LMS No. 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline
diesel locomotive
A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving whee ...
s built in
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
. They were built in association with
English Electric
N.º UIC: 9094 110 1449-3 (Takargo Rail)
The English Electric Company Limited (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer formed after the Armistice of 11 November 1918, armistice of World War I by amalgamating five businesses which, during th ...
by the
London, Midland and Scottish Railway
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMSIt has been argued that the initials LMSR should be used to be consistent with LNER, GWR and SR. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway's corporate image used LMS, and this is what is generally u ...
at its
Derby Works
The Derby Works comprised a number of British manufacturing facilities designing and building locomotives and rolling stock in Derby, England. The first of these was a group of three maintenance sheds opened around 1840 behind Derby station. Th ...
, using an English Electric 1,600 hp
diesel engine
The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-call ...
, generator and electrics.
Under
British Railways
British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most of the overground rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British rai ...
, the locomotives became British Railways Class D16/1; they were initially operated primarily on mainline express passenger services on former LMS lines, both in single and in multiple. In 1953, they were transferred to the Southern Region for comparison with
Bulleid's
British Rail Class D16/2
British Railways Class D16/2 was a class of prototype diesel locomotives built by British Railways at Ashford Works and introduced in 1950–1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954. They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the S ...
diesel locomotives.
Both locomotives were withdrawn and scrapped in the 1960s.
Background and design
Background
In March 1947, the LMS announced its intention to operate main line passenger services using diesel traction: initial specifications were for a pair of 1,600 hp locomotives with a top speed of 100 mph, capable of hauling express services such as the ''
Royal Scot Royal Scot may refer to:
* Garde Écossaise, a regiment of the French army
* Royal Scots, a regiment of the British Army
* Royal Scots (Jacobite), a regiment of Scottish exiles in French service, in existence from 1744 to 1762
* ''Royal Scot'' (t ...
''. The company also announced it intended to use the same type singly on semi-fast suburban and medium weight freight services such as were hauled by 2-6-4T engines;
English Electric
N.º UIC: 9094 110 1449-3 (Takargo Rail)
The English Electric Company Limited (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer formed after the Armistice of 11 November 1918, armistice of World War I by amalgamating five businesses which, during th ...
engines were specified of similar design to that used on the company's diesel electric shunting locomotives. The LMS signed an agreement with English Electric to construct two 1600 hp locomotives: the mechanical parts were to be constructed at the LMS's
Derby Works
The Derby Works comprised a number of British manufacturing facilities designing and building locomotives and rolling stock in Derby, England. The first of these was a group of three maintenance sheds opened around 1840 behind Derby station. Th ...
with
George Ivatt
Henry George Ivatt (4 May 1886 – 4 October 1972), known as George Ivatt, was the post-war Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. He was the son of the Great Northern Railway locomotive engineer Henry Ivatt. ...
responsible as the overall designer; electrical parts and diesel engine were to be supplied by English Electric.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). p.1]
The bogies took an American pattern design, which was modified by Edward Fox and his team at Derby to create a smooth riding suspension. The welded bogie frame was derived from Fox's earlier design for Liverpool-Southport electric trains (later renumbered
British Rail Class 502
The British Rail Class 502 was a type of electric multiple-unit passenger train, originally built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Litchurch Lane Works#London, Midland and Scottish Railway (1923-1948), Derby Works. Intro ...
).
Design
The primary suspension consisted of equalising beams with coil springs; the equalising beams were located within the bogie 'sandwich type' side frame,
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). Fig.5 pp.6-7][ L.M.S Main Line Diesel-Electric Locomotive (The Engineer) p.598 col.2] whilst the secondary suspension utilised a two bolsters per bogie incorporating four transverse leaf springs. The locomotive weight was carried on four sliding elements on the bolster, with a center pivot used to transfer tractive forces.
The locomotive body was a
cowl unit
A cowl unit is a body style of diesel locomotive. The terminology is a North American one, though similar locomotives exist elsewhere. A cowl unit is one with full-width enclosing bodywork, similar to the cab unit style of earlier locomotives, ...
design, consisting of structural longitudinal members, with cross stretchers forming the supports for the internal equipment including the engine-generator. The locomotive superstructure was mechanically separated from the load-bearing structures by pivots at either end of the body and incorporated roof doors for access to the diesel engine. The driving cabs incorporating nose sections were also separate structures; each cab was accessible from the other via an inner walkway,
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.1-2] and passage between locomotives was enabled by end corridor connections.
[ L.M.S Main Line Diesel-Electric Locomotive (The Engineer) p.597 col.1] Each cab 'nose' contained a traction motor cooling fan, and an vacuum exhauster.
The external design was a streamlined, art-deco style twin cab design in a black and chromatic silver livery. English Electric supplied the engine from its Rugby factory, the DC Generator from its
Bradford
Bradford is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Bradford district in West Yorkshire, England. The city is in the Pennines' eastern foothills on the banks of the Bradford Beck. Bradford had a population of 349,561 at the 2011 ...
works, and Traction Motors from
Dick, Kerr & Co. in
Preston. Vacuum brakes were from Westinghouse, and the oil-fired train-heat boiler was from Clarkson.
The engine, and main and auxiliary generators formed a single unit which was mounted on anti-vibration mounts. For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1,600 hp at 750 rpm; the engine was water-cooled. Water, lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engine's crankshaft. Two Serck radiators were used for cooling, each with water and oil cooling elements.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.2-3; Fig.5 pp.6-7]
The main generator was a 1,080 kilowatt, 650 volt, and 1,660 amp continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engine's crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engine's bedplate. The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating, using a series winding for battery-powered (60 cell, 236 Ahr, D.P. Kathanode) motor starting. An auxiliary generator end connected to the main generator rated at 50 kW, 135 V 375 A supplied control equipment, compressors, motor cooling blowers, lighting, as well as providing the excitation for the main generator. Both generators projected from the engine room into a separate dust-filtered control equipment cubicle.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.3-4; Fig.5 pp.6-7]
Each axle was powered: the traction motors were axle-hung, nose-suspended, driving the wheelsets via a single reduction gear. The motors were connected in three parallel connected groups of sets of two motors connected in series; each motor was a series-wound machine rated at 220 hp, 300 V, 550 A.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). p.5; Fig.5 pp.6-7]
Locomotive power control could be varied through 8 notches, obtained via three engine speeds used (450, 620, 750 rpm) with additional control obtained by varying the main generator excitation.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). p.8]
Service
Introduction
LMS 10000 was officially presented to the press at Derby Works in December 1947,
and the locomotive was also presented at
Euston station
Euston railway station ( ; also known as London Euston) is a central London railway terminus in the London Borough of Camden, managed by Network Rail. It is the southern terminus of the West Coast Main Line, the UK's busiest inter-city railw ...
on 18 December 1947, making a demonstration return journey to
Watford
Watford () is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, 15 miles northwest of Central London, on the River Colne.
Initially a small market town, the Grand Junction Canal encouraged the construction of paper-making mills, print works, a ...
.
10000 was outshopped only three weeks before nationalisation, and when 10001 appeared in July 1948, it had
British Rail
British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most of the overground rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British rai ...
ways livery. Ivatt 'filed' all correspondence from British Railways instructing the removal of the LMS letters, which were finally removed only upon his retirement, in 1951.
On 14 and 15 January 1948, No. 10000 underwent tests on the line between
St Pancras and
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
, the schedule being set to timings based on a standard 4-6-0 (5X) passenger express locomotive. The attached load was a 393-ton tare, 12 carriage train including a
dynamometer car
A dynamometer car is a railroad maintenance of way car used for measuring various aspects of a locomotive's performance. Measurements include tractive effort (pulling force), power, top speed, etc.
History
The first dynamometer car was probably ...
; No. 10000 performed the services within the accepted schedule.
Operations
After initial tests, from February 1948, locomotive No. 10000 was placed on a twice-daily London-Derby (128.5 mile) return passenger service, hauling trains of 300 to 450 gross tons. No. 10001 also began service on the London-Derby route when completed, with a Derby-Manchester service also begun.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). p.10]
![Cricklewood number 10000 geograph-2388326-by-Ben-Brooksbank](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Cricklewood_number_10000_geograph-2388326-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg)
In late 1948, both units were withdrawn for modifications based on service experience. They then returned to their midland service, before being transferred to operate express
Euston-
Carlisle
Carlisle ( , ; from xcb, Caer Luel) is a city that lies within the Northern England, Northern English county of Cumbria, south of the Anglo-Scottish border, Scottish border at the confluence of the rivers River Eden, Cumbria, Eden, River C ...
-
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
passenger trains. The locomotives were operated in multiple: on 1 June 1949, they operated the 16 carriage "Royal Scot" express of 545 gross tons non-stop from Euston to Glasgow, making a return run on 2 June. At the gradients leading to
Shap
Shap is a linear village and civil parish located among fells and isolated dales in Eden district, Cumbria, England, in the historic county of Westmorland. The parish had a population of 1,221 in 2001, increasing slightly to 1,264 at the 2011 ...
and
Beattock
Beattock is a village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, approximately southwest of Moffat and north of Dumfries.
Beattock was historically served by the A74 road and the West Coast Main Line, however the road has since been upgraded to the ...
, the engines operated at full power, hauling the trains at 38 and 36 mph in each case. After June 1949, the units operated for over two months in multiple formation - working London-Carlisle and later London-Glasgow services.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.10-11]
In multiple, the locomotives showed potential for high speed services, on one occasion operating a standard Euston-Carlisle train at an average speed of just over 60 mph, including delays; this was 74 minutes quicker than usually scheduled.
From mid 1949, the locomotives began operating singly, with No. 10000 worked Euston-
Blackpool
Blackpool is a seaside resort in Lancashire, England. Located on the North West England, northwest coast of England, it is the main settlement within the Borough of Blackpool, borough also called Blackpool. The town is by the Irish Sea, betw ...
services, and No.10001 was trialled operating London-Glasgow services. Other services operated included London to
Crewe
Crewe () is a railway town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East in Cheshire, England. The Crewe built-up area had a total population of 75,556 in 2011, which also covers parts of the adjacent civil parishes of Willaston ...
and to
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
. On the "Red Rose" express, No. 10001 recorded 82 mph on a down gradient with a gross train load of 490 tons.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.12-13]
The units were also used on freight services, including express London (Camden) to Crewe, and Crewe-
Willesden
Willesden () is an area of northwest London, situated 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Charing Cross. It is historically a parish in the county of Middlesex that was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Willesden in 1933, and has formed ...
; the locomotives met the scheduled average speed of 45 mph on the Camden-Crewe trains with a 500-ton train. One notable freight working was the haulage of a 60 wagon, 1,100 ton gross coal train, between
Rugby
Rugby may refer to:
Sport
* Rugby football in many forms:
** Rugby league: 13 players per side
*** Masters Rugby League
*** Mod league
*** Rugby league nines
*** Rugby league sevens
*** Touch (sport)
*** Wheelchair rugby league
** Rugby union: 1 ...
and Willesden, achieving 25 mph on a 1 in 133 gradient to Tring Summit.
[ Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.13]
Other operations included a trial on the
Settle & Carlisle line
Settle or SETTLE may refer to:
Places
* Settle, Kentucky, United States
* Settle, North Yorkshire, a town in England
** Settle Rural District, a historical administrative district
Music
* Settle (band), an indie rock band from Pennsylvania
* ''S ...
, and workings to
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
, and on one occasion to
Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; sco, Aiberdeen ; gd, Obar Dheathain ; la, Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and ...
. Due to boiler problems sometimes leaving them unable to provide carriage heating, they often worked freights in winter and the ''Royal Scot'' in summer.
In March 1953, they were both transferred to the
Southern Region to allow direct comparison to be made between them and the SR's
10201, 10202, and 10203 and remained there until spring 1955, notably working the ''
Bournemouth Belle
The ''Bournemouth Belle'' was a British named train run by the Southern Railway from 1931 until nationalisation in 1948 (with a break for the war until 1947) and subsequently by British Railways until it was withdrawn on 9 July 1967.
The tr ...
'' and occasionally through to
Weymouth and
Exeter
Exeter () is a city in Devon, South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately northeast of Plymouth and southwest of Bristol.
In Roman Britain, Exeter was established as the base of Legio II Augusta under the personal comm ...
, but also visiting
Brighton Works
Brighton railway works (also known as Brighton locomotive works, or just the Brighton works) was one of the earliest railway-owned locomotive repair works, founded in 1840 by the London and Brighton Railway in Brighton, England, and thus pre-dat ...
. At a low point of their career in terms of reliability, they (and the SR locomotives) were sent to Derby where they were overhauled and received green livery and then ran side by side on
London Midland Region
The London Midland Region (LMR) was one of the six regions created on the formation of the nationalised British Railways (BR), and initially consisted of ex-London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) lines in England, Wales and Northern Irelan ...
duties, including the ''Royal Scot'' again in 1957–58.
Classification
At a meeting between the LMS and English Electric on 20 May 1946, it was agreed that a single locomotive would be equivalent to a
Class 5 mixed traffic engine, and that two coupled together would be capable of handling the same loads as a Class 7 locomotive.
The original power classification was 5P/5F. Upon transfer to the Southern Region (SR) in 1953, they were given the classification 6P/5F, but No. 10000 was later marked 6P/5FA. At this time, SR practice was to show the loading classification on locomotives, whereas other regions applied the statistical classification. They reverted to 5P/5F at some point after their return to the London Midland Region in 1955; only No. 10000 was marked 5P/5F; No. 10001 was marked 5P/5FA. Their final power classification, allotted in 1957, was simply 5.
In 1957, the two locomotives were placed in the Type 3 power group. The classification system introduced in February 1960 for internal use by the Eastern and North Eastern Regions gave these locomotives the code D16/1; in 1962, this was amended to 16/8. Some sources place them in BR TOPS Class 34, but this is not confirmed by any official BR sources and the TOPS scheme was not introduced until several years after both examples had been scrapped. Other sources show Class 34 to have been initially allocated to the push-pull fitted members of what eventually became Class 33.
Withdrawal
The last allocation of both locos was at
Willesden
Willesden () is an area of northwest London, situated 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Charing Cross. It is historically a parish in the county of Middlesex that was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Willesden in 1933, and has formed ...
. The locomotives were laid up at Derby in 1963 with Bulleid's diesels; No. 10001 was made functional using parts of both, and continued operating until 1966, fitted with a yellow warning panel. No. 10000 was withdrawn in 1963 and scrapped at Cashmores, Great Bridge, in January 1968; between withdrawal and scrapping, 10000 spent some time in storage at Derby,
[10000 on the scrap line at Derby]
/ref> and was one of the locos on display at the Derby Works Open Day and Flower Show in August 1964.
No. 10001's later workings were said to be mainly on North London freights to Greenwich, but was also photographed on Wolverhampton expresses and WCML freights during this period. Together, the two units clocked more than 2 million miles. 10001 was withdrawn in 1966 and scrapped at Cox & Danks, North Acton, also in January 1968.
Legacy
The bogie design was used practically unchanged on the EM2 electric locomotives (). The bogie design incorporating equalising beam suspension influenced a large number of subsequent British diesel locomotives designs.
Both locos were subject to preservation attempts from railwaymen who appreciated the change and improvements gained by the switch to diesels. 10000 was offered to Clapham Railway Museum, but was refused on grounds of space and not representing a class. No. 10001 was hidden at the back of Willesden Depot, having been 'overlooked' for removal at least twice.
Re-creation
In 2011, the Ivatt Diesel Re-creation Society announced plans to build a replica of no. 10000, using contemporary parts as well as new build components.
The society has sourced a Mark 1 English Electric 16SVT diesel engine dating to the 1940s and the sole remaining Metropolitan Vickers bogies dating from the 1950s, formerly used by a class EM2 electric locomotive in England and the Netherlands. These bogies are of the same design as on the original 10000 although with weaker springs, which will be replaced. The society has purchased Class 58 diesel 58022 which will be used as the new locomotive's chassis. An engineering summary was made public in 2019 followed lengthy discussions with engineers within the railway industry and after ascertaining the most available and practical group of components to include within the locomotive.[LMS 10000 Latest '']Rail Express
This tabulation is for periodicals which do not have their own articles.
Magazines ''Australian Railway''
*
* Published Trade News Corporation
* Feb-Mar 1988 is Vol. 2 No. 1.
* Last issue about #23 in approximately Aug 1992.
* Size = ~A4
''A ...
'' issue 292 September 2020 page 40
Notes
References
Sources
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Further reading
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External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:British Rail Class D16 1
D016.01
Co-Co locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain