 229 Alismaceae (p. 253) lismales 209*** 232 Commelineae (p. 255) yridales 188*** 233

Xyrideae The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...

(p. 255) yridales 187*** 231 Hydrocharideae (p. 254) ydrales 141*** 234 Bromeliaceae (p. 256) arcissales 147*** 241

Scitamineae Scitamineae is a descriptive botanical name. Historically it has been applied to a remarkably stable group of flowering plants, now referred to as Zingiberales: * at the rank of family in the Bentham & Hooker system (volume of 1883), placed in o ...

(p. 265) *** 242

Marantaceae The Marantaceae are a family, the arrowroot family, of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and around 530 species, defining it as one of the most species-rich families in its order.Kennedy, H. (2000). “Diversification in pollination mechan ...

(p. 267) momales 168** Hexapetaloideae(17 orders) *** 235: Hypoxideae *** 236: Burmannieae (p. 257) *** 237:

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...

(Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260 *** 238:

Amaryllideae Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus ''Crinum''. They ...

(Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae *** 239:

Irideae Irideae is a tribe included in the well-known family Iridaceae. It contains many species in five genera which are widely distributed in the Old World. The tribe derives its name from '' Iris'', which is the largest genus of the tribe. The bloom ...

(p. 260) arcissales 159*** 240

Orchideae Orchideae is a tribe of orchids in the subfamily Orchidoideae. Historically, it was divided into 2 subtribes, Orchidinae and Habenariinae. The subtribe Orchidinae alone contains about 1,800 species. However, although some phylogenetic studies ha ...

(p. 262) rchidales 173..... *** 243 Musaceae (p. 269) *** 235 Hypoxideae (p. 257) arcissales 154*** 238

(p. 259) arcissales 155*** 237 Haemadoraceae (p. 258) arcissales 155*** ............ *** ............ *** 244 Junceae (p. 270) uncales 191*** 247 Asphodeleae (p. 273) iliaceae 200*** 248

Gilliesieae Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a su ...

(p. 275) iliales 196*** 251

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair a ...

(p. 279) iliales 200*** 249 Smilaceae (p. 277) *** 253 Restiaceae (p. 283) '' lumales 121' - Glumaceae ** Spadiceae (7 orders) *** 254 Pandaneae p. 284 *** 255

Typhaceae The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists. Description Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-rank ...

p. 285 *** 256

Aroideae Aroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is the largest subfamily in Araceae and consists of about 72 different genera, and 2,300 species. Many Aroideae have spiny pollen grains without a sporopollenin outer exine la ...

p. 286 *** 257 Balanophoreae p. 288 *** 258 Fluviales p. 289 *** 259 Juncagineae p. 290 *** 259 Pistiaceae p. 291

rales 124 Crackles are the clicking, rattling, or crackling noises that may be made by one or both lungs of a human with a respiratory disease during inhalation. They are usually heard only with a stethoscope ("on auscultation"). Pulmonary crackles are a ...

* Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292 lumales 105 ** Cyperaceae 07**

Gramineae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...

p. 292 raminaceae 106

Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants

p. 307 * 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants **

Equisetaceae Equisetaceae, sometimes called the horsetail family, is the only extant family of the order Equisetales, with one surviving genus, ''Equisetum'', which comprises about twenty species. Evolution and systematics Equisetaceae is the only survivin ...

Filices A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except th ...

Lycopodiaceae The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 m ...

Marsileaceae Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because ...

* 2. Muscoideae, or Moss-like plants **

Musci Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornw ...

Hepaticae The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of g ...

** Characeae * 3. Aphyllae ** Lichenes **

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

** Algae

Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)

''(pages refer to 1853 edition)''

Flowerless plants

p. 5

Class I: Thallogens

3 Alliances ** Algales p. 8 ***

Diatomaceae A diatom (New Latin, Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group com ...

*** ... *** Characeae ** Fungales, Fungi p. 29 ***

Hymenomycetes Hymenomycetes was formerly the largest taxonomic group of fungi within the division Basidiomycota, but the term is no longer taxonomically relevant. Many familiar fungi belong to this class, including bracket fungi and toadstools. This class cont ...

*** ... *** Physomycetes ** Lichenales, Lichens p. 45 *** Graphidaceae *** Collemaceae ***

Parmeliaceae The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( ...

Class II: Acrogens

3 Alliances p. 51 ** Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54 ***

**** Ricciaceae **** ... ****

, Horsetails ***

**** Andraeaceae **** Bryaceae ** Lycopodales p. 68 *** Lycopodaceae ***

Filicales The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four class (biology), subclasses of ferns, and the largest of these, being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide ...

p. 74 *** Ophioglossaceae ***

Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broade ...

, Ferns *** Danaeaceae

Flowering plants

Class III: Rhizogens

3 orders p. 83 *

Balanophoraceae The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alternati ...

p. 88 *

Cytinaceae Cytinaceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants. It comprises two genera, ''Cytinus'' and '' Bdallophytum'', totalling ten species. These two genera were formerly placed in the family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales. When they were separa ...

p. 91 *

Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are en ...

p. 93

Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons)

11 Alliances p. 95 * Glumales 5 orders p. 105 ** Graminaceae, Grasses ** Cyperaceae, Sedges ** ... **

Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distributed, with the ce ...

, Pipeworts *

Arales ''Arales'' is an order of flowering plants. The name was used in the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass ''Arecidae'', circumscribed as (1981): * order ''Arales'' *: family '' Acoraceae'' *: family ''Araceae'' *: family ''Lemnaceae' ...

4 orders p. 123 ** Pistiaceae **

Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). A ...

** Pandanaceae * Palmales, Palms 1 order p. 133 **

Palmaceae The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees. ...

* Hydrales 4 orders p. 140 ** Hydrocharidaceae ** Naiadaceae **

Triuridaceae Triuridaceae are a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants, including nine genera with a total of approximately 55 known species. All members lack chlorophyll and are mycoheterotrophic (obtain food by digesting intracellular fungi, o ...

Zosteraceae Zosteraceae (one of the four seagrasses families, Kubitzki ed. 1998) is a family of marine perennial flowering plants found in temperate and subtropical coastal waters, with the highest diversity located around Korea and Japan. Most seagrasses ...

* Narcissales 6 orders p. 146 ** Bromeliaceae p. 147 **

Taccaceae The genus ''Tacca'', which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various oceanic islands. In older text ...

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxidaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the 1998, 2003, and 2009 versions) recognizes this family. The family consists of four genera totalling som ...

p. 154 ** Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155 *** Amarylleae ***

Narcisseae Narcisseae is a small tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae), where it forms part of the Eurasian clade, and is one of three tribes in the European (Mediterranean) clade. It contain ...

*** Alstromerieae *** Agaveae **

Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the irises, meaning rainbow, referring to its many colours. There are 66 accepted genera with a total of c. 2244 species worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). It include ...

p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species) * Amomales 3 orders p. 162 ** Musaceae **

Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Af ...

Orchidales {{Unreferenced, date=December 2009 ''Orchidales'' is an order of flowering plants. In taxonomical systems, this is a relatively recent name as early systems used descriptive botanical names for the order containing the orchids. The Bentham & H ...

3 orders p. 170 **

Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera. Description These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

, Orchids ** Apostasiaceae *

Xyridales The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales. Description ...

4 orders p. 185 ** Philydraceae ** .... **

Mayaceae ''Mayaca'' is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae (or Mayaceae in earlier systems). In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, of 1981 ...

* Juncales 2 orders p. 190 **

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and s ...

, Rushes ** Orontiaceae * Liliales p. 195 4 orders ** Gilliesiaceae p. 196 **

Melanthaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to th ...

, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200 *** I

Tulipeae The Tulipeae ( syn. Tulipoideae) Duby is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting ...

*** ... *** IV

Scilleae Scilloideae (named after the genus ''Scilla'', "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family '' Asparagaceae''. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus '' Hyacinthus''. Scilloidea ...

*** ... *** IX Asparageae *** ... *** XI Ophiopogoneae ** Pontederaceae * Alismales 3 orders p. 207 **

Butomaceae ''Butomus'' is the only known genus in the plant family Butomaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It is considered invasive in some parts of the United States. Taxonomy The Butomaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists as a pla ...

** Alismaceae **

Juncaginaceae Juncaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, recognized by most taxonomists for the past few decades. It is also known as the ''arrowgrass'' family. It includes 3 genera with a total of 34 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). The APG II ...

Class V: Dictyogens

5 orders p. 211 *

Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea''). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both ...

, Yams p. 214 * ... * Roxburghiaceae

Class VI: Gymnogens

4 orders p. 221 *

Cycadaceae ''Cycas'' is a genus of plants belonging to a very ancient lineage, the Cycadophyta, which are not closely related to palms, ferns, trees or any other modern group of plants. They are evergreen perennials which achieved their maximum diversity in ...

, Cycads *

Pinaceae The Pinaceae, or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly kn ...

, Conifers p. 226 *

Taxaceae Taxaceae (), commonly called the yew family, is a coniferous family which includes six extant and two extinct genera, and about 30 species of plants, or in older interpretations three genera and 7 to 12 species. Description They are many-bran ...

Gnetaceae ''Gnetum'' is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been ...

Class VII: Exogens

4 subclasses * Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249 * Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325 ** Alliance 26: Violales p. 325 *** Family 116:

p. 338 * Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523 ** 48. Echiales p. 649 *** Family 258:

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the or ...

p. 655 * Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688

Notes

His final schemata is illustrated in the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', his last work, on pages lv-lxvii. In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.

References

Bibliography

* * * ;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836) * * ;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853) * * * {{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Lindley