![Auberge of the lingua of France 05](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Auberge_of_the_lingua_of_France_05.jpg)
A langue or tongue ( it, lingua) was an administrative division of the
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...
(also known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem) between 1319 and 1798. The term referred to a rough
ethno-linguistic
Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is an area of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between a language and the nonlinguistic cultural behavior of the people who speak that language.
__NOTOC__
Examples ...
division of the geographical distribution of the Order's members and possessions. Each langue was subdivided into Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks and
Commanderies
In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and Gr ...
. Each langue had an ''auberge'' as its headquarters, some of which still survive in
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
,
Birgu
Birgu ( mt, Il-Birgu , it, Vittoriosa), also known by its title Città Vittoriosa ("''Victorious City''"), is an old fortified city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. The city occupies a promontory of ...
and
Valletta
Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an Local councils of Malta, administrative unit and capital city, capital of Malta. Located on the Malta (island), main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, i ...
.
History
![Odos Ippoton, palazzo di provenza 00](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Odos_Ippoton%2C_palazzo_di_provenza_00.JPG)
The
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...
began to take the features of a state following its acquisition of
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
and nearby islands in the early 14th century. The subdivision of the Order into ''langues'' began in 1319 during a meeting of the Chapter General in
Montpellier
Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of ...
. For the purposes of administration of the Order's possessions in Europe, the langues were divided into ''grand priories'', some of which were further divided into ''priories'' or ''bailiwicks'', and at the lowest level into ''
commandries
In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...
'' dealing with regional or local administration.
The head of each langue was known as a ''pilier'' or ''bailiff''. The ''piliers'', together with the Knights Grand Cross, the bishop, the bailiffs of the convents and the prior of the Conventual Church, sat on the Grand Council of the Order. Each ''pilier'' also had specific responsibilities within the order; that of France was the Hospitaller, that of Italy was the Admiral of the
Order's fleet.
[Ernle Bradford (2002 ]972
Year 972 ( CMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recent ...
. ''The Shield and the Sword''. London: Penguin. pp. 64–65
When the system of the langues was established in the 14th century, there were seven langues split according to ethno-linguistic divisions:
* the Langue of Auvergne
* the Langue of France
* the Langue of Provence
* the Langue of Aragon
* the Langue of Italy
* the Langue of Germany (including all of the Holy Roman Empire as well as Scandinavia, Hungary and Poland)
* the Langue of England (including Scotland and Ireland)
In 1462, the Langue of Aragon was divided with the creation of
* the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal
The Langue of England was dissolved in the mid-16th century following the
English Reformation
The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away from the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church. These events were part of the wider European Protestant Reformation, a religious and poli ...
. The langue was reinstituted by Grand Master
Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
Fra' Emmanuel Marie des Neiges de Rohan-Polduc (18 April 1725, in La Mancha, Spain – 14 July 1797, in Valletta, Malta) was a member of the wealthy and influential Rohan family of France, and Prince and 70th Grand Master of the Order of St. Joh ...
in 1784 as the Anglo-Bavarian Langue, which also included
Bavarian and
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
knights. It was housed in
Auberge de Bavière
The Auberge de Bavière ( mt, il-Berġa tal-Baviera) is a palace in Valletta, Malta. It was built as Palazzo Carneiro ( mt, il-Palazz ta' Karnirju) in 1696, and it was the residence of Grand Master Marc'Antonio Zondadari in the early 18th centu ...
, which had been built as a private palazzo.
St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta, which was built as the Order's conventual church, contains chapels for each of the langues.
Auberges
The headquarters of each langue was known as an ''auberge'', a
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
word meaning
inn
Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also provided accommo ...
. Auberges were first built in
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
in the late Middle Ages.
After the Order moved to
Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
in 1530, auberges were built in
Birgu
Birgu ( mt, Il-Birgu , it, Vittoriosa), also known by its title Città Vittoriosa ("''Victorious City''"), is an old fortified city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. The city occupies a promontory of ...
between the 1530s and the 1550s, and later in
Valletta
Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an Local councils of Malta, administrative unit and capital city, capital of Malta. Located on the Malta (island), main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, i ...
from the 1570s onwards.
Aragon
![Auberge d'Aragon Valletta, Malta façade](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Auberge_d%27Aragon_Valletta%2C_Malta_fa%C3%A7ade.jpeg/1200px-Auberge_d%27Aragon_Valletta%2C_Malta_fa%C3%A7ade.jpeg)
*
Auberge d'Aragon
The Auberge d'Aragon ( mt, Berġa ta' Aragona) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built in 1571 to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Aragon, Navarre and Catalonia. It is the only surviving auberge in Valletta ...
in
Birgu
Birgu ( mt, Il-Birgu , it, Vittoriosa), also known by its title Città Vittoriosa ("''Victorious City''"), is an old fortified city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. The city occupies a promontory of ...
was built sometime in the 16th century in the traditional Maltese style. The building is still intact but its façade has been heavily altered.
*
Auberge d'Aragon
The Auberge d'Aragon ( mt, Berġa ta' Aragona) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built in 1571 to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Aragon, Navarre and Catalonia. It is the only surviving auberge in Valletta ...
in
Valletta
Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an Local councils of Malta, administrative unit and capital city, capital of Malta. Located on the Malta (island), main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, i ...
was built in 1571 in the
Mannerist style
Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, ...
, to a design of
Girolamo Cassar
Girolamo Cassar ( mt, Ġlormu Cassar, 1520 – 1592) was a Maltese architect and military engineer. He was the resident engineer of the Order of St. John, and was admitted into the Order in 1569. He was involved in the construction of Valletta ...
. It is the only auberge in Valletta which still retains its original design, the only alteration being a portico which was added in the 1840s. It now houses the Ministry for European Affairs and Equality.
Auvergne
*The auberge in Birgu was built in around 1531 in the traditional Maltese style, and it was eventually incorporated into
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence ( mt, Berġa ta' Alvernja u Provenza) is an auberge in Birgu, Malta. It was built to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langues of Auvergne and Provence.
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence was built i ...
. The building is still intact but its façade has been heavily altered.
*
Auberge d'Auvergne
The Auberge d'Auvergne ( mt, Berġa ta' Alvernja) was an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built in the 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Auvergne. It became a courthouse in the 19th century, and it ...
in Valletta was built between the 1570s and 1583 in the Mannerist style, to a design of Girolamo Cassar, and it was enlarged in 1783. The building was partially destroyed during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
by
aerial bombardment in 1941, and the ruins were demolished in the 1950s to make way for the
Courts of Justice building.
Castille, León and Portugal
![Auberge de Castille in Valletta, Malta (29359161198)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Auberge_de_Castille_in_Valletta%2C_Malta_%2829359161198%29.jpg)
* The first auberge in Birgu was built in the 1530s. Its exact location is unknown and no remains of the building are believed to have survived.
* The
second auberge in Birgu was built in the 1550s in the traditional Maltese style, to a design of Niccolò Bellavante. The building still exists, but it has been heavily altered and very few features of the auberge have survived.
*
Auberge de Castille
The Auberge de Castille ( mt, Berġa ta' Kastilja) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. The auberge is located at Castile Place, close to Saint James Cavalier, the Malta Stock Exchange, and the Upper Barrakka Gardens. It sits at the highest poin ...
in Valletta was built between 1571 and 1574 in the Mannerist style, to a design of Girolamo Cassar. It was completely rebuilt between 1741 and 1745 in the
Baroque style
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
, to a design of
Andrea Belli
Andrea Belli (13 October 1703 – 19 October 1772) was a Maltese architect and businessman. He designed several Baroque buildings, including Auberge de Castille in Valletta, which is now the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta.
Life and caree ...
. It now houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta.
England and the Anglo-Bavarian Langue
*
Auberge d'Angleterre Auberge is a French word for an inn or hostel, and is also sometimes used to refer to a restaurant (as a result of the historical association between inns and restaurants). It is also the name of a nightclub in Abergavenny and is often mistaken fo ...
in Birgu was built in around 1534 in the traditional Maltese style. Today, it is the best preserved auberge in Birgu and it is used as a public library.
*
Auberge de Bavière
The Auberge de Bavière ( mt, il-Berġa tal-Baviera) is a palace in Valletta, Malta. It was built as Palazzo Carneiro ( mt, il-Palazz ta' Karnirju) in 1696, and it was the residence of Grand Master Marc'Antonio Zondadari in the early 18th centu ...
in Valletta was built as Palazzo Carniero in 1696 to a design of
Carlo Gimach
Carlo Gimach (2 March 1651 – 31 December 1730) was a Maltese architect, engineer and poet who was active in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Throughout his career, he worked in Malta, Portugal and Rome, and he is mostly known for designi ...
. When the Anglo-Bavarian Langue was instituted in 1784, it began to be used as the langue's auberge. The building now houses the Lands Authority.
File:Malta Vittoriosa BW 2011-10-06 11-02-07.jpg, Auberge d'Angleterre Auberge is a French word for an inn or hostel, and is also sometimes used to refer to a restaurant (as a result of the historical association between inns and restaurants). It is also the name of a nightclub in Abergavenny and is often mistaken fo ...
in Birgu
Birgu ( mt, Il-Birgu , it, Vittoriosa), also known by its title Città Vittoriosa ("''Victorious City''"), is an old fortified city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. The city occupies a promontory of ...
File:Auberge de Bavière.jpeg, Auberge de Bavière
The Auberge de Bavière ( mt, il-Berġa tal-Baviera) is a palace in Valletta, Malta. It was built as Palazzo Carneiro ( mt, il-Palazz ta' Karnirju) in 1696, and it was the residence of Grand Master Marc'Antonio Zondadari in the early 18th centu ...
in Valletta
Valletta (, mt, il-Belt Valletta, ) is an Local councils of Malta, administrative unit and capital city, capital of Malta. Located on the Malta (island), main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, i ...
France
*
Auberge de France
Auberge de France ( mt, Berġa ta' Franza) refers to two auberges in Valletta, Malta. They were both built in the 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of France, which induced the entire Kingdom of France ...
in Birgu was built in around 1533 in the traditional Maltese style, to a design of Nicolo Flavari. It was later redesigned by Bartolomeo Genga. It is the second best preserved auberge in Birgu, and it now houses the city's
local council.
* The first auberge in Valletta was built in around 1570 to a design of Girolamo Cassar. Parts of the building are still intact although they have been heavily altered.
* The second
Auberge de France
Auberge de France ( mt, Berġa ta' Franza) refers to two auberges in Valletta, Malta. They were both built in the 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of France, which induced the entire Kingdom of France ...
in Valletta was built in around 1583 in the Mannerist style, also to a design of Cassar. The building was largely destroyed by aerial bombardment in 1942, and the ruins were demolished to make way for the Workers' Memorial Building.
Italy
![Auberge d'Italie, Valletta 002](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Auberge_d%27Italie%2C_Valletta_002.jpg)
*
Auberge d'Italie
The Auberge d'Italie ( mt, Berġa tal-Italja, it, Albergo d'Italia) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built at various stages in the late 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Italy, and it ori ...
in Birgu was first built in the 1530s, but it was rebuilt in 1553–54 to a design of Niccolò Bellavante. It was largely destroyed by aerial bombardment in World War II, but some surviving features were integrated into the façade of new buildings in the 1960s.
* The first auberge in Valletta was built in 1570–71 to a design of Girolamo Cassar. It was eventually incorporated into the
Grandmaster's Palace.
* The second
Auberge d'Italie
The Auberge d'Italie ( mt, Berġa tal-Italja, it, Albergo d'Italia) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built at various stages in the late 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Italy, and it ori ...
in Valletta was built in 1574–79 and 1582–95 in the Mannerist style to a design of Cassar and other architects. It was extensively redecorated in the Baroque style in the 1680s. The building currently houses Malta's national art museum,
MUZA.
Germany
*
Auberge d'Allemagne
Auberge d'Allemagne ( mt, Berġa ta' Alemanja) was an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built between 1571 and 1575 to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Germany.
It was vacated in 1798 when the Order was expelled ...
in Birgu was built sometime in the 16th century in the traditional Maltese style. It was largely destroyed by aerial bombardment during World War II, but some surviving rooms were integrated into new buildings in the 1960s.
*
Auberge d'Allemagne
Auberge d'Allemagne ( mt, Berġa ta' Alemanja) was an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built between 1571 and 1575 to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Germany.
It was vacated in 1798 when the Order was expelled ...
in Valletta was built between 1571 and 1575 in the Mannerist style, to a design of Girolamo Cassar. It was demolished in 1839 to make way for
St Paul's Pro-Cathedral
St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (Malti: ''Il-Pro-Katridral ta' San Pawl''), officially The Pro-Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Paul, is an Anglican pro-cathedral of the Diocese in Europe situated in Independence Square, Valletta, Malta. A "pro-ca ...
.
Provence
![Auberge de Provence](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Auberge_de_Provence.jpeg)
* The auberge in Birgu was built in around 1531 in the traditional Maltese style, and it was eventually incorporated into
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence ( mt, Berġa ta' Alvernja u Provenza) is an auberge in Birgu, Malta. It was built to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langues of Auvergne and Provence.
Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence was built i ...
. The building is still intact but its façade has had some minor alterations.
*
Auberge de Provence
Auberge de Provence ( Maltese: ''Berġa ta' Provenza'') is an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built in the sixteenth century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Provence. It now houses the National Museum of Arc ...
in Valletta was built in the 1570s in the Mannerist style, to a design of Girolamo Cassar. It was extensively redesigned in 1638 by Mederico Blondel. The building currently houses the
National Museum of Archaeology.
See also
*
Commanderies of the Order of Saint John
The Order of Saint John (Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller) was organised in a system of commanderies during the high medieval to early modern periods, to some extent surviving as the organisational structure of the several descended orde ...
References
External links
*
{{Auberges
1319 establishments in Europe
1798 disestablishments in Europe
Knights Hospitaller