Linderniaceae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the order

Lamiales The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Bi ...

, which consists of about 25

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and 265 species occurring worldwide. ''

Vandellia micrantha ''Vandellia'' is a genus of catfishes native to South America. The species in this genus are the most well-known of the parasitic catfishes also known as candiru, known for their alleged habit of entering the human urethra. Species There are cu ...

'' is eaten in Laos, but tastes bitter. Best known are the wishbone flowers ''

Torenia fournieri ''Torenia fournieri'', the bluewings or wishbone flower, is an annual plant in the Linderniaceae, with blue, white, or pink flowers that have yellow markings. It is typically grown as a landscape annual, reaching 12–15 in. tall. It has simple o ...

'' and ''

Torenia thouarsii ''Torenia'' is a genus of plants now classified in the family Linderniaceae. Torenia has also been classified in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. Often called wishbone flowers, bluewings; in Hawaii nanioola'a or ola'a beauty, some species are ...

'', which are used as bedding plants especially in the tropics. ''

Micranthemum ''Micranthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Linderniaceae. Its native range is Eastern USA to Tropical and Subtropical America. Species Species: *'' Micranthemum arenarioides'' *'' Micranthemum bryoides'' *'' Micra ...

'' is sold as an aquarium plant when it is called 'baby tears'. In other classifications it used to be included within family

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...

''sensu lato'' or more recently in

Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older cl ...

''sensu lato'', but several authors have demonstrated that this taxon should be segregated Oxelman B., Kornhall, P., Olmstead, R. G. & Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae". ''Taxon'' 54(2):411–425. from those families, as Linderniaceae, and it has been recognized by LAPG II and

APG III APG is an abbreviation with several different meanings: * Aberdeen Proving Ground, a United States Army installation in Aberdeen, Maryland, also ** Phillips Army Airfield, the airfield of the above, from its IATA airport code * Aboriginal Provisiona ...

. Recently a phylogeny has been published and two new Brazilian genera '' Catimbaua'' and '' Isabelcristinia'' were recently added to the family. Studies on the family limits of Linderniaceae are pending.

List of genera

Compiled from sources GRIN: GRIN and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants: WCVP * '' Ameroglossum'' Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes * ''

Artanema The genus ''Artanema'' is a small group of flowering plant species in the Linderniaceae. It was formerly included in the Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales ...

'' D.Don * '' Bampsia'' Lisowski & Mielcarek * '' Bonnaya'' Link & Otto * '' Bythophyton''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

* '' Catimbaua'' L.P.Felix,

Christenh. Dr Maarten Joost Maria Christenhusz (born 27 April 1976) is a Dutch botanist, natural historian and photographer. Career He was born in Enschede, the Netherlands, received his undergraduate and master's degrees from Utrecht University in ...

& E.M.Almeida * '' Chamaegigas'' Dinter ex Heil * '' Craterostigma''

Hochst. Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter (16 February 1787 – 20 February 1860) was a German botanist and Protestant minister. Biography Hochstetter was born in Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg. He was the father of geologist Ferdinand H ...

- sometimes considered as part of ''Lindernia'' * ''

Crepidorhopalon ''Crepidorhopalon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Linderniaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar. Species: *'' Crepidorhopalon affinis'' *'' Crepidorhopalon alatocalycinus'' *'' Crepidor ...

'' Eb.Fisch. * '' Cubitanthus'' Barringer * '' Dintera'' Stapf * ''

Encopella ''Encopella'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and f ...

'' Pennell * ''

Hartliella ''Hartliella'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Linderniaceae. Its native range is southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. General description Perennial plants with large sub-terraneous woody rhizomes growing on heavy ...

'' Eb.Fisch. * ''

Hemiarrhena ''Hemiarrhena'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Linderniaceae Linderniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, which consists of about 25 genera and 265 species occurring worldwide. '' Vandel ...

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

* '' Isabelcristinia'' L.P.Felix,

& E.M.Almeida * '' Legazpia'' Blanco (sometimes included in ''Torenia'') * ''

Lindernia The genus ''Lindernia'' is a group of plants in the family Linderniaceae. They are native to warm regions in both the Eastern and Western Hemisphere. The genus name of ''Lindernia'' is in honour of Franz Balthasar von Lindern (1682–1755), Fren ...

All. Carlo Allioni (23 September 1728 in Turin – 30 July 1804 in Turin) was an Italian physician and professor of botany at the University of Turin. His most important work was ''Flora Pedemontana, sive enumeratio methodica stirpium indigenarum P ...

* '' Linderniella'' Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll. * ''

'' Michx. * '' Microcarpaea'' R.Br. * ''

Picria ''Picria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. Its native range is Himalaya to Southern China and Peninsula Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or t ...

'' Lour. * '' Pierranthus'' Bonati * '' Schizotorenia'' T.Yamaz. * '' Scolophyllum'' T.Yamaz. * '' Stemodiopsis'' Engl. * ''

Torenia ''Torenia'' is a genus of plants now classified in the family Linderniaceae. Torenia has also been classified in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. Often called wishbone flowers, bluewings; in Hawaii nanioola'a or ola'a beauty, some species are ...

'' L. * ''Vandellia'' L.

References

Lamiales families {{Lamiales-stub