The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal ...

s like basil, mint, rosemary, sage,

savory Savory or Savoury may refer to: Common usage * Herbs of the genus ''Satureja'', particularly: ** Summer savory (''Satureja hortensis''), an annual herb, used to flavor food ** Winter savory (''Satureja montana''), a perennial herb, also used to ...

, marjoram,

oregano Oregano (, ; ''Origanum vulgare'') is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It was native to the Mediterranean region, but widely naturalised elsewhere in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Oregano is a woody perennial pla ...

, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla, as well as other medicinal herbs such as catnip, salvia, bee balm,

wild dagga ''Leonotis leonurus'', also known as lion's tail and wild dagga, is a plant species in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The plant is a broadleaf evergreen large shrub native to South Africa and southern Africa, where it is very common.oriental motherwort. Some species are

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such as '' Salvia hispanica'' (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as ''

Plectranthus edulis ''Coleus maculosus'' subsp. ''edulis'', synonym ''Plectranthus edulis'', the Ethiopian potato, known as ''welayta dinich'' in Amharic, is a species of perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is indigenous to Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, ...

'', '' Plectranthus esculentus'', ''

Plectranthus rotundifolius ''Coleus rotundifolius'', synonyms ''Plectranthus rotundifolius'' and ''Solenostemon rotundifolius'', commonly known as native or country potato in Africa and called Chinese potato in India, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the mint family ...

'', and ''

Stachys affinis ''Stachys affinis'', commonly called crosne, Chinese artichoke, Japanese artichoke, knotroot, or artichoke betony, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Lamiaceae, originating from China. Its rhizome is a root vegetable that can be e ...

'' (Chinese artichoke). Many are also grown ornamentally, notably coleus, '' Plectranthus'', and many '' Salvia'' species and hybrids. The family has a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext ...

. The enlarged Lamiaceae contain about 236

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and have been stated to contain 6,900 to 7,200 species, but the World Checklist lists 7,534. The largest genera are ''Salvia'' (900), ''Scutellaria'' (360), ''Stachys'' (300), ''Plectranthus'' (300), ''Hyptis'' (280), ''Teucrium'' (250), ''Vitex'' (250), ''Thymus'' (220), and ''Nepeta'' (200). ''Clerodendrum'' was once a genus of over 400 species, but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150. The family has traditionally been considered closely related to the Verbenaceae;Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. in the 1990s, phylogenetic

studies Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawin ...

suggested that many

classified Classified may refer to: General *Classified information, material that a government body deems to be sensitive *Classified advertising or "classifieds" Music *Classified (rapper) (born 1977), Canadian rapper *The Classified, a 1980s American roc ...

in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the Lamiaceae Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). ''Advances in Labiate Science.'' Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. or to other families in the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Lamiales.

The alternative family name Labiatae refers to the flowers typically having petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip (' in Latin). The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with five united

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s and five united sepals. They are usually

bisexual Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, whi ...

and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section, but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.

Genera

Leucas aspera at Gandipet, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9054

Orthosiphon pallidus (Jyoti) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8284

The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004. It described and provided

keys Key or The Key may refer to: Common meanings * Key (cryptography), a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm * Key (lock), device used to control access to places or facilities restricted by a lock * Key (map ...

to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk (*) in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). Other genera have been synonymised. These are marked with a minus sign (-). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation."List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see ''External links'' below) Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family. Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information.List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera. At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. At: Electronic Plant Information Center. At: Website of ''Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew''. (see ''External Links'' below). A list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated.

Recent changes

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. ''Tsoongia'', ''Paravitex'', and ''Viticipremna'' have been sunk into synonymy with ''Vitex''. ''Huxleya'' has been sunk into ''Volkameria''. ''Kalaharia'', ''Volkameria'', ''Ovieda'', and ''Tetraclea'' have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic ''Clerodendrum''. ''Rydingia'' has been separated from ''Leucas''. The remaining ''Leucas'' is

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

over four other genera.

Subfamilies and tribes

In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

, plus 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies. The unplaced genera are: ''

Tectona ''Tectona'' is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the mint family, ''Lamiaceae''.Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The three species are often collec ...

'', '' Callicarpa'', ''

Hymenopyramis ''Hymenopyramis'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1843. It is native to Indochina and to the Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consist ...

'', ''

Petraeovitex ''Petraeovitex'' is a genus of eight climbing shrubs species known to science, of the mint family Lamiaceae (formerly placed within Verbenaceae). Collectively, they grow naturally in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, the Philippines, the ...

'', ''

Peronema ''Peronema'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1822. It contains only one known species, ''Peronema canescens'', native to Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗ� ...

'', ''

Garrettia ''Garrettia'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1937. It contains only one known species, ''Garrettia siamensis''. It is native to southern China (Yunnan Province), Java, Thailand Thailand ( ), ...

'', ''

Cymaria ''Cymaria'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1830. It is native to China, New Guinea, and Southeast Asia.Acrymia'', ''

Holocheila ''Holocheila'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1962. It contains only one known species, ''Holocheila longipedunculata''. It is endemic to Yunnan Province in China. References

Lamiacea ...

'', and ''

Ombrocharis ''Ombrocharis'' is a genus of flowering plant in the tribe Elsholtzieae of the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1936. It contains only one known species, ''Ombrocharis dulcis'', endemic to Hunan Province in China China, officially t ...

''. The subfamilies are the

Symphorematoideae ''Sympheromatoideae''Briquet JI, Engler A, Prantl KAE (1895) ''Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Leipzig'' IV, 3a: 144. is a subfamily of flowering plants in the Lamiaceae. Genera * ''Congea'' * ''Sphenodesme'' * ''Symphorema'' References ...

Viticoideae Viticoideae is one of seven subfamilies in the sage family, Lamiaceae. Genera This subfamily contains the following 10 genera: * ''Cornutia'' L. * '' Gmelina'' L. * ''Paravitex'' Fletcher * '' Petitia'' Jacq. * ''Pseudocarpidium'' Millsp. * '' ...

, Ajugoideae,

Prostantheroideae Prostantheroideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Lamiaceae. Genera include: * '' Brachysola'' * '' Chloanthes'' * '' Cyanostegia'' * ''Dasymalla'' * '' Dicrastylis'' * '' Hemiandra'' * '' Hemigenia'' * ''Hemiphora'' * '' Lachnostachys'' ...

, Nepetoideae,

Scutellarioideae Scutellarioideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Lamiaceae. Genera include: * ''Holmskioldia'' * ''Renschia'' * ''Scutellaria'' * ''Tinnea'' * ''Wenchengia'' References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2889855 Lamiaceae Asterid subfamilies ...

, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes. These are shown in the

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

below.

Phylogeny

Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies. Most of those that have been are included in the following

. The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources.

References

External links

* *
Lamiaceae
i
L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
https://delta-intkey.com {{Authority control Lamiales families