The Putative ''Lactococcus lactis'' Holin (LLHol) Family
TC# 1.E.44 consists of just a few proteins from ''
Lactococcus lactis
''Lactococcus lactis'' is a Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese, but has also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease. ''L. lact ...
'' species and their
phage
A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a ''phage'' (), is a duplodnaviria virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ('), meaning "to devour". Bacter ...
. These proteins are small, between 61 and 78 amino acyl residues (aas) in length, and exhibit one or two transmembrane segments (TMSs). As of March 2016, LLHol proteins remain functionally uncharacterized. They are not demonstrably homologous to members of other holin families and thus do not belong to one of the seven holin superfamilies. A representative list of proteins belonging to the LLHol family can be found in th
Transporter Classification Database
See also
*
Holin
Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's cell wall at the end of the lytic cycle. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing lysins t ...
*
Lysin
Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases, are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages in order to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to targ ...
*
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading
* Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr., Milton H. (2013-11-01)
"Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies" ''Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes'' 1828 (11): 2654–2671. . . .
* Saier, Milton H.; Reddy, Bhaskara L. (2015-01-01)
"Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications" ''Journal of Bacteriology'' 197(1): 7–17. . . . .
* Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01)
"Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections" ''Annual Review of Microbiology'' 54: 799–825.. . .
* Young, R.; Bläsi, U. (1995-08-01)
"Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis" ''FEMS Microbiology Reviews'' 17 (1-2): 191–205. . .
References
Protein families
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins
Holins
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