Kifli, kiflice, kifle or kipferl is a traditional
yeast bread roll that is rolled and formed into a crescent before baking.
It is a common type of bread roll throughout much of central Europe and nearby countries, where it is called by different names. It is thought to be the inspiration for the French
croissant
A croissant is a buttery, flaky, Austrian viennoiserie pastry inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl but using the French yeast-leavened laminated dough. Croissants are named for their historical crescent shape, the dough is layered wi ...
, which has a very similar shape but is made with a different type of dough.
Names
The breadstuff or pastry is called:
*''kifli'' in
Hungarian
*''kipfl'' in
Austrian Italy
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
*''Kipferl'' in
Austrian German
Austrian German (german: Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian Standard German (ASG), Standard Austrian German (), or Austrian High German (), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria. It has the highest sociolinguistic p ...
**''küpfel'' or a Meidlinger roll in Vienna
*''kifla'' or ''кифла'' (pl. ''kifle'' or ''kiflice'') in
Croatian,
Bosnian, and
Serbian
*''кифла'' or kifla in
Bulgarian
Bulgarian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria
* Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group
* Bulgarian language, a Slavic language
* Bulgarian alphabet
* A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria
* Bul ...
*''кифла'' in
Macedonian
*''kifle'' in
Albanian
Albanian may refer to:
*Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular:
**Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans
**Albanian language
**Albanian culture
**Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
*''giffel'' in
Danish
Danish may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark
People
* A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark
* Culture of Denmark
* Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
*''gipfel'' in
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
*''rogal'' or ''rogalik'' (little horn) in
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
*''rohlík'' in
Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus'
Places
* Czech, ...
*''rožok'' in
Slovak
*рогалик/''rogalik'' in
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
*рогалик/''rohalyk'' in
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
*''rogljiček'' or kifelc in
Slovene
*''cornuleț'' in
Romanian
Romanian may refer to:
*anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania
**Romanians, an ethnic group
**Romanian language, a Romance language
***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language
**Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
*''horn'' (horn) in
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
*''Hörnchen'' (little horn) in
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
In
Old High German
Old High German (OHG; german: Althochdeutsch (Ahd.)) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 750 to 1050.
There is no standardised or supra-regional form of German at this period, and Old High ...
, ''Kipfa'' meant "carriage stanchion" and referred to the stanchions or "horns" of a cart.
In the 13th century, that usage referred to a bread shape of pagan origin.
The Czech, Slovak, Polish, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Russian names origin from the Slavic word ''rogal'' or ''rohel'' ("horned") as diminutives. That originates from "rog/roh" ("horn/protrusion").
[Jiří Rejzek: ''Český etymologický slovník'', LEDA, Voznice, 2001, „rohlík“, „roh“] Some other languages use a simple translation ("horn", "cornulet").
The similarity of the words "rohalyk" or "rohlík" with the English word „roll“ is coincidental, the words are not related by origin. The Slavic root "rog" can be hypothetically related with the German verb "ragen" ("to protrude").
Background
Kifli are a traditional yeasted bread rolled into a crescent shape. The Austrian is a small wheat roll with pointed ends.
The 17th-century Austrian monk
Abraham a Sancta Clara described the roll as crescent shaped, writing "the moon in the first quarter shines like a kipfl", and noted there were kifli in various forms: "vil lange, kurze, krumpe und gerade kipfel" ("many long, short, crooked and straight kipfel").
Breads or pastries in the shape of a crescent moon are believed to have been served in ancient times as offerings to the goddess of the moon,
Selene
In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Selene (; grc-gre, Σελήνη , meaning "Moon"''A Greek–English Lexicon's.v. σελήνη) is the goddess and the personification of the Moon. Also known as Mene, she is traditionally the daughter o ...
.
The shape is also reminiscent of horns; both are associated with ancient symbolism and considered the oldest surviving pastry shape.
A moon shaped pastry creates itself naturally by hand-rolling a ball of dough into a cylinder form.
A list of foods eaten in a 10th-century convent include ''panis lunatis'', described as a small crescent-shaped roll often eaten during fasts.
The kifli has been documented in Austria to at least 1227 when they were recorded in
Babenberg
The House of Babenberg was a noble dynasty of Austrian Dukes and Margraves. Originally from Bamberg in the Duchy of Franconia (present-day Bavaria), the Babenbergs ruled the imperial Margraviate of Austria from its creation in 976 AD until its e ...
-ruled Vienna as chipfen:
In Austria the kifli (nowadays called Kipferl) is formally recognized by the government as a
traditional food
Traditional foods are foods and dishes that are passed on through generations or which have been consumed for many generations. Traditional foods and dishes are traditional in nature, and may have a historic precedent in a national dish, region ...
.
According to the Austrian
Ministry of Sustainability and Tourism, kifli were probably a traditional monastery pastry baked for Easter.
They are described as crescent-shaped rolls made of yeast wheat dough in a variety of shapes and as being popular for coffee breaks and breakfasts, particularly in Vienna.
The kifli likely inspired the similarly shaped French
croissant
A croissant is a buttery, flaky, Austrian viennoiserie pastry inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl but using the French yeast-leavened laminated dough. Croissants are named for their historical crescent shape, the dough is layered wi ...
, which is made from a
laminated pastry dough.
Origin myths
A common culinary myth claims that when Christian forces freed
Buda
Buda (; german: Ofen, sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Budim, Будим, Czech and sk, Budín, tr, Budin) was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest, on the ...
from
Ottoman occupation in 1686 the bakers of the town celebrated the victory the next day by selling freshly baked bread rolls made into a crescent shape. Another story claims the Kipferl
was invented in Vienna after or during the siege of the city by Ottoman Turks.
Preparation
Traditionally, kifli are made by cutting sheets of soft yeast dough into triangular wedges, rolling them into crescent shapes and baking them. Unlike the French croissant (crescent), Kifli is made from a plain, bread-like dough and is more akin to a roll than to pastry. Kifli is also thinner and longer than the croissant. Kifli are made in various sizes; some of them weigh as much as small bread loaf.
In commercial preparation, the dough is mixed, cut into small pieces, and fed into a machine that flattens and rolls it. The following manual process is similar to the traditional process.
Varieties
Regular
![Kifli made with spelt flour (Serbian cuisine)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Kifli_made_with_spelt_flour_%28Serbian_cuisine%29.jpg)
When they come out of the oven, the rolls can be left plain or brushed with water to make them shiny. They can be given an egg wash and sprinkled with either
poppy seeds
Poppy seed is an oilseed obtained from the opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum''). The tiny, kidney-shaped seeds have been harvested from dried seed pods by various civilizations for thousands of years. It is still widely used in many countries, ...
or
caraway seeds
Caraway, also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin (''Carum carvi''), is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
Etymology
The etymology of "caraway" is unclear. Caraway has been ...
mixed with coarse salt. The latter variety is often made into a straight shape rather than a crescent. Kifli is eaten like bread or rolls; it is usually made into a sandwich, sometimes plain or with butter like a fresh baguette. Often, especially for breakfast, the topping is jam or honey. They may also be used for
dunking.
Fine
This is the same as the regular style but the dough may contain butter or other shortening and milk. It is sweeter than the regular variety and is well-suited to be eaten with jam or honey, and is commonly eaten for breakfast with coffee, hot chocolate or milk. It might also be an accompaniment for drinks like
Doogh
Ayran, doogh, dhallë, daw, xynogala or tan is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage popular across Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Southeastern Europe, North Asia and Eastern Europe. The principal ingredients are yogurt, water and salt. ...
and
Kumis
''Kumis'' (also spelled ''kumiss'' or ''koumiss'' or ''kumys'', see other transliterations and cognate words below under terminology and etymology – otk, airag kk, қымыз, ''qymyz'') mn, айраг, ''ääryg'') is a fermented dairy p ...
.
Sweets
There are a couple of
sweet roll
A sweet roll or sweet bun refers to any of a number of sweet, baked, yeast-leavened breakfast or dessert foods. They may contain spices, nuts, candied fruits, etc., and are often glazed or topped with icing. Compared to regular bread dough, ...
s named "kifli" to describe their shape; they are eaten at the end of a meal or with an afternoon drink; these are not kifli, which when used on its own, always means the regular or fine varieties. In German, these are differentiated with a different spelling: ''Kipferl'' compared to ''Kipfel'' for the yeast bread.
*''
Vanillekipferl'' is a small, very short soft
cookie
A cookie is a baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet. It usually contains flour, sugar, egg, and some type of oil, fat, or butter. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, n ...
made from a dough of ground nuts instead of flour. It is originally made with
walnut
A walnut is the edible seed of a drupe of any tree of the genus ''Juglans'' (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, '' Juglans regia''.
Although culinarily considered a "nut" and used as such, it is not a true ...
s but
almond
The almond (''Prunus amygdalus'', syn. ''Prunus dulcis'') is a species of tree native to Iran and surrounding countries, including the Levant. The almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus ...
s are more often used outside of Hungary. Once baked they are rolled in
vanilla
Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus ''Vanilla (genus), Vanilla'', primarily obtained from pods of the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (''Vanilla planifolia, V. planifolia'').
Pollination is required to make the p ...
-flavored confectioners' sugar then allowed to cool.
*''Bratislavský rožok/bratislavské rožky'', ''diós kifli'', ''mákos kifli'', also known as
Pozsonyi kifli and in German as Preßburger Kipfel, are crescent-shaped, sweet, leavened pastries filled with a sweet walnut or poppy paste. Under the name ''Bratislavský rožok / Pozsonyi kiflia'', they are registered as
Traditional Speciality Guaranteed
A traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG, plural: ''traditional specialities guaranteed'') is a traditional food product protected under European Union and/or UK law. This label differs from the geographical indications, protected designation of o ...
products in the EU and the UK.
They are a variety of
beigli
The poppy seed roll is a pastry consisting of a roll of sweet yeast bread (a viennoiserie) with a dense, rich, bittersweet filling of poppy seed. An alternative filling is a paste of minced walnuts, or minced chestnuts.
It is popular in Centr ...
, very similar in flavor but different in shape and size.
Other uses
Stale kipfel are used to make a sweet bread pudding called Kipfelkoch.
Gallery
File:Výroba rohlíku (25).JPG, Rohlík
File:Rogal.jpg, Rogal
File:2018-06-23 Rožok.jpg, Rožok
File:Bratislavsky rozok.JPG, Bratislavsky rožok
File:Pozsonyi kifli.jpg, Pozsonyi kifli
File:Hoernchen.jpg, Hörnchen
File:Výroba rohlíku (2).jpg, Loaves of dough before splitting
File:Výroba rohlíku (4).JPG, Small chunks of dough
File:Výroba rohlíku (5).JPG, Dough before insertion into rohlík machine
File:Výroba rohlíku (6).JPG, Inserting dough, machine rolls rohlík automatically
File:Výroba rohlíku (7).JPG, Rolled rohlík before baking
File:Výroba rohlíku (10).JPG, Creative variations
File:Výroba rohlíku (13).JPG, Proofing before baking
File:Výroba rohlíku (20).JPG, Watering a rohlík
File:Výroba rohlíku (21).JPG, Sprinkling with poppy
File:Výroba rohlíku (22).JPG, Salt and caraway seed variation
File:Výroba rohlíku (16).JPG, Rohlík in front of steam furnace
See also
*
List of breads
This is a list of notable baked or steamed bread varieties. This list does not include cakes, pastries, or fried dough foods, which are listed in separate Wikipedia articles. It also does not list foods in which bread is an ''ingredient'' which is ...
*
Cornetto, an Italian crescent pastry
*
Rogal świętomarciński, a crescent cake baked in
Poznań
Poznań () is a city on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John ...
, Poland, for St. Martin's Day
*
Rugelach
Rugelach ( ; , or yi, רוגעלעך, translit=rugelekh and he, רוגלך ''rōgalaḵ'') is a Pastry, filled baked confection originating in the History of the Jews in Poland, Jewish communities of Poland. It is popular in Israel, commonly f ...
, a filled crescent pastry popular in Jewish communities in Poland
References
{{pastries
Pastries with poppy seeds
Austrian pastries
Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine
Bulgarian pastries
Croatian pastries
Czech pastries
Hungarian pastries
Macedonian cuisine
Serbian cuisine
Slovak cuisine
German breads
Hungarian breads
Breads of the Czech Republic
Serbian breads
Austrian breads
Easter bread