![P](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/P._Crassus_denarius.jpg)
The gens Licinia was a celebrated
plebeian
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary.
Etymology
The precise origins of ...
family at
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...
, which appears from the earliest days of the
Republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
until
imperial times, and which eventually obtained the imperial dignity. The first of the
gens
In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...
to obtain the
consulship
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...
was
Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo, who, as
tribune of the plebs
Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most importan ...
from 376 to 367 BC, prevented the election of any of the annual
magistrates
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a '' magistratus'' was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judici ...
, until the
patricians
The patricians (from la, Wikt:patricius, patricius, Greek language, Greek: πατρίκιος) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome. The distinction was highly significant in the Roman Kingdom, and the early Roman Rep ...
acquiesced to the passage of the ''
lex Licinia Sextia
The Licino-Sextian rogations were a series of laws proposed by tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, enacted around 367 BC. Livy calls them ''rogatio'' – though he does refer to them at times as ''lex' ...
'', or Licinian Rogations. This law, named for Licinius and his colleague,
Lucius Sextius
Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus was a Roman tribune of the plebs and is noted for having been one of two men (the other being Gaius Licinius Stolo) who passed the Leges Liciniae Sextiae of 368 BC and 367 BC. Originally, these were a set of three ...
, opened the consulship for the first time to the plebeians. Licinius himself was subsequently elected consul in 364 and 361 BC, and from this time, the Licinii became one of the most illustrious gentes in the Republic.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 782 ("]Licinia Gens
The gens Licinia was a celebrated plebeian family at ancient Rome, which appears from the earliest days of the Republic until imperial times, and which eventually obtained the imperial dignity. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was ...
").
Origin
The
nomen ''Licinius'' is derived from the
cognomen
A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...
''Licinus'', or "upturned", found in a number of Roman gentes.
[Chase, p. 109.] ''Licinus'' may have been an ancient
praenomen
The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bi ...
, but few examples of its use as such are known. The name seems to be identical with the
Etruscan __NOTOC__
Etruscan may refer to:
Ancient civilization
*The Etruscan language, an extinct language in ancient Italy
*Something derived from or related to the Etruscan civilization
**Etruscan architecture
**Etruscan art
**Etruscan cities
**Etruscan ...
''Lecne'', which frequently occurs on Etruscan sepulchral monuments. Some scholars have seen evidence of an Etruscan origin for the Licinii in the tradition that Etruscan players were first brought to Rome to take part in the theatrical performances (''
ludi scaenici
The architectural form of theatre in Rome has been linked to later, more well-known examples from the 1st century BC to the 3rd Century AD. The theatre of ancient Rome referred to as a period of time in which theatrical practice and performance t ...
'') in the consulship of Gaius Licinius Calvus, BC 364. This could, however, be coincidental, as
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
explains that the games were instituted this year in order to palliate the anger of the gods. In fact, the name of ''Licinius'' appears to have been spread throughout both
Latium
Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Definition
Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whi ...
and
Etruria
Etruria () was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what are now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and northern and western Umbria.
Etruscan Etruria
The ancient people of Etruria
are identified as Etruscan civiliza ...
from a very early time, so the fact that it had an Etruscan equivalent does not definitely show that the gens was of Etruscan derivation.
Praenomina
The chief praenomina used by the Licinii were ''
Publius,
Gaius
Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).
People
*Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist
*Gaius Acilius
*Gaius Antonius
*Gaius Antonius Hybrida
*Gaius Asinius Gallus
*Gaius Asinius Pol ...
,
Lucius
Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from ''Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames (''praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from L ...
'', and ''
Marcus'', all of which were very common throughout Roman history. The family occasionally used ''
Sextus
Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...
'', and there is at least one instance of ''
Gnaeus'' during the first century BC. ''
Aulus
Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome.
The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...
'' was used by the Licinii Nervae. As in other Roman families, the women of the Licinii generally did not have formal praenomina, but were referred to simply as ''Licinia''; if further distinction were needed, they would be described using various personal or family cognomina.
Branches and cognomina
The family-names of the Licinii are ''Calvus'' (with the
agnomina ''Esquilinus'' and ''Stolo''), ''Crassus'' (with the agnomen ''Dives''), ''Geta, Lucullus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, Sacerdos'', and ''Varus''. The other cognomina of the gens are personal surnames, rather than family-names; these include ''Archias, Caecina, Damasippus, Imbrex, Lartius, Lenticula, Nepos, Proculus, Regulus, Rufinus, Squillus'', and ''Tegula''. The only cognomina which occur on coins are ''Crassus, Macer, Murena, Nerva'', and ''Stolo''. A few Licinii are known without a surname; most of these in later times were
freedmen
A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), abolitionism, emancipation (gra ...
.
The surname ''Calvus'' was originally given to a person who was bald,
[Chase, p. 110] and it was the cognomen of the earliest family of the Licinii to distinguish itself under the Republic. The first of this family bore the agnomen ''Esquilinus'', probably because he lived on the
Esquiline Hill
The Esquiline Hill (; la, Collis Esquilinus; it, Esquilino ) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. Its southernmost cusp is the ''Oppius'' ( Oppian Hill).
Etymology
The origin of the name ''Esquiline'' is still under much debate. One view is ...
. ''Stolo'', a surname given to the most famous of the family, may be derived from the ''stola'', a long outer garment or cloak, or might also refer to a branch, or sucker.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 586 (" Calvus").] Although the family of the Licinii Calvi afterward vanished into obscurity, the surname ''Calvus'' was later borne by the celebrated orator and poet
Gaius Licinius Macer
Gaius Licinius Macer (died 66BC) was a Roman annalist and politician.
Life
A member of the ancient plebeian clan Licinia, he was tribune in 73BC. Sallust mentions him agitating for the people's rights. He became praetor in 68BC, but in 66BC Cicer ...
, who lived in the first century BC. His cognomen ''Macer'', designated someone who was lean.
[''Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary''.]
Another family of the Licinii bore the cognomen ''Varus'', which means "crooked, bent," or "knock-kneed."
The Licinii Vari were already distinguished, when their surname was replaced by that of ''Crassus.'' This was a common surname, which could mean "dull, thick," or "solid," and may have been adopted because of the contrast between this meaning and that of ''Varus''.
The surname ''Dives'', meaning "rich" or "wealthy," was borne by some of the Licinii Crassi. It was most famous as the surname of
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome." Wallechinsky, David & Wallace, I ...
, the triumvir, and has been ascribed to his father and brothers, but it is not altogether certain whether it originated with his father, or with the triumvir, in which case it was retroactively applied to the previous generation.
''Lucullus'', the cognomen of a branch of the Licinii, which first occurs in history towards the end of the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
, is probably derived from ''lucus'', a grove, or perhaps a diminutive of the ''
praenomen
The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the bi ...
Lucius
Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from ''Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames (''praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from L ...
''. The surname does not appear on any coins of the gens.
[Chase, p. 113.]
A family of the Licinii bore the surname ''Murena'' (sometimes, but erroneously, written ''Muraena''), referring to the sea-fish known as the murry or lamprey, a prized delicacy since ancient times. This family came from the city of
Lanuvium
Lanuvium, modern Lanuvio, is an ancient city of Latium vetus, some southeast of Rome, a little southwest of the Via Appia.
Situated on an isolated hill projecting south from the main mass of the Alban Hills, Lanuvium commanded an extensive view ...
, to the southeast of Rome, and was said to have acquired its name because one of its members had a great liking for lampreys, and built tanks for them. The same surname occurring in other families might be said to be derived from the type of shellfish known as ''
murex
''Murex'' is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1758 ...
'', from which a valuable dye was extracted.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1121 (" Murena").]
Of the other surnames of the Licinii might be mentioned ''Nerva'', the surname of a family of the Licinii that flourished from the time of the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
until the early Empire, derived from ''nervus'', "sinewy";
''Geta'', perhaps the name of a
Thracian
The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...
people, to whom one of the Licinii might have been compared; and ''Sacerdos'', a priest, one of a number of cognomina derived from occupations.
Members
Early Licinii
* Gaius Licinius, one of the first
tribunes of the plebs
Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of ...
elected, in 493 BC. He and his colleague,
Lucius Albinius Paterculus, are said to have elected three others, although according to
Dionysius
The name Dionysius (; el, Διονύσιος ''Dionysios'', "of Dionysus"; la, Dionysius) was common in classical and post-classical times. Etymologically it is a nominalized adjective formed with a -ios suffix from the stem Dionys- of the name ...
, all five were elected by the people.
[Livy, ii. 33.][Dionysius, vi. 89.]
* Publius Licinius, one of the first ''tribuni plebis'' in 493 BC. According to Dionysius he was elected by the people, although according to
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
he was one of three chosen by his colleagues.
*
Spurius Licinius
Spurius Licinius was a tribune in ancient Rome in 481 BC.
He sought to promote a proposed agrarian law by encouraging the plebs to refuse to enrol for military service. However, in the face of foreign aggression, Licinius' suggestions became unpo ...
, according to Livius ''tribunus plebis'' in 481 BC, although Dionysius gives his nomen as ''Icilius''. Dionysius may be correct, as the praenomen ''Spurius'' was not used by any other members of the ''gens Licinia''.
Licinii Calvi
* Publius Licinius P. f. Calvus, father of the elder Esquilinus.
* Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, ''
tribunus militum consulari potestate'' in 400 BC; according to Livius, one of the first
plebeians
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary.
Etymology
The precise origins of ...
elected to this office, although some of the consular tribunes in 444 and 422 may also have been plebeians.
* Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, ''tribunus militum consulari potestate'' in 396 BC, substituted for his father, who had been elected for the second time, but declined the office on account of his advanced age.
* Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the father of Stolo, was probably a brother of the younger Esquilinus.
*
Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the first plebeian appointed ''
magister equitum
The , in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nomi ...
'' in 368 BC; he had previously served as consular tribune, but the year is uncertain. He was probably consul in either 364 or 361, but he has been confused with his contemporary, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo.
[Broughton, vol. I, pp. 112, 113.]
*
Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Calvus, surnamed ''Stolo'', one of the two ''tribuni plebis'' who brought forward the ''
lex Licinia Sextia
The Licino-Sextian rogations were a series of laws proposed by tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, enacted around 367 BC. Livy calls them ''rogatio'' – though he does refer to them at times as ''lex' ...
'', and who accordingly was elected
consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throug ...
in either 364 or 361 BC, or perhaps in both years.
[Broughton, vol. I, pp. 116, 118, 119.]
* Licinius Calvus (Stolo), the son of Gaius Licinius Stolo, with whom he held a thousand
Iugera
The jugerum or juger ( la, iūgerum, ', ', or ') was a Roman unit of area, equivalent to a rectangle 240 Roman feet in length and 120 feet in width (about 71×35½m), i.e. 28,800 square Roman feet ( la, pedes quadratum) or about hectare (0.62 ...
of land, causing his father to be prosecuted for breaking his own regulations regarding land ownership.
Licinii Vari
* Publius Licinius, grandfather of the consul of 236 BC.
* Publius Licinius P. f., father of the consul.
*
Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Varus, consul in 236 BC, carried on the war against the
Corsica
Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...
ns and the transalpine
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They s ...
.
* Publius Licinius (C. f. P. n.) Varus, praetor ''urbanus'' in 208 BC; he was instructed to refit thirty old ships and find crews for twenty others, in order to protect the coast near Rome.
* Gaius Licinius P. f. (C. n.) Varus, father of Publius and Gaius Licinius Crassus, consuls in 171 and 168 BC.
Licinii Crassi
*
Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives,
censor in 208 BC and consul in 205, during the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
.
* Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives, son of the consul of 205 BC.
*
Publius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, consul in 171 BC, defeated by
Perseus of Macedon
Perseus ( grc-gre, Περσεύς; 212 – 166 BC) was the last king ('' Basileus'') of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He was the last Antigonid to rule Macedon, af ...
.
*
Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, as praetor ''urbanus'' in 172 BC, was involved in the trial of
Marcus Popillius Laenas
Marcus Popillius Laenas was a four-time consul of the Roman Republic. In the year (according to Varro) 359 BC, he defeated a Gallic army.
Near the end of his consulship with Gnaeus Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, the Tarquinians invaded the Ro ...
. Consul in 168, he was assigned the province of
Cisalpine Gaul
Cisalpine Gaul ( la, Gallia Cisalpina, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the part of Italy inhabited by Celts (Gauls) during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.
After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 200s BC it was con ...
, but brought his army to
Macedonia instead.
* Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, ''tribunus plebis'' in 145 BC, proposed a bill to fill vacant priesthoods by popular election; it was defeated following a speech by the praetor, Gaius Laelius Sapiens.
* Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, probably son of the tribune of 145 BC.
* Licinia C. f. C. n., a
Vestal Virgin
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty ...
in 123 BC.
*
Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives Mucianus, consul in 131 BC. He was the son of
Publius Mucius Scaevola
Publius Mucius Scaevola may refer to:
* Publius Mucius Scaevola (pontifex maximus) (c. 176 BC – 115 BC)
* Publius Mucius Scaevola (triumphator) (fl. 179–169 BC)
See also
* Mucius Scaevola (disambiguation)
The gens Mucia was an ancient and ...
, the consul of 175 BC, but was adopted by his uncle, Publius Licinius Crassus, consul in 171.
* Marcus Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Agelastus, grandfather of the triumvir, he was said to have obtained his surname because he never laughed.
* Licinia P. f. P. n., sister of Marcus Licinius Crassus Agelastus.
* Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married
Gaius Sulpicius Galba, son of the orator
Servius Sulpicius Galba Servius Sulpicius Galba may refer to:
* Servius Sulpicius Galba (consul 144 BC)
* Servius Sulpicius Galba (consul 108 BC)
* Servius Sulpicius Galba (praetor 54 BC), assassin of Julius Caesar
* Galba, born Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman emperor fro ...
.
* Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married
Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus ( – 121 BC) was a reformist Roman politician in the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, including laws to establish ...
, the tribune.
*
Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, father of the triumvir, was consul in 97 BC, and triumphed over the
Lusitani
The Lusitanians ( la, Lusitani) were an Indo-European speaking people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania. ...
.
*
Lucius Licinius L. f. Crassus, the greatest orator of his day, was consul in 95 BC, and censor in 92.
* Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Scipio Nasica was the name of several members of the Scipiones, a branch of the patrician Roman gens Cornelia. Metellus Scipio was born into this family, but was later adopted out to the gens Caecilia. He still retained his former name by combini ...
, praetor in 94 BC.
* Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married
the younger Gaius Marius, consul in 82 BC.
* Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio, grandson of the consul of 95 BC, was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica and Licinia, and was adopted by his grandfather, who had no sons of his own. His brother was
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio.
* Publius Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, brother of the triumvir, he died shortly before or during the
Social War.
* Lucius (?) Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, a brother of the triumvir who died in the massacre of 87 BC.
*
Marcus Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, the "
triumvir
A triumvirate ( la, triumvirātus) or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs ( la, triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are ...
", was consul in 70 and 55 BC, and censor in 65.
*
Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, as praetor in 57 BC, favoured Cicero's return from exile. He squandered his fortune, which turned his surname, ''Dives'', into a source of mockery.
![Pompeians Scipio Crassus Junianus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Pompeians_Scipio_Crassus_Junianus.jpg)
*
Publius Licinius P. f. Crassus Junianus Damasippus, tribune of the plebs in 53 BC, and a friend of Cicero. During the
Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
he was a partisan of
Pompeius
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...
, and died fighting under Metellus Scipio in
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
.
[Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'', iii. 8. § 3.][Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Younger" 70.][
* Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Damasippus, a contemporary of Cicero, who wrote of his intention to purchase a garden from him in 45 BC. He was a dealer in statuary, and went bankrupt, but was prevented from doing away with himself by the ]Stoic
Stoic may refer to:
* An adherent of Stoicism; one whose moral quality is associated with that school of philosophy
*STOIC, a programming language
* ''Stoic'' (film), a 2009 film by Uwe Boll
* ''Stoic'' (mixtape), a 2012 mixtape by rapper T-Pain
*' ...
Stertinius. He was undoubtedly a son of the tribune in 53 BC.
* Lucius Licinius (P. f. P. n.) Crassus Damasippus, mentioned in a late Republican inscription from Rome, was probably either the statuary, or his brother, since the elder Damasippus had at least two children, who were pardoned by Caesar after their father's death, and allowed to inherit his property.
* Marcus Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, elder son of the triumvir, was Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caes ...
's quaestor in Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...
, and prefect
Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area.
A prefect's ...
of Gallia Cisalpina
Cisalpine Gaul ( la, Gallia Cisalpina, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the part of Italy inhabited by Celts (Gauls) during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.
After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 200s BC it was con ...
at the beginning of the Civil War in 49 BC.
* Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, younger son of the triumvir, he was Caesar's legate in Gaul from 58 to 55 BC. He accompanied his father to Syria, and died at the Battle of Carrhae
The Battle of Carrhae () was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey). An invading force of seven legions of Roman heavy infantry under Marcus Licinius Cra ...
in 53.
* Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus, consul in 30 BC with Octavian
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...
. In the following year, as proconsul of Macedonia, he fought successfully against the surrounding barbarians.
* Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in 14 BC.
* Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 27.
* Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 64, was slain by the emperor Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...
.
* Licinius Crassus Scribonianus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was offered the empire by Marcus Antonius Primus
Marcus Antonius Primus (born between 20 AD and 35 AD – died after 81 AD) was a senator and general of the Roman Empire.
Biography Early life
Primus was born at Tolosa (Toulouse) in Gaul. He was likely the son/grandson of Lucius Antonius (grand ...
, but refused.
* Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus (38 – 15 January 69) was a Roman nobleman who lived in the 1st century. He was adopted by the Roman Emperor Galba as his heir to the throne, only to be killed during the Year of Four Emperors on the same ...
, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was adopted as the heir of Galba
Galba (; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69. After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Ga ...
, but slain by the soldiers of Otho
Marcus Otho (; born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was the seventh Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.
A member of a noble Etru ...
in AD 69.
* Licinius M. f. Crassus (Frugi?), son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi with Scribonia, he changed his name after his mother's ancestor Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...
. Husband of Claudius' daughter, Claudia Antonia, Pompeius was later murdered in 41.
Family tree of the Licinii Crassi
Licinii Luculli
* Lucius Licinius Lucullus, curule aedile
''Aedile'' ( ; la, aedīlis , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enf ...
in 202 BC, he and his colleague distinguished themselves by the magnificence with which they exhibited the Ludi Romani
The ''Ludi Romani'' ("Roman Games"; see ''ludi'') was a religious festival in ancient Rome. Usually including multiple ceremonies called ''ludi''. They were held annually starting in 366 BC from September 12 to September 14, later extended to S ...
, but were suspected of having allowed their subordinates to defraud the public treasury.
* Gaius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 196 BC, he proposed the establishment of the '' tresviri epulones'', and was one of the first three persons appointed to the new office.
* Marcus Licinius Lucullus, praetor ''peregrinus'' in 186 BC, he and his colleagues were compelled to suspend all judicial proceedings for thirty days, in consequence of the alarm caused by the discovery of the cult of Bacchus
In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, myth, Dionysus (; grc, wikt:Διόνυσος, Διόνυσος ) is the god of the grape-harvest, winemaking, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstas ...
at Rome.
* Lucius Licinius (L. f.) Lucullus, consul in 151 BC, he was assigned to Hispania
Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania ...
, where he instigated a war against the Vaccaei
The Vaccaei or Vaccei were a pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central Duero valley, in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania (specifically in Castile and León). Their capital was ''Intercatia'' in Pa ...
, and as proconsul
A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority.
In the Roman Republic, military command, or ' ...
the following year, carried on war against the Lusitani
The Lusitanians ( la, Lusitani) were an Indo-European speaking people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania. ...
with acts of great perfidy and cruelty.
* Publius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 110 BC, attempted, together with his colleague, Lucius Annius, to procure their joint re-election, but this was opposed by the other tribunes, and the election of all of the annual magistrates was postponed.
* Lucius Licinius L. f. (L. n.) Lucullus, praetor in 104 BC, appointed by the senate to the command in Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
during the Second Servile War
The Second Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic on the island of Sicily. The war lasted from 104 BC until 100 BC.
Background
The Consul Gaius Marius was recruiting soldiers for the war against the Cimbri and ...
; victorious in the field, he was unable to capture the stronghold of the slaves, and surrendered his command, but not before destroying his camp and supplies out of spite.
* Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, consul in 74 BC, the conqueror of Mithridates, over whom he triumphed in 63. He was famous for his wealth and his luxurious lifestyle, gardens, and villa.
* Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, he was adopted into the gens Terentia as ''Marcus Terentius M. f. Varro Lucullus'', consul in 73 BC, and triumphed in 71.
* Lucius Licinius Lucullus, praetor in 67 BC, a man famous for his moderation and mildness of disposition; Dionysius records a colorful anecdote about his restraint in the face of insult.
* Gnaeus Licinius Lucullus, a friend of Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the estab ...
, who attended the funeral of Lucullus' mother.
* Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 74 BC.
* Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, son of the consul of 74 BC, he was raised by his uncle, Cato, and Cicero. He espoused the cause of Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Serv ...
and Cassius, and was killed in the retreat from the Battle of Philippi
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at P ...
, in 42 BC.
Licinii Nervae
* Gaius Licinius Nerva, praetor in 167 BC, assigned the province of Hispania Ulterior
Hispania Ulterior (English: "Further Hispania", or occasionally "Thither Hispania") was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain and extending to all of Lusitania (m ...
.
* Gaius Licinius C. f. Nerva, perhaps son of the praetor of 167; one of the legates who reported the conquest of Illyricum in 168; the following year he was one of the commissioners to return the Thracian
The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...
hostages.[Livy, xlv. 3, 42.]
* Aulus Licinius Nerva
Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome.
The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...
, praetor in 166 BC; he was assigned to Hispania
Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania ...
.
* Aulus Licinius (A. f.) Nerva, praetor, probably in 143 BC; the following year he was governor of Macedonia, and his quaestor, Lucius Tremellius Scrofa, defeated the army of a pretender.
* Publius Licinius Nerva Publius Licinius Nerva was a Roman politician during the Late Roman Republic. As a propraetor he was assigned as Governor of Sicily in 104 BC at the outbreak of the Second Servile War.
In the midst of the Cimbrian War, Italian allies of Rome, upon ...
, propraetor
In ancient Rome a promagistrate ( la, pro magistratu) was an ex-consul or ex-praetor whose ''imperium'' (the power to command an army) was extended at the end of his annual term of office or later. They were called proconsuls and propraetors. Thi ...
in Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
in 104 BC, his dealings with the Publican
In antiquity, publicans (Greek τελώνης ''telōnēs'' (singular); Latin ''publicanus'' (singular); ''publicani'' (plural)) were public contractors, in whose official capacity they often supplied the Roman legions and military, managed the ...
i and their slaves led to the commencement of the Second Servile War
The Second Servile War was an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic on the island of Sicily. The war lasted from 104 BC until 100 BC.
Background
The Consul Gaius Marius was recruiting soldiers for the war against the Cimbri and ...
. Nerva was succeeded by his relative, Lucius Licinius Lucullus.
* Gaius Licinius Nerva, described by Cicero as a bad but eloquent man, in contrast with Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, ''tribunus plebis'' in 62 BC and one of Catiline
Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier. He is best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the R ...
's conspirators.
* Licinius Nerva, quaestor of Decimus Junius Brutus in the war before Mutina
Modena (, , ; egl, label= Modenese, Mòdna ; ett, Mutna; la, Mutina) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.
A town, and seat ...
.
* Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus
Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate. He was consul in AD 7 as the colleague of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus. Silianus was born the second of three sons of Publius Silius Nerva, con ...
, consul in AD 7, was the son of Publius Silius, consul in 20 BC, but was adopted into the family of the Licinii Nervae.
* Aulus Licinius A. n. Nerva Silianus, grandson of the Silianus who was consul in AD 7, was consul under Nero in AD 65.
Licinii Sacerdotes
* Gaius Licinius Sacerdos, an eques
Eques, ''horseman'' or ''rider'' in Latin, may refer to:
* Equites, a member of the Roman Equestrian order
* the Latin word for a knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or ...
, who appeared before Scipio Aemilianus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185–129 BC), known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the Third Punic War against Carthage and during the ...
, during his censorship in 142 BC. Scipio accused him of perjury, but as no witnesses came forward, Licinius was dismissed.
* Gaius Licinius C. f. Sacerdos, praetor urbanus in 75 BC; in the following year he had the government of Sicily, in which he was succeeded by Verres
Gaius Verres (c. 120–43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence adv ...
. Cicero contrasts his upright administration with the corruption of his successor.[''SIG'']
747
Licinii Murenae
* Lucius Licinius Murena, ''triumvir monetalis
The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respons ...
'' between 169 and 158 BC, praetor in 147, and legate of Lucius Mummius Achaicus
Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC), was a Roman statesman and general. He was consul in the year 146 BC along with Scipio Aemilianus. Mummius was the first of his family to rise to the rank of consul thereby making him a novus homo. He received the ...
in Greece from 146 to 145.[Cicero, ''Pro Murena'', 15]
* Lucius Licinius L. f. Murena, praetor before 101 BC. He was a contemporary of the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, who was consul in 95 BC.
* Publius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, described by Cicero as a man of moderate talent, and some literary knowledge, who devoted much attention to the study of antiquity. He died in the civil war
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
between Sulla
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.
Sulla had ...
and the younger Marius, about 82 BC.
* Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, one of Sulla's lieutenants in Greece, he later fought against Mithridates without authorization, and was recalled by Sulla in 81 BC. He had probably been praetor about 88. He was awarded a triumph in 81.
* Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, elected consul in 62 BC; before entering office he was accused of bribery, and defended by Quintus Hortensius
Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BC) was a famous Roman lawyer, a renowned orator and a statesman. Politically he belonged to the Optimates. He was consul in 69 BC alongside Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus. His nickname was ''Dionysia'', ...
, Cicero, and Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus (; 115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He is often called "the richest man in Rome." Wallechinsky, David & Wallace, I ...
. During his consulship he worked to preserve the peace in the aftermath of Catiline's conspiracy.
* Gaius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, legate of his brother, the consul of 62, in Gallia Cisalpina; he captured some of Catiline's allies. He was also aedile ''circa'' 59.
* Licinius (L. f. L. n.) Murena, probably the son of the consul of 62, he was adopted by Aulus Terentius Varro, and assumed the name ''Aulus Terentius Varro Murena''. He was consul ''suffectus'' in 23 BC, but the following year conspired with Fannius Caepio and was put to death.
* Lucius Licinius Varro Murena Lucius Licinius Varro Murena (died 22 BC) was a Roman politician who was accused of conspiring against the emperor Augustus, and executed without a trial.
Biography
Hailing from Lanuvium, Murena was the natural born son of Lucius Licinius Murena ...
, one of the conspirators against Augustus, was the adopted brother of Aulus, consul in 23 BC.
Licinii Macri
* Gaius Licinius Macer
Gaius Licinius Macer (died 66BC) was a Roman annalist and politician.
Life
A member of the ancient plebeian clan Licinia, he was tribune in 73BC. Sallust mentions him agitating for the people's rights. He became praetor in 68BC, but in 66BC Cicer ...
, praetor in 68 BC, he was impeached for extortion by Cicero in 66, he took his own life to avoid the disgrace of a public condemnation. He was probably the annalist Licinius Macer, frequently mentioned by Livius and other historians.
* Gaius Licinius C. f. Macer Calvus, a renowned orator and poet, favorably compared with Cicero and Catullus
Gaius Valerius Catullus (; 84 - 54 BCE), often referred to simply as Catullus (, ), was a Latin poet of the late Roman Republic who wrote chiefly in the neoteric style of poetry, focusing on personal life rather than classical heroes. His s ...
.
Others
* Publius Licinius Tegula, the author of a religious poem, sung by the Roman virgins in 200 BC.
* Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 129 BC.
* Licinius, an educated slave belonging to Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus ( – 121 BC) was a reformist Roman politician in the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, including laws to establish ...
, who, according to a well-known story, used to stand behind his master with a musical instrument, in order to moderate Gracchus' tone when he was speaking. He afterward became a client of Quintus Lutatius Catulus
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (149–87 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC. His consular colleague was Gaius Marius. During their consulship the Cimbri and Teutones marched south again and threatened the Republic. While Marius marched ag ...
.
* Gaius Licinius P. f. Geta, consul in 116 BC, was expelled from the senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
with thirty-one others by the censors of 115; he was subsequently restored to his rank, and himself held the office of censor in 108.
* Sextus Licinius, a senator
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
, whom Gaius Marius
Gaius Marius (; – 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Victor of the Cimbric and Jugurthine wars, he held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his important refor ...
ordered to be hurled from the Tarpeian Rock
The Tarpeian Rock (; Latin: ' or '; it, Rupe Tarpea) is a steep cliff on the south side of the Capitoline Hill, which was used in Ancient Rome as a site of execution. Murderers, traitors, perjurors, and larcenous slaves, if convicted by the '' ...
, on the day that he entered upon his seventh consulship, the first of January, 86 BC.
* Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 73 BC, had been praetor in an uncertain year. He was probably not related to the Gaius Licinius who was a senator in 129, since he belonged to the '' tribus'' Pomptina, while the senator of 129 was from Terentina.
* Aulus Licinius Archias Aulus Licinius Archias ( grc-gre, Ἀρχίας; fl. c. 120 – 61 BC) was a Greco-Syrian poet.
Life
He was born in Antioch, Syria (modern Antakya, Turkey). He studied at his native city, and received a liberal education. During his school da ...
, a Greek poet, defended by Cicero on a charge of illegally assuming Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (Latin: ''civitas'') was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in Ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, t ...
in 61 BC.
* Lucius Licinius Squillus, one of the conspirators against Quintus Cassius Longinus
Quintus Cassius Longinus, the brother or cousin of Cassius (the murderer of Julius Caesar), was a governor in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) for Caesar.
Cassius was one of the ''tresviri monetales'' of the ...
in Hispania, in 48 BC.
* Licinius Lenticula, a companion of Marcus Antonius
Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autoc ...
, who restored him to his former status, after Lenticula had been condemned for gambling.
* Licinius Regulus, a senator who lost his seat when the senate was re-organized by Augustus.
* Publius Licinius Stolo, ''triumvir monetalis
The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respons ...
'' during the reign of Augustus.
* Gaius Licinius Imbrex
Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus (disambiguation), Cajus, Caius (disambiguation), Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).
People
*Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist
*Gaius Acilius
*Gaius Antonius
*Gaius Antonius Hy ...
, a Latin comic poet, quoted by Aulus Gellius
Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, or ...
and Sextus Pompeius Festus
Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Roman grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul.
Work
He made a 20-volume epitome of Verrius Flaccus's voluminous and encyclo ...
.
* Licinius Lartius, praetor in Hispania
Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania ...
, and later governor of one of the imperial province
An imperial province was a Roman province during the Principate where the Roman Emperor had the sole right to appoint the governor (''legatus Augusti pro praetore''). These provinces were often the strategically located border provinces.
The pro ...
s. He was a contemporary of the elder Plinius.
* Licinius Caecina, a senator attached to the party of Otho
Marcus Otho (; born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was the seventh Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.
A member of a noble Etru ...
in AD 69; he may be the same as the Licinius Caecina of praetorian rank mentioned by the elder Pliny.
* Licinius Proculus
Proculus ( fl. 1st century CE) was an ancient Roman jurist who founded a distinctive tradition of the interpretation of Roman law. His followers were known as the "Proculiani", or Proculeans, after him.
The full name of Proculus is unknown. He a ...
, a friend of Otho, who raised him to the rank of ''praefectus praetorio
The praetorian prefect ( la, praefectus praetorio, el, ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders be ...
''. His bad advice and lack of military experience hastened Otho's downfall. He was pardoned by Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius (; ; 24 September 1520 December 69) was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of ci ...
.
* Gaius Licinius Mucianus
Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl. 1st century AD) was a Roman general, statesman and writer. He is considered to have played a role behind the scenes in the elevation of Vespasian to the throne.
Life
His name shows that he had passed by adoption f ...
, consul for the first time ''circa'' AD 63, and again in 70 and 72, was the general and chief advisor of Vespasian
Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empi ...
.
* Licinius Nepos, described by the younger Plinius as an upright but severe man; he was praetor, although the year is uncertain.
* Lucius Licinius Sura
Lucius Licinius Sura was an influential Roman Senator from Tarraco, Hispania, a close friend of the Emperor Trajan and three times consul, in a period when three consulates were very rare for non-members of the Imperial family, in 102 and 107 AD a ...
, consul ''suffectus ex kal. Jul.'' possibly around AD 93, and consul in 102 and 107.
* Quintus Licinius Nepos, consul ''suffectus'' at some undetermined point during the reign of Septimus Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary succe ...
.
* Licinius Rufinus, a jurist in the time of Alexander Severus
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 21/22 March 235) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222. Alexander himself was ...
; he compiled twelve books of ''Regulae''.
* Marcus Gnaeus Licinius Rufinus, imperial ''amicus'' of the first half of the third century.
* Publius Licinius Valerianus
Valerian (; la, Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 253 to spring 260 AD. He persecuted Christians and was later taken captive by the Persian emperor Shapur I after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the fir ...
, emperor from AD 253 to 260.
* Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empir ...
, emperor from AD 253 to 268.
* Publius Licinius Valerianus Minor, the brother of Gallienus.
* Publia Licinia Julia Cornelia Salonina, the wife of Gallienus, and Roman empress.
* Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, son of Gallienus and Salonina.
* Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus
Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus (died 260), typically just called Saloninus, was a Roman nobleman who briefly became Emperor in 260. The grandson of Valerian I, Saloninus was appointed (subordinate) Caesar in 258 in an attempt ...
, another son of Gallienus and Salonina.
* Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus
Marinianus (c. 249268) was Roman consul in 268 AD. He has been speculated to be the cousin, son or nephew of Roman Emperor Gallienus.
Life
Gallienus appointed him together with Paternus as consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consule ...
, a son or nephew of Gallienus.
* Licinius Diocletianus, a ''vir egregius'' who set up an two statues for Gallienus and Salonina in Aquileia.[Witschel, Christian; "''INSCHRIFTEN UND INSCHRIFTENKULTUR DER KONSTANTINISCHEN ZEIT IN AQUILEIA''": 2012-2013. page 48. "Wahrend einzelne Personlichkeiten aus der munizipalen Oberschicht wahrend dieser Epoche gar nicht mehr als Stifter von Kaiserstatuen bezeugt sind, behielt die Stadtgemeinde (vertreten durch den orda) ihre traditionelle Bedeutung als Initiatorin fiir solche Ehrungen des Kaisers bei, wenn auch mit abnehmender Tendenz. Daneben traten nun zunehmend einzelne Mitglieder der Reichs- und Provinzialverwaltung sowie eben ho no rati, die sich fiir eine kiirzere oder langere Zeit in der jeweiligen Stadt aufhielten. Das ist besonders deutlich in Aquileia zu sehen, wo die letzte Basis fiir eine Kaiserstatue, die mit Sicherheit von der Stadtgemeinde aufgestellt wurde, aus der Zeit des Philippus Arabs stammt (CIL V 8971 = SI 149 = ALFbLDY 1984, 94 Nr. 73 = InscrAq. 445; errichtet von den Aquileienses; Dat.: 244-246), wahrend bereits unter Gallienus ein ansonsten unbekannter vir egregius namens Licinius Diocletianus zwei Standbilder dieses Herrschers und seiner Frau Cornelia Salonina in Auftrag gab ( CIL V 856/57 = ILS 547 = ALFOLDY 1984, 94f. Nr. 74/75 = Inscr.Aq. 446/47). Die zwei Basen fiir Statuen des Diocletianus (und Maximianus), die wir aus Aquileia bzw. aus dem Territorium der Stadt kennen, wurden sodann von hochrangigen Vertretem der staatlichen Administration errichtet, namlich von einem corrector Italiae (CIL V 8205 =SI 1109 = Inscrit X 4, 330; sekundar vermauert im Schloss von Duino; Dat.: 286) 152 sowie von einem rationalis ( CIL V 858 = ALFbLDY 1984, 95 Nr. 76 = Inscr.Aq. 462; Dat.: 288?)"]
* Valerius Licinianus Licinius, emperor from AD 307 to 324.
* Valerius Licinianus Licinius, son of the emperor Licinius, he was put to death in AD 326, when he was about 11 years old.
See also
* List of Roman gentes
The gens (plural gentes) was a Roman family, of Italic or Etruscan origins, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same '' nomen'' and claimed descent from a common ancestor. It was an important social and legal structure in early ...
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
* Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the estab ...
, '' Laelius sive de Amicitia, Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Serv ...
, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
''De finibus bonorum et malorum'' ("On the ends of good and evil") is a Socratic dialogue by the Roman orator, politician, and Academic Skeptic philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero. It consists of three dialogues, over five books, in which Cicero ...
, Epistulae ad Atticum
''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's othe ...
, Post Reditum in Senatu, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
''Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'' (''Letters to brother Quintus'') is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his younger brother Quintus.
The letters in this collection, when combined with Cicero's other ...
, Epistulae ad Familiares
''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's other letters ...
, Philippicae
The ''Philippics'' ( la, Philippicae, singular Philippica) are a series of 14 speeches composed by Cicero in 44 and 43 BC, condemning Mark Antony. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedon; both Demo ...
, Pro Cluentio
''Pro Cluentio'' is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius Habitus Minor.
Cluentius, from Larinum in Samnium, was accused in 69 BC by his mother Sassia of having poisoned his stepfather, Statius Abbiu ...
, Pro Murena, De Oratore
''De Oratore'' (''On the Orator''; not to be confused with ''Orator'') is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, du ...
, In Verrem
"In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, ...
, Pro Plancio''.
* Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...
, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico
''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' (; en, Commentaries on the Gallic War, italic=yes), also ''Bellum Gallicum'' ( en, Gallic War, italic=yes), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Ca ...
'' (Commentaries on the Gallic War), ''Commentarii de Bello Civili
''Commentarii de Bello Civili'' ''(Commentaries on the Civil War)'', or ''Bellum Civile'', is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. It consists of three books covering the events of 49–4 ...
'' (Commentaries on the Civil War), ''De Bello Africo'' (On the African War ttributed.
* Gaius Sallustius Crispus
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicisation, anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – ), was a Roman Republic , Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became ...
, ''Bellum Catilinae'' (The Conspiracy of Catiline
''Bellum Catilinae'' (''War of Catiline''), also called (''Conspiracy of Catiline''), is the first history published by the Roman historian Sallust. The second historical monograph in Latin literature, it chronicles the attempted overthrow of th ...
), ''Bellum Jugurthinum'' (The Jugurthine War).
* Marcus Terentius Varro
Marcus Terentius Varro (; 116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author. He is regarded as ancient Rome's greatest scholar, and was described by Petrarch as "the third great light of Rome" (after Vergil and Cicero). He is sometimes calle ...
, ''Rerum Rusticarum'' (Rural Matters).
* Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (Vitruvius
Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled ''De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribute ...
), ''de Architectura
(''On architecture'', published as ''Ten Books on Architecture'') is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide f ...
(On architecture'').
* Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus, or Diodorus of Sicily ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος ; 1st century BC), was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history ''Bibliotheca historica'', in forty books, fifteen of which su ...
, ''Bibliotheca Historica
''Bibliotheca historica'' ( grc, Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, ) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, ...
'' (Library of History).
* Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( grc, Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς,
; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary sty ...
, ''Romaike Archaiologia''.
* Titus Livius (Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
), ''Ab Urbe Condita
''Ab urbe condita'' ( 'from the founding of the City'), or ''anno urbis conditae'' (; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome. It is an exp ...
'' (History of Rome).
* Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his ' ...
), '' Satirae'' (Satires), ''Carmen Saeculare
The ''Carmen Saeculare'' (Latin for "Secular Hymn" or "Song of the Ages") is a hymn in Sapphic meter written by the Roman poet Horace. It was commissioned by the Roman emperor Augustus in 17 BC. The hymn was sung by a chorus of twenty-seven maid ...
''.
* Marcus Velleius Paterculus
Marcus Velleius Paterculus (; c. 19 BC – c. AD 31) was a Roman historian, soldier and senator. His Roman history, written in a highly rhetorical style, covered the period from the end of the Trojan War to AD 30, but is most useful for the per ...
, ''Compendium of Roman History''.
* Memnon
In Greek mythology, Memnon (; Ancient Greek: Μέμνων means 'resolute') was a king of Aethiopia and son of Tithonus and Eos. As a warrior he was considered to be almost Achilles' equal in skill. During the Trojan War, he brought an army t ...
, ''History of Heracleia''.
* Valerius Maximus
Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' ...
, ''Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium
''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...
'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
* Quintus Asconius Pedianus
Quintus Asconius Pedianus (BC 9 - AD 76) was a Roman historian. There is no evidence that Asconius engaged in a public career, but he was familiar both with Roman government of his time and with the geography of the city. He may, therefore, have w ...
, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis In Toga Candida
''In Toga Candida'' is a speech given by Cicero during his election campaign in 64 BC for the consulship of 63 BC. The speech was directed at his competitors, Catilina and Antonius, who were also running for consulship for the same year. The speech ...
'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''In Toga Candida'').
* Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...
), ''Naturalis Historia
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...
'' (Natural History).
* Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger
Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61 – c. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger (), was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate ...
), '' Epistulae'' (Letters).
* Publius Cornelius Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars.
The surviving portions of his two major works—the ...
, '' Historiae''.
* Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...
, ''De Vita Caesarum
''De vita Caesarum'' (Latin; "About the Life of the Caesars"), commonly known as ''The Twelve Caesars'', is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. The g ...
'' (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
* Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''P ...
us, ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Plutarch's ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans'', commonly called ''Parallel Lives'' or ''Plutarch's Lives'', is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably writt ...
''.
* Lucius Annaeus Florus
Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman cognomen): ''Virgilius orator an poeta'', an Epitome of Roman History and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set of ...
, ''Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC'' (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
* Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian
Appian of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς ''Appianòs Alexandreús''; la, Appianus Alexandrinus; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Hadr ...
), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War), ''Bella Mithridatica'' (The Mithridatic Wars).
* Marcus Junianus Justinus (Justin
Justin may refer to: People
* Justin (name), including a list of persons with the given name Justin
* Justin (historian), a Latin historian who lived under the Roman Empire
* Justin I (c. 450–527), or ''Flavius Iustinius Augustus'', Eastern Rom ...
), ''Epitome de Cn. Pompeio Trogo Historiarum Philippicarum et Totius Mundi Originum et Terrae Situs'' (Epitome of Trogus' "Philippic History and Origin of the Whole World and all of its Places").
* Aulus Gellius
Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, or ...
, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights).
* Sextus Pompeius Festus
Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Roman grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul.
Work
He made a 20-volume epitome of Verrius Flaccus's voluminous and encyclo ...
, ''Epitome de M. Verrio Flacco de Verborum Significatu'' (Epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus
Marcus Verrius Flaccus (c. 55 BCAD 20) was a Ancient Rome, Roman grammarian and teacher who flourished under Augustus Caesar, Augustus and Tiberius.
Life
He was a freedman, and his manumitter has been identified with Verrius Flaccus, an authorit ...
: On the Meaning of Words).
* Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...
), ''Roman History''.
* Eutropius, ''Breviarium Historiae Romanae'' (Abridgement of the History of Rome).
* Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius
Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, usually referred to as Macrobius (fl. AD 400), was a Roman provincial who lived during the early fifth century, during late antiquity, the period of time corresponding to the Later Roman Empire, and when Latin was ...
, ''Saturnalia''.
* ''Digesta seu Pandectae'' (The Digest
''The Digest'', formerly published as ''The English and Empire Digest'', is a digest of case law. It is the "major modern work" of this kind. Its coverage is "wide" but incomplete, and it can be "complicated to use" if the user does not understa ...
).
* Joannes Zonaras
Joannes or John Zonaras ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς ; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he held th ...
, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History).
* Jan Gruter
Jan Gruter or Gruytère, Latinization of names, Latinized as Janus Gruterus (3 December 1560 – 20 September 1627), was a Southern Netherlands, Flemish-born philologist, scholar, and librarian.
Life
Jan Gruter was born in Antwerp. His fat ...
, ''Inscriptiones Antiquae Totius Orbis Romani'', Heidelberg (1603).
* Luigi Lanzi
Luigi Lanzi (14 June 1732 – 30 March 1810) was an Italian art historian and archaeologist. When he died he was buried in the church of the Santa Croce at Florence by the side of Michelangelo.
Biography
Born in Treia, Lanzi was educated a ...
, ''Saggio di Lingua Etrusca'', Rome (1789).
* Sigmund Wilhelm Zimmern, ''Geschichte des Römischen Privatrechts bis Justinian'' (History of Roman Private Law to Justinian), J. C. B. Mohr, Heidelberg (1826).
* Wilhelm Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen'', Königsberg (1834–1844).
"Licinia Gens"
in the ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...
'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
* Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, ''Römische Forschungen'' (Roman Research), Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin (1864–1879).
* Wilhelm Dittenberger
Wilhelm (William) Dittenberger (August 31, 1840 in Heidelberg – December 29, 1906 in Halle (Saale)) was a German philologist in classical epigraphy.
Life
Wilhelm Dittenberger was the son of the Protestant theologian Wilhelm Theophor Dittenberg ...
, ''Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum'' (Collection of Greek Inscriptions, abbreviated ''SIG''), Leipzig (1883).
* August Pauly
August Friedrich von Pauly (; ; 9 May 1796, in Benningen am Neckar – 2 May 1845, in Stuttgart) was a German educator and classical philologist.
From 1813 to 1818 he studied at the University of Tübingen, then furthered his education at Heidelb ...
, Georg Wissowa
Georg Otto August Wissowa (17 June 1859 – 11 May 1931) was a German classical philologist born in Neudorf, near Breslau.
Education and career
Wissowa studied classical philology under August Reifferscheid at the University of Breslau ...
, ''et alii'', '' Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980).
* George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897).
* T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952).
* D.P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary'', Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
* Robert K. Sherk,
The Text of the ''Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno''
, in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).
* Bruce A. Marshall, "Crassus and the Cognomen ''Dives''," in ''Historia'', vol. 22 (1973), pp. 459–467.
* John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin & English Dictionary'', Bantam Books, New York (1995).
* Koenraad Verboven,
Damasippus, the Story of a Businessman?
, in ''Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History VIII'', Carl Deroux, ed., Collection Latomus, vol. 239 Brussels (1997), pp. 195–217, .
* Clifford Ando
Clifford Ando (born 1969) is an American classicist who specializes in Roman law and religion. His work deals primarily with law, religion, and government in the Imperial era, particularly issues of Roman citizenship, legal pluralism, and legal pr ...
, ''Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire'', University of California Press (2000).
* Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl,
Zwei Konstitutionen für die Truppen Niedermösiens vom 9. September 97
, in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', vol. 151, pp. 185–192 (2005).
*
{{Refend
Roman gentes