The ''kaige'' revision, or simply ''kaige'', is the group of revisions to the

Septuagint The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond ...

made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

. The name ''kaige'' derives from the revision's pervasive use of ("and indeed") to translate the ("and also"). The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila, Symmachus and

Theodotion Theodotion (; grc-gre, Θεοδοτίων, ''gen''.: Θεοδοτίωνος; died c. 200) was a Hellenistic Jewish scholar, perhaps working in Ephesus, who in c. 150 CE translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek. Whether he was revising the Septua ...

) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint. The individual revisions characteristic of ''kaige'' were first observed by

Dominique Barthélemy Jean-Dominique Barthélemy OP (16 May 1921, Pallet — 10 February 2002, Freiburg), was a emeritus French professor, Dominican priest and biblical scholar.Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXII gr) is a Greek manuscript of a revision of the Septuagint dated to the 1st century CE. The manuscript is kept in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem. It was first published by Dominique B ...

. According to Arie Van Der Kooij "his thesis about the K

ige Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) " isotype") that has been found only in mammals. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two light chains, with the ε c ...

T anslationhas been widely accepted, but his dating of Theodotion before Aquila has not."

Tetragrammaton

Ellis R. Brotzman (retired professor of Old Testament at

Tyndale Theological Seminary Tyndale Theological Seminary is an American private Christian seminary with its campus in Hurst, Texas. It has chosen not to seek state accreditation Accreditation is the independent, third-party evaluation of a conformity assessment body (suc ...

) and Eric J. Tully (assistant professor of Old Testament and Semitic languages at

Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) is an academic divinity school founded in 1897 and located in the northern Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois. It is part of and located on the main campus of Trinity International University. It� ...

) claim that a characteristic of the kaige translation is that it wrote

YHWH The Tetragrammaton (; ), or Tetragram, is the four-letter Hebrew theonym (transliterated as YHWH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are ''yodh'', '' he'', '' waw'', and ...

paleo-Hebrew script The Paleo-Hebrew script ( he, הכתב העברי הקדום), also Palaeo-Hebrew, Proto-Hebrew or Old Hebrew, is the writing system found in Canaanite inscriptions from the region of biblical Israel and Judah. It is considered to be the script ...

instead of translating it into Greek. When referring to kaige recension in 8HevXII gr,

Kristin De Troyer Kristin Mimi Lieve Leen De Troyer (born 26 May 1963 in Ninove) is an Old Testament scholar, theologian, writer and an (honorary) professor who has taught at different universities such as the University of Salzburg, the University of St Andrews, an ...

makes the following affirmation: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved."

Influence on the New Testament

Emanuel Tov Emanuel Tov, ( he, עמנואל טוב; born September 15, 1941, Amsterdam, Netherlands as Menno Toff) is a Dutch Israeli, emeritus J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible Studies in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has ...

wrote that "in some book of the New Testament and in early Christian literature, Hebraizing revisions of the OG often were quoted rather than the OG version itself, reflecting the beginning of the decline of the LXX (the OG) in Judaism". According to Tuukka Kauhanen, the authors of the New Testament could too know a

kaige The ''kaige'' revision, or simply ''kaige'', is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiati ...

type Septuagint text. Some scholars have exposed different views to explain why in citation of Zechariah 12:10 in

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Secon ...

19:37 "with known forms of the text reveals that it demonstrates many similarities with the Hebrew Masoretic text", which includes

Martin Hengel Martin Hengel (14 December 1926 – 2 July 2009) was a German historian of religion, focusing on the " Second Temple Period" or "Hellenistic Period" of early Judaism and Christianity. Biography Hengel was born in Reutlingen, south of Stuttgart ...

who "speak of possibly identifying John's citation with... 8HevXII gr. Tov also wrote that D. A, Koch has shown that in his letters, Paul sometimes "refers to recensions of the Old Greek towards a proto-Masoretic text."

Tetragrammaton

Influence on the New Testament

See also

References

Further reading