Leycesteria Formosa

''Leycesteria formosa'', the pheasant berry, is a deciduous shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Himalayas and southwestern China. It is considered a noxious invasive species in Australia, New Zealand, the neighbouring islands of Micronesia, and some other places.
In its native Himalaya the shrub is frequently used in the traditional medicine of the various countries and peoples encompassed within the region.

Names

The genus name ''Leycesteria'' was coined by Nathaniel Wallich (one time director of Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta) in honour of his friend William Leycester, Chief justice and noted amateur horticulturist, in Bengal in about 1820; while the Latin specific name ''formosa'' (feminine form of ''formosus'') signifies 'beautiful' or 'handsome' (literally: 'shapely') - in reference to the curious, pendent inflorescences with their richly wine-coloured bracts. There is a popular misconception, however, that the specific name derives from the place name 'Formosa', which is an abbreviation of the original Portuguese name for the island of Taiwan: ''Ilha Formosa'' "beautiful island". Portuguese is a romance language (i.e. derived from Latin) and the adjective ''formosa'' has passed into it unchanged in spelling and meaning from the original Latin. ''Leycesteria formosa'' is so named in recognition of its beauty, not in acknowledgment of an origin on the island now known as Taiwan. The Latin specific names of certain plants, given to indicate that they were native to Taiwan at a time when it was known as Formosa take such forms as ''formosae'', ''formosana'' and ''formosensis'', not the Latin adjective/Portuguese adjective-used-as-a-proper-noun ''formosa''.

Other common names include Himalayan honeysuckle, pheasant-eye, Elisha's tears, flowering nutmeg, spiderwort, Cape fuchsia, whistle stick, Himalaya nutmeg, granny's curls,partridge berry, chocolate berry, shrimp plant/flower and treacle tree/berry It is also recorded as ''Symphoricarpos rivularis'' Suksdorf.
Contrary to the impression given by the respective common names, the plant is completely unrelated either to the nutmeg tree or to the fuchsia. Further contrary to the name "Cape fuchsia", it is not native to South Africa - the name being especially inappropriate, given that the family Caprifoliaceae as a whole is absent from Sub-Saharan Africa.

Wallich was Danish by birth and perhaps could hardly be expected to forsee that within fifty years or so the name of the worthy Justice eycester(ia)would be corrupted into 'Elisha's tears' - which yet seems strangely to suit the plant, with its pendent white flowers and its persistent bracts which darken to a sombre blood red as the season advances.

''Garden Shrubs and their Histories''
Alice M. CoatsCoats, Alice M. ''Garden Shrubs and their Histories'' pub. Vista Books, Longacre Press Ltd., 161-166 Fleet st., London E.C.4., 1963, entry ''Leycesteria'' pps. 195-197.

It is apparent from the above that the common name ''Elisha's tears'' falls into the same category (of jocular corruptions of the scientific names of plants into common names more congenial to rural British taste) as ''Aunt Eliza'' (for Antholyza) and ''Sally-my-handsome'' for Mesembryanthemum. It is also testament to a greater familiarity with the names of biblical figures - such as the Old Testament prophets - on the part of Britons of the nineteenth century, when compared to their counterparts in the twenty-first.

Affiliation within Caprifoliaceae

The results of the genetic testing undertaken by Zhang et al. have revealed that Leycesteria is most closely related to the genera Triosteum (common name - "horse gentians" / Chinese 莛子藨属 tíng zi biāo shǔ) and Heptacodium (Chinese common name 七子花 qī zi huā = "seven son flower"). Of these, only Triosteum has fruits that are berries, the fruits of Heptacodium being dry capsules. These three genera belong to the subfamily Caprifolioideae of the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae, the other two genera in the subfamily being Lonicera, the (true) honeysuckles and Symphoricarpos, the snowberries.

Description

It is found to be a hardy evergreen, requiring a considerable degree of moisture, and a situation slightly sheltered and shaded, though the colour of its bracts would be most probably be heightened by exposure to solar light. Propagation is effected by cuttings or layers.
Joseph Paxton
''Paxton's Magazine of Botany'' Volume VI (1839) ''Paxton's Magazine of Botany'', Volume 6, pub. London 1839 by W.S. Orr and Co. Paternoster Row

A deciduous, sometimes evergreen, half-woody, shrub-like plant (intermediate between a shrub and a herbaceous perennial) with young stems that are soft, hollow and upright in various shades of green, salmon pink, maroon and purple, in height, which may only last for 2–5 years before collapsing and being replaced by new stems from the roots. Mature specimens, however, may have short, truly woody trunks clothed in rough, grey bark at the base. The leaves are opposite, dark green and usually cordate long and broad, with an entire, wavy or even deeply-lobed margin and often an extended drip tip (commonly an adaptation to a wet climate). The flowers (bee-pollinatedPhillips, Roger and Rix, Martyn, ''The Botanical Garden:'', pub. Macmillan 2002, vol. 1 ''Trees and Shrubs: a photographic record of the genera of trees and shrubs of interest to gardeners'' p.445.) are produced on long pendulous racemes; each flower is small, white, pale pink or rarely deep purplish pink, subtended by a purplish-pink bract, terminating - like the leaves - in a drip tip. The fruit is a berry, hard and deep pink when unripe, and fragile, soft (easily burst) and a deep purple-brown when ripe and measuring 1 cm in diameter. The berries are eaten avidly by birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings.

The berries are unpleasantly bitter when unripe, but, once soft and deep purple-brown in colour, are edible and sweet, having a mild flavour reminiscent of toffee or caramel. Being a recent introduction to Europe, the plant lacks any traditional uses there.

Distribution

''L. formosa'' includes within its wide range of distribution the areas of all the other known species of the genus. From the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab it ranges the whole length of the Himalaya eastwards to south-eastern Yunnan, where it was collected by Henry near Mengtze, and north-eastwards to Szechuan and eastern Tibet, where Rehder's var. ''stenosepala'' appears to replace very largely the typical form.

''A Revision of the Genus Leycesteria''

- H.K. Airy-Shaw

The species is native to Pakistan, India, Nepal, East and West Himalaya, Southwestern China (Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou), Tibet and Myanmar.

Introduction to the U.K.

Coats notes that according to John Claudius Loudon the plant was brought into cultivation in 1824 and flowered soon afterwards in Allen and Rogers's Bolingbroke Nursery in Battersea ; and that it was grown at about the same time in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society (known at that time as the Horticultural Society of London) from seed procured from India by John Forbes Royle. It proved something of a disappointment to those whose expectations had been raised by a rather highly-coloured plate of it in Wallich's ''Plantae Asiaticae Rariores'' (1830-2) ee image of said plate in gallery below

Its leaves are a pale dull green...it has a rambling inelegant mode of growth, and the colour of the bracts is not at all brighter than what is represented in the accompanying plate.
John Lindley
The Botanical Register (1839)John Lindley, The Botanical Register (1839)

The character of the plant, as developed in an artificial climate, is far from being so good as the accounts of Indian botanists had led us to anticipate. The foliage is large and handsome, and the flowers appear to be produced numerously in terminal pendent racemes; but the most showy feature is the large bracteae at the base of the flowers, which are beautifully veined and tipped with crimson.
Dr. Lindley suggests that this latter character may be more prominently exhibited as the plant becomes older, and more inured to our system of cultivation.
Joseph Paxton
''Paxton's Magazine of Botany'' Volume VI (1839)

''L. formosa'' was expected, at the time of its introduction, to be frost-tender in the UK and therefore to need a sunny, South or West-facing aspect, but was soon found to prefer, on the contrary, a cool position, being a plant of dappled woodland shade.
Rallying after his initial disappointment, Lindley could concede

If grown in the shade it is most likely to be a beautiful object.

and, a century or so later, Coats could give it similarly mixed praise, prescient in her anticipation of the plant's subsequent classification, in certain other countries, as an invasive weed:

Its hardiness and ease of propagation have led to it being regarded as a background-shrub, and its peculiar merits are rather overlooked. The design of its hanging racemes is unusual and striking.

''Leycesteria formosa'' became a popular plant in Victorian shrubberies, grown because the berries were relished by the pheasants raised as game birds on country estates - whence the English common name ''pheasant berry''. Attempts have been made in recent years to re-popularise the species in Britain, with new cultivated varieties appearing in garden centres.

Habitat and cultivation

In the wild, in the eastern Himalayas and western China, the plant grows in wet, rocky woods and on cliffs, its predeliction for the latter habitat explaining its success in colonising walls - effectively artificial cliffs.Irish Times for 23/7/99 https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/plant-this-no-don-t-1.209553 Retrieved at 11.41 on 10/11/21.
The plant was included in a list of species observed to be resistant to gross atmospheric pollution (smoke and other particulates) compiled in the late 19th century. It is equally resistant to modern atmospheric pollution and will tolerate windy sites and the salty air of coastal localities.https://blog-xuite-net.translate.goog/cshuang2/twblog/589151702?_x_tr_sl=zh-TW&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc Retrieved at 23.32 on Wednesday 5/1/22. Furthermore, deer will not browse upon it. It is often found naturalised in the wild in southern England. In Ireland it is found in roadsides, planted wooded areas, and riverbanks.

Medicinal uses

''L. formosa'' is a frequently-used medicinal plant in Southwest China, where it bears the common name ''Yi Yao''. The Yi people (known also as ''Nuoso'' and ''Lolo'') of Sichuan province use the tender shoots of the plant in their system of traditional medicine to treat measles. The Yi (speakers of various Loloish languages of Burmese affiliation) are notable for their rich cultural heritage, having retained their ancient shamanic faith of Bimoism, which incorporates a traditional body of ethnomedicinal knowledge. Furthermore the Yi are fortunate in not having to rely solely upon oral tradition, possessing as they do written records in their own Yi script, dating back at least to the end of the fifteenth century and - according to tradition - even farther back to the time of the Tang dynasty.

In the context of the current global pandemic, it is potentially of considerable interest that the Yi may repeatedly have been exposed to coronavirus in the course their history, discovered herbal treatments effective, in some measure, against viral diseases centuries ago, and incorporated these findings into their system of traditional medicine.

In the Poonch region of Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) a paste of the leaves (or a leaf extract) of ''L. formosa'' (known locally under the name of ''Jummar'') is used as a hair tonic to rid the hair of dandruff and lice and the same use has been recorded in the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of the Garhwal Himalaya range of Uttarakhand province, India. A common name for the plant in 'Chamoli' (= Garhwali), spoken in Uttarakhand, is ''Bhenkew''.

The Monpa people of Mêdog County, Southeast Tibet use unspecified plant parts of ''L. formosa'' (known locally by the common name ''pya-min-mon'') to stem blood loss in cases of traumatic bleeding. Shan et al. append to their paper on the ethnobotany of the Monpa a table comparing Monpa plant use for a given species with the reported phytochemical/pharmacological properties of that species as reported in Chinese academic literature and note a good match in the case of ''L. formosa'', although they note further that the plant has been reported elsewhere in China to be used not only to arrest bleeding but also in the treatment of bone fractures.

Coats gives the common name of the shrub in Nepal as ''nulkuroo'' but does not state the language of that country from which it derives (it is not Nepali).
The Khaling people of the subtropical lowlands of Solukhumbu district, Nepal use unspecified plant parts of ''L. formosa'' as an anthelminthic. In his paper on Khaling plant names, Japanese missionary and ethnographer Sueyoshi Toba lists the Khaling name for the plant as ''‘dӕnciki'' and the Nepali name as ''paDpaDe'', describing the plant itself as 'an aromatic shrub, which sometimes takes parasitic form'. This description is curious on two counts, for ''Leycesteria formosa'' – at any rate when grown as an ornamental shrub in Europe – is neither notably aromatic nor a parasite, lacking as it does haustoria to tap nutrients from a host plant. The latter point, at least, may be explicable by Toba having observed (or heard described by a Khaling informant) ''L. formosa'' growing epiphytically upon a tree in a deposit of humus. The plant is certainly often to be observed growing as a lithophyte - specifically a chasmophyte - in a minimal substrate e.g. from bird droppings deposited in rock crevices or in cracks in the mortar of old walls. Indeed the plant has been observed growing as a (non-native) epiphyte on the tree fern ''Dicksonia squarrosa'' in a survey conducted recently in New Zealand.

Traditional Chinese medicine

In Standard Chinese ''L. formosa'' is best-known under the common name 鬼吹簫 (Guĭ chuī xiāo) - approximate pronunciation "gwé chwé siaaow" - meaning ghost flute (literally ''ghost-blown Flute'') / " xiao of the spirits", although Zhang et al. list also (in translation only) other common names rendered as "gun barrel", "hollow wood", "wild lupine" and the more cryptic "golden chicken lock".
In the semi-humoral system of Traditional Chinese medicine, as practised in southwest China, the plant is believed to remove excess "dampness" (湿; shī) and "heat" (火; huǒ), to promote blood circulation and to stop bleeding. It is also used to treat (among other diseases/disease concepts) "damp heat jaundice" (referable possibly to hepatitis), arthritic pain (notably that caused by rheumatoid arthritis), asthma, irregular menstruation, cystitis and bone fracture. ''L. formosa'' is regarded in China as the pre-eminent medicinal species of its genus and has been used there as such for millennia.

'Ghost flute' and other Chinese common names

The shrub acquired its picturesque folkloric name of ''ghost flute'' (and also that of 鬼竹子 : Guǐ zhúzi : ''ghost bamboo'') in reference to the eerie piping sounds produced by the broken, hollow stems of the plant when blown upon by the wind.

Nowadays in the city, the street lights are so bright, even late at night, but it wasn't like that in the countryside when I was a lad. Moonlit nights weren't so bad, but, when you were out walking and there was no moon, it'd be pitch black and you'd start to imagine all sorts of things...
When I was a child and I and a few friends would be walking along beside these bushes, they'd make the sound of a flute: I would always think that there really was someone playing the flute, but then I'd look around and there'd be no one there. I'd suddenly feel a bit scared and run away. It got to the point where I'd avoid going near the place where those plants grew: If I so much as caught a glimpse of one, I'd beat a hasty retreat. Maybe, in ancient times, people felt the same way and that's why they gave it the name 'ghost flute', although I expect the herb-gatherers at that time were fond of it and didn't let the sound bother them, because they knew that it was such a good medicinal plant. Later, of course, when I grew up and worked out how the plant made the sound, I realised that there was no reason to be afraid of it any more... it's the stems that make the sound, you see - because they're hollow. If the weather's right and you get a good breeze, you'll hear that rich, melodious sound, just like the blowing of a lot of flutes. and - what with all those pretty little bell flowers dancing around in the wind as well - you'd think the ghosts were blowing on them too...

In addition to the above, ''L.formosa'' has acquired a wealth of common names in the Chinese language, including:
* 风吹箫 : Fēng chuī xiāo : Wind(-blown) flute
* 夜吹箫 : Yè chuī xiāo : Night(-blowing) flute
* 大追风 : Dà zhuī fēng : Big chase wind
* 炮筒花 : Pào tǒng huā : Gun barrel flower
* 炮竹筒 : Pào zhútǒng : Firecracker (Pào 'gun' + zhútǒng 'bamboo tube')
* 炮仗筒 : Pàozhang tǒng : Firecracker (Pàozhang 'gun battle' + tǒng 'tube')
* 火炮花 : Huǒpào huā : Artillery flower
* 金鸡一把锁 : Jīnjī yī bǎ suǒ : Golden rooster lock
* 空心木 : Kōngxīn mù : Hollow wood
* 空心草 : Kōngxīn cǎo : Hollow grass
* 大笔杆草 : Dà bǐgǎn cǎo : Big pen grass/Big-stalked grass
* 来色木 : Lái shǎi mù : (Come) colour wood
* 大木比替力 : Dà mù bǐ tì lì : Big wood that is a substitute for strength
* 鬼竹子 : Guǐ zhúzi : Ghost bamboo
* 梅叶竹 : Méi yè zhú : Plum-leaved bamboo
* 野芦柴 :Yě Lú chái : Wild reed firewood
* 磨倮子 : Mó luǒ zi : Grinding naked seed
* 猴橘子 : Hóu júzi : Monkey orange
These names refer mostly to the tubular ( fistular) form of the stems, their similarity to those of bamboos and their suitability for wind instruments - as suggested by their natural tendency to whistle eerily in the wind. Those referring to (again, tubular) guns and fireworks indicate that the jointed stems of the plant explode (crack / pop) when burnt, like those of bamboo (the popping stems of which the first fireworks were manufactured to mimic ). Only one common name (Hóu júzi 'Monkey orange') references the shrub's edible berries, and does so in a somewhat disparaging manner.
The curious name Jīnjī yī bǎ suǒ, translating as 'Golden rooster lock' suggests that the plant was thought to relate in some way to the good luck / wealth-bringing symbol of the golden cockerel.

Other uses

The hollow canes produced by ''L. formosa'' have been used in India to make whistles and flutes. Other uses of the plant in North India (states Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Ladakh and Sikkim) are as a green manure and as firewood.

Animal toxicity

While many sources assert that ''L. formosa'' is not toxic, there have been associated deaths of cattle reported in New Zealand and Australia, where the plant is a rampant weed, and thus the plant is best considered suspect until more conclusive evidence comes to light. Leaves and unripe berries are likely to have been the plant parts browsed.

Chemistry

''L. formosa'' has yielded coumarins, monomeric flavonoids and the two biflavonoid compounds amentoflavone (3'-8" biapigenin) and its 4"'methyl derivative podocarpusflavone A. Amentoflavone and, to some extent, podocarpusflavone A are good cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. In the light of these findings ''L. formosa'' may be considered of potential interest in the treatment of dermatitis. Prior to the isolation of amentoflavone from Leycesteria, the only genera of Caprifoliaceae in which the compound was known to occur were Viburnum and Lonicera. (Note: the genus Viburnum is now placed, not in Caprifoliaceae, but in the related family Adoxaceae).
The leaves of ''L. formosa'' have been found to contain leucoanthocyanins,''A Comparative Phytochemical Study of Caprifoliaceae'' Doctoral Thesis of Charles William Glennie, The University of British Columbia,
submitted November 1969, p.17. https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/831/1.0102080/1 Retrieved at 13.39 on Friday 5/11/21. while the wood contains the fluorescent lactone aesculetin.

Gallery

File:Leycesteria formosa (Planche de Wallich).jpg, The misleadingly "highly coloured" plate 120 from Nathaniel Wallich's ''Plantae asiaticae rariores'', published London 1830
File:Leycesteria Formosa Paxton pre. Storm Arwen 1.jpg, Cultivated plant in leaf and fruit in November, Paxton, Scottish Borders
File:Leycesteria formosa stripped bare by Storm Arwen.jpg, Same specimen defoliated and stripped of fruit by 110 mph winds of Storm Arwen, revealing colourful, bamboo-like stems
File:Leycesteria formosa roots exposed by storm Arwen.jpg, Roots of same specimen, exposed by wind-rock
File:Leycesteria formosa C.jpg, Purple-tinted foliage of young shoot
File:Leycesteria formosa mature autumn foliage.jpg, Mature foliage in Autumn, showing characteristic drip tips (adaptation to wet climate where species evolved)
File:Leycesteria formosa from beneath showing leaf venation.jpg, Foliage of fruiting shoot viewed from beneath, back-lit by sunlight to reveal leaf venation
File:Leycesteria formosa deeply-lobed leaves.jpg, Young plant bearing unusually deeply-lobed leaves, Paxton, Scottish Borders
File:Leycesteria formosa London window box weed dentate foliage.jpg, Young plant with dentate-to-finely-lobed foliage, growing as window box weed, in London's Notting Hill Gate
File:Leycesteria formosa HRM3.jpg, Pendulous flower racemes of specimen in Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid
File:Leycesteria formosa flowers.jpg, Close-up of flowers of pink-flowered form, cultivated plant, Serbia
File:鬼吹簫 Leycesteria formosa -英格蘭 Woking, England- (9240277942).jpg, Close-up of flowers of white-flowered form, Woking, Surrey
File:Leycesteria-formosa-flowers.jpg, White-flowered form in flower and fruit, Aarhus Botanical Gardens
File:Leycesteria formosa self-seeded on garden wall.jpg, Plant (dwarfed by limited root system) seeded on garden wall in bird droppings and growing as a lithophyte
File:Leycesteria formosa chasmophytic in wall close-up.jpg, Close-up of base of dwarf specimen on wall, showing puffy, gnarled rootstock (possibly a type of lignotuber)
File:Leycesteria formosa chasmophyte lignotuber close-up.jpg, Close-up of lignotuber of specimen growing chasmophytically on wall
File:Leycesteria formosa Wall. - close-up of infructescence.jpg, Pendent clusters of ripe fruit subtended by pink bracts, Berrington, Northumberland
File:Leycesteria formosa berries close-up.jpg, Close-up of two ripe, edible berries, showing bracts, hairy skins and persistent calyces
File:Leycesteria formosa colourful bracts stripped of fruit.jpg, Colourful bracts of an infructescence stripped bare of fruit by birds and squirrels
File:Leycesteria formosa single bract.jpg, Close-up of single bract, showing attractive wine-red venation and drip tip
File:Leycesteria formosa - base with stems of different ages.jpg, Base of a cultivated plant showing hollow stems of various ages, Paxton, Scottish Borders
File:Leycesteria formosa colourful stems.jpg, Detail of colourful stems of same specimen, showing value for winter colour in garden
File:Leycesteria formosa mature trunk with finger for scale.jpg, Base of a more mature specimen - oldest trunk with finger to show scale, Berrington
File:Leycesteria formosa lignotuber of large mature specimen.jpg, Lignotuber, grey trunks and green stems of same specimen
File:Leycesteria formosa dead stem 'ghost flute'.jpg, Single pan-pipe (lower end closed by natural septum) sawn from a dead stem

References

External links

Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: ''Leycesteria formosa''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q252391

Caprifoliaceae
Flora of temperate Asia
Garden plants of Asia
Medicinal plants of Asia
Edible fruits
Weeds
Flora of West Himalaya
Flora of IndiaFlora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa
Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa
Flora of East Tropical Africa
Flora of South Tropical Africa
Flora of Southern Africa
Flora of Madagascar
Flora of India (region)
Flora of Sri Lanka
Flora of Pakistan
Flora of Nepal
Flora of Bhutan
Flora of Sikkim
Flora of Arunachal Pradesh
Flora of East Himalaya
Flora of Assam
Flora of Tibet
Flora of China
Flora of Myanmar
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Taxa named by Nathaniel Wallich