Kenchō-ji Temples

Kenchō-ji (建長寺) is a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, which ranks first among Kamakura's so-called Five Great Zen Temples (the ''Kamakura Gozan'') and is the oldest Zen training monastery in Japan.English pamphlet from Kenchō-ji These temples were at the top of the Five Mountain System, a network of Zen temples started by the Hōjō Regents. Still very large, it originally had a full shichidō garan and 49 subtemples.

The sangō is Kofukusan (巨福山).

The temple was constructed on the orders of Emperor Go-Fukakusa and completed in 1253, fifth year of the Kenchō era, from which it takes its name. It was founded by Rankei Doryū, a Chinese Zen master who moved to Japan in 1246, spending some years in Kyushu and Kyoto before coming to Kamakura.

Kenchō-ji and the shogunate

Kamakura Regent Hōjō Tokiyori was the temple's main patron during its early years. The sponsorship was spiritual (he was close to a Zen master himself) as well as political: the Kamakura Gozan, organization of which this temple was head, had an important role in the shogunate's organization. The system, to which the Ashikaga added a series of five temples in Kyoto called the ''Kyoto Gozan'', was adopted to promote Zen in Japan however, there as it had already happened in China, it was soon controlled and used by the country's ruling classes for their own administrative and political ends.Dunn (2007) The Gozan system allowed the temples at the top to function as ''de facto'' ministries, using their nationwide network of temples for the distribution of government laws and norms, and for the monitoring of local conditions for their military superiors. The Hōjō first, and the Ashikaga later were therefore able to disguise their power under a religious mask, while monks and priests worked for the government as translators, diplomats and advisers.

Under their masters' patronage, Kenchō-ji and the Five Mountain temples gradually became centers of learning and developed a characteristic literature called the Japanese Literature of the Five Mountains.Dumoulin (2005:151-156) During the Japanese Middle Ages, its scholars exerted a far-reaching influence on the internal political affairs of the country.

The Gozan system finally declined with the dissolution of the Ashikaga shogunate which had sponsored it. Kenchō-ji's own renaissance came in the 19th century under the guidance of Zen master Aozora Kandō.

Buildings and points of interest

Kenchō-ji originally consisted of a ''shichidō garan'' with 49 subtemples, but most of these were lost in fires in the 14th and 15th centuries. It still is a classic example of a Zen '' garan'' with its buildings aligned north to south. The complex currently consists of ten subtemples. Its most important structures include (in order from the first gate):

*The Sōmon (outer gate), where the ticket booths are, which was moved here from the Hanju Zanmai-in temple in Kyoto.
*The Sanmon (Main Gate), built in 1754 with donations from all over the Kantō region. According to a popular legend, a raccoon dog (a ''tanuki'') helped raise the money transforming himself into a monk to repay the kindness of the temple's priests. For this reason, even today the ''sanmon'' is often called .
*The Bonshō (Temple Bell), cast in 1255, which is a National Treasure.
*The Butsuden (lit. Buddha Hall), an Important Cultural Property which was moved to Kamakura from Zōjō-ji in Tokyo in 1647.
*The ''Hattō'' (Dharma Hall), built in 1814, where public ceremonies are held. It is the largest Buddhist wooden structure in Eastern Japan.
*The '' Karamon'' (Grand Gate), another Important Cultural Property, was brought here from Zōjō-ji together with the ''Butsuden''.
*The ''Hōjō'' (the head priest's living quarters), also moved from the Hanju Zanmai-in in Kyoto, used for religious ceremonies.
*The Monastery, where monks are trained in meditation, which is however permanently closed to the public. It consists of a ''Zen-dō'' (meditation hall), of a ''kaisan-dō'' (founder's hall, a hall enshrining the temple's founder) and of the administrative offices.
* The large Zen garden behind the ''Hōjō'' called and which is shaped like the Chinese character for , was designed by famous Zen teacher, scholar, poet, and garden designer Musō Soseki.
*A recent ceiling painting by Koizumi Junsaku (2003) portraying a dragon decorates the ceiling of the ''Hattō'', the building behind the ''Butsuden''. For this reason, the Hattō is often called .

In front of the ''Butsuden'' stand some great Chinese juniper trees which have been designated Natural Treasures. At the time of the founding of the temple, these big trees were simple saplings brought from China by the founder Doryū. Underneath the biggest a great stone monument surrounded by chains commemorates those of Kamakura's citizens who died during the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5.

Hansōbō

Near the end of the temple's garden, over a hill stands the Hansōbō, the temple's large tutelary Shinto shrine. The enshrined spirit is the ''Hansōbō Daigongen''.For many centuries now temples all over the country adopt tutelary ''kami'' as protectors. These are enshrined in Shinto shrines called '' chinjusha'' built for the purpose within the Buddhist temple. The presence of a Shinto shrine within a Buddhist temple is a manifestation of the syncretic fusion of Shinto and Buddhism that was normal until the Meiji restoration. See the article Shinbutsu shūgō. The ''gongen'' was originally the tutelary spirit () of Hōkō-ji in Shizuoka and was brought here in 1890 by Aozora Kandō.Kamiya Vol. 2 (2006:24) The statues on the stairs leading to the shrine represent '' Tengu'', entities similar to ''goblins'' which accompany the ''gongen''. Some of the creatures have wings and a beak: they are a type of ''tengu'' called ''Karasu-tengu'' (''crow tengu'') because of the way they look. On a clear day, from the shrine one can see Mount Fuji to the west, and Sagami bay and Izu Ōshima to the south. The stones in the garden are full of names: they are those of the faithful who donated to the temple, and which belong to over 100 different religious organizations. This area used to be the temple's Inner Sanctuary, which still stands among the trees at the very top of the hill and which can be reached going up the steep stairs that begin on the right of the shrine, in front of the Jizō-dō. Next to the sanctuary there's an observation deck from which, on clear days, are visible Kamakura, Yuigahama and Mount Fuji.

At the very end of the garden, next to the Hansōbō, on a small hill overlooking a lake stands the Kaishun-in.A guide to Kamakura
Kenchō-ji
retrieved on October 3, 2008 This remote temple was built in 1334 and enshrines a statue of Monju Bosatsu.

Sanmon Kajiwara Segaki-e

On the 15th of July ('' Obon'', or the festival of the dead) Kenchō-ji celebrates the famous funerary ceremony. The normal funeral rites take place early in the morning under the Sanmon gate.Kamakura Kankō Bunka Kentei Kōshiki Tekisutobukku (2008:170-188) Only at Kenchō-ji, they are later repeated expressly for the soul of Kajiwara Kagetoki, a Kamakura period samurai who died during the political turmoil that followed the death of Minamoto no Sanetomo.

The origins of the ceremony are said to go back to the days of Doryū.Mutsu (1995:107-122) The legend says that one day, right after the end of a segaki, (a Buddhist service in favor of suffering spirits) a ghostly figure appeared. Having discovered that the ''segaki'' was already over, the warrior seemed so sad that the priest repeated the ceremony just for him. Afterwards, the man revealed he was the ghost of Kajiwara Kagetoki.

See also

* For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.
*List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
* List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others)
* Kenchin jiru

Notes

References

*
*
* "A Brief Guide to Kenchoji", English language pamphlet from Kenchō-ji, October 15, 2008

The Gozan Temples
by Michael Dunn, The Japan Times, August 23, 2007, retrieved on July 4, 2008
*
Kamakura Gozan, Kyoto Gozan
from ''Bukkyō'', retrieved on July 4, 2008
* , page 151 and following
*

External links

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Rinzai-Obaku Zen site

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kencho-ji
1250s establishments in Japan
1253 establishments in Asia
Buddhist temples in Kamakura, Kanagawa
Kenchō-ji temples

13th-century Buddhist temples