''Linaria'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

perennials, and the largest genus in the

Antirrhineae The Antirrhineae are one of the 12 tribes of the family Plantaginaceae. It contains the toadflax relatives, such as snapdragons. Description and uses Most Antirrhineae are herbaceous, short-lived, perennial or annual plants growing at most a ...

tribe of the plantain family

Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older cl ...

Taxonomy

''Linaria'' was traditionally placed in the family Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis has now placed it in the vastly expanded family

. Closely related genera include '' Nuttallanthus'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), '' Antirrhinum'' (snapdragons) and '' Cymbalaria'' (ivy-leaved toadflaxes).

Cultivation

Several ''Linaria'' species are cultivated as garden plants, and some are regarded as having a weedy habit. *Common toadflax or butter-and-eggs ('' Linaria vulgaris''), a European species which is widely introduced elsewhere and grows as a common weed in some areas. *Broomleaf toadflax or Dalmatian toadflax (''

Linaria genistifolia ''Linaria genistifolia'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. Its native range is from Europe to southwestern Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is a ...

'', syn. ''L. dalmatica''), a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of North America.Dalmatian Toadflax (''Linaria dalmatica'').
National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. *Purple toadflax ('' Linaria purpurea''), a species native to the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

region grown as a

garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...

plant for its dark purple or pink flowers. The version with purple flowers can be mistaken for lavender. Spreads readily. *Pale toadflax ('' Linaria repens''), a species from western Europe similar to ''L. purpurea'', but with paler flowers. *Alpine toadflax (''

Linaria alpina ''Linaria alpina'', sometimes called alpine toadflax, is a purple-flowered plant native to mountainous areas of southern and central Europe. It belongs to the family Plantaginaceae (plantain family; unrelated to the fruit). It is found in many m ...

''), purple flowers with orange (or purple) lobes in the center. *Moroccan toadflax ('' Linaria maroccana''), the flower has five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end, often purple with white.

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus ''Linaria'': *'' Linaria accitensis'' *'' Linaria acutiloba'' *'' Linaria aeruginea'' *'' Linaria afghanica'' *'' Linaria alaica'' *'' Linaria albifrons'' *'' Linaria algarviana'' *''

'' *'' Linaria altaica'' *'' Linaria amethystea'' *''

Linaria amoi ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plant ...

'' *'' Linaria angustissima'' *'' Linaria antilibanotica'' *'' Linaria arcusangeli'' *'' Linaria arenaria'' *'' Linaria arenicola'' *'' Linaria argillicola'' *'' Linaria armeniaca'' *'' Linaria arvensis'' *''

Linaria atlantica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are Annual plant, annuals and herbaceous Perennial plant, perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe ...

'' *'' Linaria azerbaijanensis'' *'' Linaria badachschanica'' *'' Linaria badalii'' *'' Linaria bamianica'' *'' Linaria becerrae'' *''

Linaria bessarabica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria biebersteinii'' *''

Linaria bipartita ''Linaria bipartita'' is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name clovenlip toadflax. It is native to Morocco, but it can be found elsewhere as an introduced species and it is cultivated as an ornamental plant. ...

'' *'' Linaria bipunctata'' *'' Linaria bordiana'' *'' Linaria boushehrensis'' *'' Linaria brachyphylla'' *'' Linaria bubanii'' *''

Linaria bungei ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria buriatica'' *'' Linaria caesia'' *''

Linaria capraria ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria cavanillesii'' *'' Linaria chalepensis'' *'' Linaria clementei'' *''

Linaria confertiflora ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria corifolia'' *'' Linaria × cornubiensis'' *'' Linaria cossoniana'' *'' Linaria cossonii'' *'' Linaria cretacea'' *''

Linaria dalmatica ''Linaria dalmatica'' is a herbaceous, short-lived perennial plant native to western Asia and southeastern Europe that has become a weed in other areas. The family this plant now belongs to is the Plantaginaceae Family. Previously, it belonged t ...

'' *'' Linaria damascena'' *'' Linaria decipiens'' *'' Linaria depauperata'' *'' Linaria diffusa'' *''

Linaria dissita ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria × dominii'' *'' Linaria dumanii'' *'' Linaria elegans'' *''

Linaria elymaitica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are Annual plant, annuals and herbaceous Perennial plant, perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe ...

'' *''

Linaria fallax ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria farsensis'' *''

Linaria fastigiata ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria faucicola ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria fedorovii'' *''

Linaria ficalhoana ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria flava'' *''

'' *''

Linaria gharbensis ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria glacialis'' *'' Linaria glauca'' *'' Linaria golestanensis'' *'' Linaria grandiflora'' *'' Linaria griffithii'' *'' Linaria grjunerae'' *'' Linaria guilanensis'' *'' Linaria haelava'' *'' Linaria hepatica'' *'' Linaria heratensis'' *'' Linaria hirta'' *'' Linaria hohenackeri'' *'' Linaria huteri'' *''

Linaria × hybrida ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria iconia ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria ikonnikovii ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria imzica'' *'' Linaria incarnata'' *'' Linaria incompleta'' *'' Linaria intricata'' *'' Linaria iranica'' *''

Linaria × jalancina ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria japonica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *''

Linaria jaxartica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria joppensis'' *'' Linaria kavirensis'' *'' Linaria khalkhalensis'' *'' Linaria khorasanensis'' *'' Linaria × kocianovichii'' *'' Linaria kokanica'' *'' Linaria kulabensis'' *'' Linaria kurdica'' *'' Linaria latifolia'' *'' Linaria laxiflora'' *'' Linaria leptoceras'' *'' Linaria lineolata'' *''

Linaria loeselii ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria longicalcarata'' *'' Linaria macrophylla'' *'' Linaria macroura'' *'' Linaria maroccana'' *'' Linaria maymanica'' *''

Linaria mazandaranensis ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria melampyroides'' *'' Linaria melanogramma'' *''

Linaria meyeri ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria michauxii'' *'' Linaria micrantha'' *'' Linaria microsepala'' *'' Linaria multicaulis'' *''

Linaria munbyana ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria musilii'' *'' Linaria nachitschevanica'' *'' Linaria nigricans'' *'' Linaria nivea'' *'' Linaria nurensis'' *'' Linaria nuristanica'' *''

Linaria oblongifolia ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plant ...

'' *''

Linaria odora ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria oligantha'' *'' Linaria × oligotricha'' *'' Linaria onubensis'' *''

Linaria orbensis ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria ordubadica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria pamirica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria paradoxa'' *''

Linaria parviracemosa ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria pedicellata'' *''

Linaria pedunculata ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria pelisseriana'' *'' Linaria peloponnesiaca'' *'' Linaria peltieri'' *'' Linaria pinifolia'' *''

Linaria platycalyx ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria polygalifolia ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria popovii ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria propinqua ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria pseudolaxiflora'' *''

Linaria pseudoviscosa ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria purpurea'' *'' Linaria pyramidalis'' *'' Linaria qartobensis'' *''

Linaria quasisessilis ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *''

Linaria reflexa ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria remotiflora'' *'' Linaria repens'' *''

Linaria ricardoi ''Linaria ricardoi'' is a rare Portuguese endemic plant species in the family Plantaginaceae. It blossoms from March to April. Distribution and habitat ''Linaria ricardoi'' is endemic to southern Portugal in the Alentejo Region but the species' ...

'' *'' Linaria riffea'' *'' Linaria × rocheri'' *'' Linaria rubioides'' *'' Linaria sabulosa'' *'' Linaria salangensis'' *''

Linaria salzmannii ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria saposhnikovii'' *'' Linaria saturejoides'' *'' Linaria saxatilis'' *'' Linaria schelkownikowii'' *'' Linaria schirvanica'' *'' Linaria semialata'' *'' Linaria × sepium'' *'' Linaria sessilis'' *'' Linaria simplex'' *'' Linaria spartea'' *'' Linaria striatella'' *''

Linaria supina ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria tarhunensis'' *''

Linaria tenuis ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plant ...

'' *''

Linaria thibetica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria thymifolia'' *''

Linaria tingitana ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria tonzigii'' *'' Linaria triornithophora'' *'' Linaria triphylla'' *'' Linaria tristis'' *''

Linaria tursica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantag ...

'' *'' Linaria unaiensis'' *'' Linaria × valdesiana'' *'' Linaria venosa'' *'' Linaria ventricosa'' *'' Linaria veratrifolia'' *'' Linaria verticillata'' *''

Linaria virgata ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria viscosa'' *'' Linaria volgensis'' *'' Linaria vulgaris'' *'' Linaria warionis'' *''

Linaria weilleri ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'' *'' Linaria yunnanensis'' *'' Linaria yusufeliensis'' *'' Linaria × zaborskiana'' *''

Linaria zaissanica ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

Etymology

The members of this genus are known in English as

toadflax Toadflax is the common name of several related genera of plants in the family Plantaginaceae, including: * ''Anarrhinum'' * ''Antirrhinum'', also called Snapdragon * ''Chaenorhinum'', native to Turkey and the Mediterranean * ''Cymbalaria'' * ''Lina ...

, a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat

bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the plague bacterium (''Yersinia pestis''). One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, as well a ...

, a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and ' Bufo'. The scientific name ''Linaria'' means "resembling ''linum''" (

flax Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, ''Linum usitatissimum'', in the family Linaceae. It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in regions of the world with temperate climates. Textiles made from flax are known in ...

), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.

Distribution and habitat

The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.

Ecology

Some ''Linaria'' are regarded as

noxious weed A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or liv ...

s. They are likely toxic to

livestock Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals ...

, but ruminants generally avoid them.Sing, S. E. and R. K. Peterson. (2011)
Assessing environmental risks for established invasive weeds: Dalmatian (''Linaria dalmatica'') and yellow (''L. vulgaris'') toadflax in North America.
''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' 8(7) 2828-53.

Chemical composition

''Linaria'' species are rich in alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Vasicine, Vasicinone, 7-hyrdoxyvasicine, Linarinic acid, Choline, Linavuline,

Luteolin Luteolin is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, with a yellow crystalline appearance. Luteolin is the principal yellow dye compound that is obtained from the plant ''Reseda luteola'', which has been used as a source of the dye since at least the fir ...

Acacetin Acacetin is a 4′- ''O''-methylated flavone of the parent compound apigenin, found in ''Robinia pseudoacacia ''Robinia pseudoacacia'', commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belon ...

, Apigenin,

Chrysin Chrysin, also called 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, is a flavone found in honey, propolis, the passion flowers, ''Passiflora caerulea'' and ''Passiflora incarnata'', and in ''Oroxylum indicum''. It is extracted from various plants, such as the blue passion ...

, Quercetin,

Myricetin Myricetin is a member of the flavonoid class of polyphenolic compounds, with antioxidant properties. Common dietary sources include vegetables (including tomatoes), fruits (including oranges), nuts, berries, tea, and red wine. Myricetin is structu ...

, Linarioside, Aucubin, Linaride, Iridolinaroside A-D, Iridolinarin A-C are some compounds found in plants of this genus.

Uses

Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

e of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species, including the mouse moth (''Amphipyra tragopoginis'') and the common buckeye (''Junonia coenia'').

Traditional medicine

''Linaria vulgaris'' has been used as a

medicinal herb Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection ag ...

.Duke, J. A
Ethnobotanical uses: ''Linaria vulgaris''.
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.

References

Bibliography

* A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (''Linaria'' Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences. Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, and Pablo Vargas. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'', Vol. 174, No. 2 (February 2013), pp. 234–249 Published by: The University of Chicago Press, Article DOI: 10.1086/668790 * Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 249:151–172. * {{Taxonbar, from=Q156692 Plantaginaceae genera Taxa named by Philip Miller