Kurdish literature (, ) is
literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
written in the
Kurdish languages
Kurdish (, ) is a language or a group of languages spoken by Kurds in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan and the Kurdish diaspora. Kurdish constitutes a dialect continuum, belonging to Western Iranian languages in the Indo-European language ...
. Literary Kurdish works have been written in each of the four main languages:
Zaza
Zaza may refer to:
Ethnic group
* Zazas, a group of people in eastern Anatolia (southeastern Turkey)
* Zaza–Gorani languages, Indo-Iranian languages
** Zaza language, spoken by the Zazas
People Given name
* Zaza Sor. Aree (born 1993), Thai k ...
,
Gorani,
Kurmanji
Kurmanji ( ku, کورمانجی, lit=Kurdish, translit=Kurmancî, also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northern dialect of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Sy ...
and
Sorani
Central Kurdish (), also called Sorani (), is a Kurdish dialect or a language that is spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran. Sorani is one of the two o ...
.
Ali Hariri
Ali Hariri or Sheikh Ahmed Bohtani (; 1009 in Harir, Iraq, Harir – 1079/1080) was a Kurds, Kurdish poets, poet who wrote in Kurmanji and considered a pioneer in classical Kurdish Sufism, Sufi literature and a founder of the Kurdish literary trad ...
(1009–1079) is one of the first well-known poets who wrote in Kurdish. He was from the
Hakkari Hakkari or Hakkâri may refer to:
*Hakkari (historical region), a historical region in modern-day Turkey and Iraq
*Hakkâri (city), a city and the capital of Hakkâri Province, Turkey
*Hakkâri Province
Hakkâri Province (, tr, Hakkâri ili, ...
region.
Zazaki - Gorani literature
![Kurdish Shahnameh](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Kurdish_Shahnameh.JPG)
Some of the well-known
Gorani language
Gorani ( ku, گۆرانی, Goranî, lit=song) also known by its main dialect; Hawrami (ھەورامی, ''Hewramî'') is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by ethnic Kurds and which with Zazaki constitute the Zaza–Gorani languages. All ...
poets and writers are
Mele Perîşan
Mele Perîşan (born Mohammad Abulqasim, 1356–1431, ku, مەلا پەرێشان, translit=Mele Perîşan) was a Kurdish poet who wrote in Kurdish. His main work ''Parishan-nama'' is considered to be the oldest work in Gorani. He also wrote in ...
(1356–1431),
Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi
Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi or Shaikh Mostafa Takhti ( ku, شێخ مستەفا تەختەیی, translit=Şêx Mistefa Texteyî) was Kurdish
Kurdish may refer to:
*Kurds or Kurdish people
*Kurdish languages
*Kurdish alphabets
*Kurdistan, the land of ...
,
Mistefa Bêsaranî (1642–1701), Muhammad Kandulayi (late 17th century),
Khana Qubadi Khana Qubadi (, 1700–1759) was a Kurdish poet from the Jaff tribe who wrote in Gorani. He belonged to the Hawrami school of poetry in the Ardalan principality and lived in Derne which was the capital of Derteng, Hulwan and Bajelan dynasties wh ...
(1700–1759), Shayda Awrami (1784–1852) and
Mastoureh Ardalan
Mah Sharaf Khanom Mastoureh Ardalan or Mastura Ardalan (1805, Sanandaj − 1848, Sulaymaniyah) was a Kurdish poet, historian, and writer.
Biography
Ardalan was born in Sanandaj eastern Kurdistan/Iranian Kurdistan and died in Sulaymaniyah south ...
) (1805–1848). Zazaki and Gorani which was the literary languages of much of what today is known as Iraqi, Turkish and Iranian Kurdistan, is classified as a member of the
Zaza–Gorani branch of the
Northwestern Iranian languages
The Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranic languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median language, Median.
Languages
The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, ...
.
[J. N. Postgate, Languages of Iraq, ancient and modern, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, raq British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2007, p. 138.]
Kurmanji literature
A
Yezidi
Yazidis or Yezidis (; ku, ئێزیدی, translit=Êzidî) are a Kurmanji-speaking endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The majo ...
religious work, the ''Meshefa Reş'', is in a classic form of
Kurmanji
Kurmanji ( ku, کورمانجی, lit=Kurdish, translit=Kurmancî, also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northern dialect of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Sy ...
and it has been conjectured that it was written sometime in the 13th century. However, it has been argued that the work was actually written as late as the 20th century by non-Yazidi authors seeking to summarise the beliefs of Yezidis in a form similar to that of the holy scriptures of other religions.
#
Mela Hesenê Bateyî (1417–1495) from
Hakkâri, who wrote the author of Mawlud, a collection of verse and an
anthology
In book publishing, an anthology is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler; it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories, songs or excerpts by different authors.
In genre fiction, the term ''anthology'' typically categ ...
;
#Salim Salman, author of ''Yûsif û Zuleyxa'' in 1586;
#
Melayê Cizîrî
Melayê Cizîrî (born Shaikh Ahmad), penname Nîşanî ( ku, مەلای جزیری, translit=Melayê Cizîrî, born; Cizre, c. 1570 – died c. 1640) was a Kurdish poet who laid the foundations for Kurdish poetry.
Biography
Born in Cizre of ...
(1570–1640) from Bohtan region, the famous
sufi
Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...
poet. His collection of poems contains more than 2,000 verses
#
Ahmad Khani
Ahmad ( ar, أحمد, ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet.
Etymology
The word derives from the root (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the ve ...
(1651–1707), the author of ''Mam and Zin'', a long poem of 2,650
distich
A couplet is a pair of successive lines of metre in poetry. A couplet usually consists of two successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the ...
s, is probably the best known and most popular of the classical Kurdish poets.
Sorani literature
![Ahmadi manuscript](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Ahmadi_manuscript.JPG)
In contrast to Kurmanji, literary works in
Sorani
Central Kurdish (), also called Sorani (), is a Kurdish dialect or a language that is spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran. Sorani is one of the two o ...
were not abundant before the late 18th century and early 19th century. Although many poets
Nalî
Nalî ( ku, نالی), also known as Mallah Xidir Ehmed Şawaysî Mîkayalî ( ku, مەلا خدر (خضر) کوڕی ئەحمەدی شاوەیسی ئاڵی بەگی میکایلی)Keith Hitchins, "NALÎ" in Encyclaopedia Iranica (1800 Shahrizor - ...
have written in Sorani,
[Khazanedar, Maroof (2002), The history of Kurdish literature, Aras, Erbil.] but it was only after him that Sorani became an important dialect in writing.
Nalî
Nalî ( ku, نالی), also known as Mallah Xidir Ehmed Şawaysî Mîkayalî ( ku, مەلا خدر (خضر) کوڕی ئەحمەدی شاوەیسی ئاڵی بەگی میکایلی)Keith Hitchins, "NALÎ" in Encyclaopedia Iranica (1800 Shahrizor - ...
was the first poet to write a diwan in this dialect. Others, such as
Salim
Salim, Saleem or Selim may refer to:
People
*Salim (name), or Saleem or Salem or Selim, a name of Arabic origin
* Salim (poet) (1800–1866)
* Saleem (playwright) (fl. 1996)
*Selim I, Selim II and Selim III, Ottoman Sultans
* Selim people, an e ...
and Kurdi, wrote in Sorani in the early 19th century as well.
Haji Qadir Koyi
Haji Qadir Koyi ( ku, حاجی قادری کۆیی, Hacî Qadirî Koyî; c. 1817-1897) was a Kurdish poet. He carried on the nationalistic message of Ahmad Khani in his writings. He wanted to enlighten the people and help them to remedy the probl ...
of ''
Koy Sanjaq
Koy Sanjaq, also called Koye ( ku, کۆیە, Koye, ar, كويسنجق, he, כוי סנג’ק, syr, ܟܘܝܐ) is a town and district in Erbil Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
In the town, there is a Chaldean Catholic Church, Chaldean Cath ...
'' in central Kurdistan (1817–1897), and
Sheikh Reza Talabani
Sheikh Riza Talabani ( ku, شێخ ڕەزای تاڵەبانی, Şêx Rizayê Talebanî) was a celebrated Kurdish poet from Kirkuk, Iraq. Talabani wrote his poetry in Kurdish, Persian, and Arabic. Most of his poetry consists of Satire, Ribaldry, ...
(1835–1909) also wrote in Sorani dialect after
Nalî
Nalî ( ku, نالی), also known as Mallah Xidir Ehmed Şawaysî Mîkayalî ( ku, مەلا خدر (خضر) کوڕی ئەحمەدی شاوەیسی ئاڵی بەگی میکایلی)Keith Hitchins, "NALÎ" in Encyclaopedia Iranica (1800 Shahrizor - ...
. The closeness of the two dialects of Sorani and Kurmanji is cited as one of the reasons for the late start in Sorani literature, as well as the fact that during 15th to 19th century, there was a rich literary tradition in the Kurmanji dialect. Furthermore the presence of the Gorani dialect as a literary language and its connection to
Yarsanism
Yarsanism, Ahl-e Haqq or Kaka'i ( ku, یارسان, translit=Yarsan or ; fa, اهل حق, ar, كاكائي), is a syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran. The total number of followers of Yarsanism i ...
and
Ardalan
Ardalan ( ku, میرنشینی ئەردەڵان) was a hereditary Kurdish vassaldom in western Iran from around the 14th century until 1865 or 1868 with Sanandaj as capital. The territory corresponded roughly to present-day Kurdistan Province ...
dynasty was another reason that people did not produce texts in Sorani.
A historical list of Kurdish literature and poets
Religious
*
Mishefa Reş, The religious book of the
Êzidî (
Yezidi
Yazidis or Yezidis (; ku, ئێزیدی, translit=Êzidî) are a Kurmanji-speaking endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The majo ...
) Kurds.
(in French) It is held to have been written by Shaykh Hasan (born AD 1195), a nephew of Shaykh Adi ibn Musâfir, the sacred prophet of the
Yezidi
Yazidis or Yezidis (; ku, ئێزیدی, translit=Êzidî) are a Kurmanji-speaking endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The majo ...
s. However, it has been argued that it was actually written in the 20th century by Kurds who were not themselves Yezidis.
[
* Serencam, The book of ]Yarsan
Yarsanism, Ahl-e Haqq or Kaka'i ( ku, یارسان, translit=Yarsan or ; fa, اهل حق, ar, كاكائي), is a syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran. The total number of followers of Yarsanism i ...
.
Goranî dialect
* Balool (9th century)
* Mala Pareshan
Mala may refer to:
Comics
* Mala (Amazon), an Amazon from Wonder Woman's side of the DC Universe
* Mala (Kryptonian), a villain from Superman's corner of the DC Universe
Films and television
* Mala (1941 film), ''Mala'' (1941 film), a Bollywood ...
(14th century)
* Khana Qubadi Khana Qubadi (, 1700–1759) was a Kurdish poet from the Jaff tribe who wrote in Gorani. He belonged to the Hawrami school of poetry in the Ardalan principality and lived in Derne which was the capital of Derteng, Hulwan and Bajelan dynasties wh ...
(Xana Qubadî) (1700–1759),
* Sarhang Almas Khan (17th and 18th century)
* Mastoureh Ardalan
Mah Sharaf Khanom Mastoureh Ardalan or Mastura Ardalan (1805, Sanandaj − 1848, Sulaymaniyah) was a Kurdish poet, historian, and writer.
Biography
Ardalan was born in Sanandaj eastern Kurdistan/Iranian Kurdistan and died in Sulaymaniyah south ...
(Mestûrey Erdelan) (1805–1848)
* Mawlawi Tawagozi (Mewlewî Tawegozî) (1806–1882)
Famous poets in Kurmancî dialect
* Mela Hesenê Bateyî (''Melayê Bateyî'') (1417–1491) of Hekkarî, the author of ''Mewlûda Kurmancî (Birthday in Kurmanji)'', a collection of poems.
* Melayê Cizîrî
Melayê Cizîrî (born Shaikh Ahmad), penname Nîşanî ( ku, مەلای جزیری, translit=Melayê Cizîrî, born; Cizre, c. 1570 – died c. 1640) was a Kurdish poet who laid the foundations for Kurdish poetry.
Biography
Born in Cizre of ...
(''Mela Ehmedê Cizîrî'') (1570–1640) of Buhtan region, poet and sufi
Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ...
.
* Faqi Tayran (''Feqiyê Teyran'') (1590–1660) Student of Melayê Cezîrî. He is credited for contributing the earliest literary account of the Battle of Dimdim in 1609–1610 between Kurds ug:كۇردلار
Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ir ...
and Safavid Empire
Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...
.
* Ahmad Khani
Ahmad ( ar, أحمد, ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet.
Etymology
The word derives from the root (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the ve ...
(''Ehmedê Xanî'') (1651–1707) (The epic drama of Mem û Zîn) (Born in Hakkari, Turkey)
* Mehmûd Bayazîdî (Mahmud Bayazidi
Mahmud Bayazidi ( ku, مەحموودی بایەزیدی , Mehmûdê Bazîdî, 1797 Doğubeyazıt – 1859 Erzurum), was a Kurdish people, Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire.
Early life
He was born in Bayazid (pres ...
), (1797–1859) Kurdish writer.
Soranî dialect
* Nalî
Nalî ( ku, نالی), also known as Mallah Xidir Ehmed Şawaysî Mîkayalî ( ku, مەلا خدر (خضر) کوڕی ئەحمەدی شاوەیسی ئاڵی بەگی میکایلی)Keith Hitchins, "NALÎ" in Encyclaopedia Iranica (1800 Shahrizor - ...
(1798–1855)
* Haji Qadir Koyi
Haji Qadir Koyi ( ku, حاجی قادری کۆیی, Hacî Qadirî Koyî; c. 1817-1897) was a Kurdish poet. He carried on the nationalistic message of Ahmad Khani in his writings. He wanted to enlighten the people and help them to remedy the probl ...
(Hacî Qadir Koyî) (1817–1897)
* Sheikh Rezza Talabani (Şêx Reza Talebanî) (1835–1910)
* Mahwi
Mahwi ( ku, مەحوی ''Mehwî''; full name: مەلا موحەمەد کوڕی عوسمان بەڵخی ''Mala Mohammed Osman Ballkhi'') (1830-1906) was one of the most prominent classical Kurdish poets and sufis from Kurdistan of Iraq. He studie ...
(1830–1906)
* Wafaei (1844–1902)
Kurdish poets and writers of the 20th century
* Nari Mela Kake Heme
Nari (; 1874-1944) is the pen name for Mela Kake Heme, a Kurdish poet. He was born and died in Marivan. He had a close relationship to Mahmud Barzanji, Taher Begi Jaf and Qani.
Nari's poetry
Nari wrote lyric and mystic poems in Kurdish and Pers ...
(1874–1944) Poet, born and died in Marivan
Mariwan ( fa, مريوان; ) also known as Qale Marīvān - "Fort Marivan"; formerly, Dezhe Shahpur (Persian: دِژ شاهپور), also Romanized as Dezhe Shāhpūr and Dezhe Shapoor) is a town in – and the capital of – Marivan Co ...
.
* Piramerd
Tawfeq Mahmoud Hamza or Piramerd ( ku, پیرەمێرد) (1867 – 19 June 1950) was a Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist. He was born in the ''Goija'' neighborhood of Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region. In 1926, he became the editor of t ...
or Pîremêrd (Tewfîq Beg Mehmûd Axa) (1867–1950) Poet, Writer, Playwright and Journalist.
* Celadet Alî Bedirxan
Celadet Alî Bedirxan ( ku, جەلادەت عالی بەدرخان, translit=Celadet Alî Bedirxan; 26 April 1893 – 1951), also known as , was a Kurdish diplomat, writer, linguist, journalist and political activist. He held a master's degr ...
(1893–1951) Writer, journalist and linguist. Creator of the modern Kurmanji alphabet.
* Arab Shamilov ( Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978). Kurdish novelist in Armenia.
* Cigerxwîn
Cigerxwîn or Cegerxwîn () (1903 – October 22, 1984) was a Kurdish writer and poet. He is known to be one of the most influential Kurdish writers and poets in the Kurdistan region of the Middle East, and his work has been renewed for the crea ...
or Cegerxwîn ( Jigarkhwin) (Sheikmous Hasan) (1903–1984) poet, born in Mardin, Ottoman. Died in Sweden.
* Abdulla Goran (1904–1962). The founder of modern Kurdish poetry
Kurdish literature (, ) is literature written in the Kurdish languages. Literary Kurdish works have been written in each of the four main languages: Zaza, Gorani, Kurmanji and Sorani. Ali Hariri (1009–1079) is one of the first well-known poets ...
.
* Osman Sabri
Osman Sabri ( ku, Osman Sebrî ), (1905, Kâhta, Ottoman Empire – 11 November 1993, Damascus, Syria) was a Kurdish poet, writer and journalist. He was born in ''Narînç'' or ''Narinc'' (present-day village of Narince, Kâhta) in what was ...
(1905–1993) Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
* Nado Makhmudov (1907–1990) Kurdish writer and public figure, Armenia.
* Hemin Mukriyani
Seyed Mohammad-Amin Shaikholislami Mukri, better known by his pen name Hemin Mukriyani or Hêmin Mukriyānī (1921–1986) was a Kurdish poet, journalist, translator, and literary critic.
He was born in the village of Lachin, near Mahabad in 1921 ...
( Hêmin Mukriyanî) (1920–1986) Poet and Journalist, Iran.
* Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi
Abd al-Rahman ( ar, عبد الرحمن, translit=ʿAbd al-Raḥmān or occasionally ; DMG ''ʿAbd ar-Raḥman''; also Abdul Rahman) is a male Arabic Muslim given name, and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words '' Abd'', '' ...
) (1920–1990), Poet, Writer, Translator and Linguist, Iran.
* Jamal Nebez
, image =Cemal Nebez (cropped).png
, imagesize =
, alt =
, caption =
, pseudonym =
, birth_name =
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Sulaymaniyah, Kingdom of Iraq
, death_date =
, death_place = Berlin, Ger ...
(born 1933) Writer, Linguist, Translator and Academic, Germany.
* Sherko Bekas ( Şêrko Bêkes) (born 1940) Poet, Iraqi Kurdistan. His poems have been translated to over 10 languages.
* Latif Halmat (Letîf Helmet) (born 1947), Poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
* Abdulla Pashew ( Ebdulla Peşêw) (born 1947), Poet.
* Alan Rubar (born 1948) Poet and translator. Born in Irani Kurdistan, Sardasht.
* Salim Barakat
Salim Barakat ( ar, سليم بركات, ku, Selîm Berekat) (born 1 September 1951 in Qamishli) is a Kurdish-Syrian novelist and poet. He was brought up in Qamishli in northern Syria and spent most of his youth there. In 1970 he moved to Damasc ...
(born 1951) Poet, Writer, and Novelist.
* Rafiq Sabir
Rafiq Sabir ( ku, Refîq Sabir; born in 1950) is a contemporary Kurdish people, Kurdish poet.
He was born in ''Qaladzê'' in Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1974, he received Bachelor of Arts degree from Baghdad University. He moved to Sweden in 1989. He w ...
(born 1950) Poet, Sweden.
* Mehmed Uzun
Mehmed Uzun (January 1, 1953 – October 10, 2007) was a Kurdish writer and novelist born in Siverek, Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Though the Kurdish language was outlawed in Turkey from 1920 to 1990, he started to write in it and achieved much t ...
(1953–2007), Contemporary Writer and Novelist.
* Firat Cewerî
Firat Cewerî (born 1959) is a Kurdish people, Kurdish writer, translator and journalist. He was born in the town of Derik, Turkey, Derik near Mardin in south-eastern Turkey. In the 1980s, he emigrated to Sweden, where he lives now.
He started wr ...
(born 1959), Contemporary Writer and Novelist.
* Jan Dost
Jan Dost (born 1965) is a Syrian Kurdish poet, writer and translator. He has written several novels in Kurdish and Arabic and is one of the prolific Kurdish writers.Jordi, T. (2009). "Syria's Kurds, History, Politics and Society," Routledge, US. ...
(born 1965), writer and novelist
* İbrahim Halil Baran (born 1981), Poet, writer and designer.
* Azad Zal (born 1972), Writer-journalist-translator-poet-linguist and lexicographer
* Suwara Ilkhanizada (1937–1976), Among the first poets that composed modern poems in Kurdistan.
Kurdish poets and writers of the 21st century
*Bachtyar Ali
Bachtyar Ali Muhammed (; ckb, بەختیار عەلی; born 1960), is a Kurds, Kurdish novelist, intellectual, literary critic, essayist, and poet. Ali started out as a poet and essayist, but has established himself as an influential novelist ...
(1960-), Novelist from Slemani
Sulaymaniyah, also spelled as Slemani ( ku, سلێمانی, Silêmanî, ar, السليمانية, as-Sulaymāniyyah), is a city in the east of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, not far from the Iran–Iraq border. It is surrounded by the Azmar, Go ...
, Iraqi Kurdistan
*Behrouz Boochani
Behrouz Boochani ( fa, بهروز بوچانی; born 23 July 1983) is a Iranian Kurdistan, Kurdish-Iranian journalist, human rights defender, writer and film producer living in New Zealand. He was held in the Australian-run Manus Regional Proce ...
(1983-), Novelist from Ilam, Iran
References
External links
PHILIP G. KREYENBROEK, "Kurdish Written Literature", Encyclopedia Iranica
* T. Bois, ''Kurdish Folklore and Literature'', Part VI of Kurds and Kurdistan Encyclopaedia of Islam.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish Literature
Iranic literature
Kurdish culture
Kurdish language
Literature by ethnicity