Kazimierz (; la, Casimiria; yi, קוזמיר, Kuzimyr) is a historical district of
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
and
Kraków Old Town
Kraków Old Town is the historic central district of Kraków, Poland.Ingrid GustafsonLet's Go: Eastern EuropePublished by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008. It is one of the most famous old districts in Poland today and was the c ...
,
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. From its inception in the 14th century to the early 19th century, Kazimierz was an independent city, a
royal city
Royal may refer to:
People
* Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name
* A member of a royal family
Places United States
* Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
* Royal, Illinois, a village
* Royal, Iowa, a ...
of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, located south of the Old Town of Kraków, separated from it by a branch of the
Vistula
The Vistula (; pl, Wisła, ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in ...
river. For many centuries, Kazimierz was a place where ethnic Polish and Jewish cultures coexisted and intermingled. The northeastern part of the district was historically Jewish. In 1941, the Jews of Kraków were forcibly relocated by the German occupying forces into the
Krakow ghetto just across the river in
Podgórze
Podgórze is a district of Kraków, Poland, situated on the right (southern) bank of the Vistula River, at the foot of Lasota Hill. The district was subdivided in 1990 into six new districts, see present-day districts of Kraków for more details. ...
, and most did not survive the war. Today, Kazimierz is one of the major tourist attractions of Krakow and an important center of cultural life of the city.
The boundaries of Kazimierz are defined by an old island in the
Vistula
The Vistula (; pl, Wisła, ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in ...
river. The northern branch of the river (''Stara Wisła'' – Old Vistula) was filled-in at the end of the 19th century during the
partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 12 ...
and made into an extension of Stradomska Street connecting Kazimierz district with Kraków Old Town.
Early history
![Nuremberg chronicles - CRACOVIA](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png)
Three
early medieval settlements are known to have existed on the island defining Kazimierz. The most important of these was the
pre-Christian pagan Slavic shrine at
Skałka (“the little rock”) at the western, upstream tip of the island. This site, with its sacred pool, was later Christianised as the Church of St.
Michael the Archangel
Michael (; he, מִיכָאֵל, lit=Who is like El od, translit=Mīḵāʾēl; el, Μιχαήλ, translit=Mikhaḗl; la, Michahel; ar, ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل, translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl), also ...
in the 11th century and was the legendary site of the martyrdom of
St. Stanisław. There was a nearby noble manor complex to the southeast and an important cattle-market town of Bawół, possibly based on an old tribal
gord (Polish: gród), at the edges of the habitable land near the swamps that composed the eastern, downstream end of the island. There was also a much smaller island upstream of Kazimierz known as the “Tatar Island” after the
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different cemetery there. This smaller island has since washed away.
On 27 March 1335, King
Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III the Great ( pl, Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the Galicia-Volhynia Wars. He wa ...
(''Kazimierz Wielki'') declared the two western suburbs of Kraków to be a new town named after him, Kazimierz (''Casimiria'' in Latin). Shortly thereafter, in 1340, Bawół was also added to it, making the boundaries of new city the same as the whole island. King Casimir granted his ''Casimiria'' location privilege in accordance with
Magdeburg Law
Magdeburg rights (german: Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within c ...
and, in 1362, ordered defensive walls to be built. He settled the newly built central section primarily with burghers, with a plot set aside for the
Augustinian Augustinian may refer to:
*Augustinians, members of religious orders following the Rule of St Augustine
*Augustinianism, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and his intellectual heirs
*Someone who follows Augustine of Hippo
* Canons Regular of Sain ...
order next to Skałka. He also began work on a campus for the
Kraków Academy
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...
which he founded in 1364, but Casimir died in 1370 and the campus was never completed.
Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the ''Pons Regalis'', the only major, permanent bridge across the
Vistula
The Vistula (; pl, Wisła, ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in ...
( pl, Wisła) for several centuries. This bridge connected Kraków via Kazimierz to the
Wieliczka Salt Mine
The Wieliczka Salt Mine ( pl, Kopalnia soli Wieliczka) is a salt mine in the town of Wieliczka, near Kraków in southern Poland.
From Neolithic times, sodium chloride (table salt) was produced there from the upwelling brine. The Wieliczka salt ...
and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last bridge at this location (at the end of modern Stradomska Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the filling-in of the ''Old Vistula'' river bed under Mayor
Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz
Mikołaj Zyblikiewicz (; uk, Миколай Зиблікевич; 28 November 1823 – 16 May 1887) was a Polish politician and lawyer of Ruthenian origin. He was the Mayor of Kraków – in the then Austrian sector of Partitioned P ...
made it obsolete.
Jewish Kazimierz
![Old Synagogue Krakow 35](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Old_Synagogue_Krakow_35.jpg)
Jews had played an important role in the Kraków regional economy since the end of the 13th century, granted the freedom of worship, trade and travel by
Bolesław the Pious
Bolesław the Pious (1224/27 – 14 April 1279) was a Duke of Greater Poland during 1239–1247 (according to some historians during 1239–1241 sole Duke of Ujście), Duke of Kalisz during 1247–1249, Duke of Gniezno during 1249–1250, Duke o ...
in his
General Charter of Jewish Liberties issued already in 1264. The Jewish community in Kraków had lived undisturbed alongside their ethnic Polish neighbours under the protective King
Casimir III the Great, the last king of the
Piast dynasty
The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Duke Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the Great.
Branch ...
. Nevertheless, in the early 15th century pressured by the
Synod of Constance some dogmatic clergy began to push for less official tolerance. Accusations of
blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. ''Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis'', Academic Press, 2008, p. 3. "Blood libel: An accusation of ritual mur ...
by a fanatic priest in Kraków led to riots against the Jews in 1407 even though the royal guard hastened to their rescue.
As part of the re-founding of the Kraków university, starting in 1400, the Academy began to buy outbuildings in the Old Town. Some Jews moved to the area around modern Plac Szczepański.
[Francis William Carter, ''Trade and Urban Development in Poland: An Economic Geography of Cracow, from Its Origins to 1795,'' ]Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press
A university press is an academic publishing hou ...
, 1994, p.71. The oldest synagogue building standing in Poland was built in Kazimierz at around that time, either in 1407 or 1492 (the date varies with several sources). It is an
Orthodox
Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to:
Religion
* Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pag ...
fortress synagogue called the
Old Synagogue.
[Sacred Destinations ]
Old Synagogue, Krakow
/ref>[The Jewish Krakow]
The Old Synagogue: ul. Szeroka 24.
Page stored at Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
[Rebecca Weiner]
The Old Synagogue
The Virtual Jewish History Tour In 1494 a disastrous fire destroyed a large part of Kraków. In 1495 the Polish king John I Albert (''Jan Olbracht'') ordered Jews out of the Old Town
In a city or town, the old town is its historic or original core. Although the city is usually larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations. There are ma ...
of Kraków and allowed to settle in the Bawół district of Kazimierz.[Jewish Krakow, A Visual and Virtual Tour]
The Kupa Synagogue: ul. Miodowa 27
from the Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
The Jewish Qahal
The ''qahal'' ( he, קהל) was a theocratic organizational structure in ancient Israelite society according to the Hebrew Bible. See column345-6 The Ashkenazi Jewish system of a self-governing community or kehila from medieval Christian Europe ...
petitioned the Kazimierz town council for the right to build its own interior walls, cutting across the western end of the older defensive walls in 1553. Due to the growth of the community and the influx of Jews from Bohemia, the walls were expanded again in 1608. Later requests to expand the walls were turned down as redundant.
The area between the walls was known as the ''Oppidum Judaeorum'', the Jewish City, which represented only about one-fifth of the geographical area of Kazimierz, but nearly half of its inhabitants. The Oppidum became the main spiritual and cultural centre of Polish Jewry, hosting many of Poland's finest Jewish scholars, artists and craftsmen. Among its famous inhabitants were the Talmudist Moses Isserles
). He is not to be confused with Meir Abulafia, known as "Ramah" ( he, רמ״ה, italic=no, links=no), nor with Menahem Azariah da Fano, known as "Rema MiPano" ( he, רמ״ע מפאנו, italic=no, links=no).
Rabbi Moses Isserles ( he, משה ...
, the Court Jew Abraham of Bohemia Abraham ben Moses Jaffe of Bohemia (Hebrew: אברהם בן משה יפה מבוהמיה; d. 1535) also known by his Latin name ''"Abraham Judaeus Bohemus" was a very prominent 16th-century Bohemian Jewish banker, tax collector, money lender and ...
, the Kabbalist Natan Szpiro, and the royal physician Shmuel bar Meshulam.
The golden age of the Oppidum came to an end in 1782, when the Austrian Emperor Joseph II disbanded the kahal.
After the 1795 Third Partition of Poland, Kraków was acquired by Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, and Kazimierz lost its status as a separate city and became a district of Kraków. In 1822, the walls were torn down, removing any physical reminder of the old borders between Jewish and ethnic Polish Kazimierz. The richer Jewish families had moved out of the overcrowded streets of eastern Kazimierz, but because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath
In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as G ...
, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues in the old Oppidum, maintaining Kazimierz's reputation as a “Jewish district” long after the concept ceased to have any administrative meaning.
By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses scattered across the city and much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze
Podgórze is a district of Kraków, Poland, situated on the right (southern) bank of the Vistula River, at the foot of Lasota Hill. The district was subdivided in 1990 into six new districts, see present-day districts of Kraków for more details. ...
. In a tourist guide that was published in 1935, Meir Balaban
Meir Balaban or Majer Samuel Bałaban (, 18 Adar 37, Lviv[Reform rabbi
Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism, is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of Judaism, the superiority of its ethical aspects to its ceremonial ones, and belief in a continuous searc ...](_blank)
and professor of history at the University of Warsaw, lamented that the Jews who remained in the once vibrant Oppidum were “only the poor and the ultraconservative.” However, this same exodus was the reason why most of the buildings in the Oppidum are preserved today in something close to their 18th century shape.
During the Second World War, the Jews of Krakow, including those in Kazimierz, were forced by the Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
into a crowded ghetto in Podgórze, across the river. Most of Jews were later killed during the liquidation of the ghetto or in death camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...
s.
Postwar Jewish Kazimierz
After the Second World War, on 11 August 1945, the Kraków pogrom
The Kraków pogrom was the first anti-Jewish riot in post World War II Poland,Michlic, p. 347. that took place on 11 August 1945 in the Soviet-occupied city of Kraków, Poland. The incident was part of anti-Jewish violence in Poland towards and ...
took place in Kazimierz, in which the Kupa Synagogue was burned down and many Jews assaulted by a Polish mob. During the war, the Nazis had largely destroyed Kazimierz, and the communist authorities left it a crumbling ruin. It became a dark and dangerous place, devoid of Jews.
Since 1988, a popular annual Jewish Cultural Festival has drawn Cracovians back to the heart of the Oppidum and re-introduced Jewish culture to a generation of Poles who have grown up without Poland's historic Jewish community. In 1993, Steven Spielberg
Steven Allan Spielberg (; born December 18, 1946) is an American director, writer, and producer. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, he is the most commercially successful director of all time. Spie ...
shot his film '' Schindler's List'' largely in Kazimierz (in spite of the fact that very little of the action historically took place there) and this drew international attention to Kazimierz. Since 1993, there have been parallel developments in the restoration of important historic sites in Kazimierz and a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. In addition, some Jews have moved to Kazimierz from Israel and the United States. Kazimierz as well as Krakow has had a small growth in Jewish population recently.
A Jewish youth group now meets weekly in Kazimierz and the Remah Synagogue, which actively serves a small congregation of mostly elderly Cracovian Jews.
Each year at the end of June, the Jewish Culture Festival takes place in Kazimierz. It is Europe's largest Jewish festival of culture and music and attracts visitors from around the world. Music at the festival is very diverse and played by bands from the Middle East, the United States and Africa, besides others.
File:Krakow Synagoga Tempel 20071111 1123 2077.jpg,
File:Ariel restaurant.JPG,
File:Szeroka,_Kraków,_2009.jpg,
File:Tenement,_15_Szeroka_street,_Kazimierz,_Krakow,_Poland.JPG,
File:בית ברובע היהודי בקרקוב (1).jpg,
File:Landau (Jordan) tenement house, 2 Szeroka street, Kazimierz, Kraków, Poland.jpg,
File:Krakow JewsMonument 7002.jpg,
File:Jan Karski Kraków Ulica Szeroka.jpg,
File:Kraków - Plac Bawół.jpg,
File:Jewish Culture Festival in Krakow.jpg,
File:Szeroka street, Kazimierz, Krakow, Poland.jpg,
File:Muzeum Żydowskie Galicja (cropped).jpg, Galicia Jewish Museum
The Galicia Jewish Museum ( Polish: ''Żydowskie Muzeum Galicja'') is located in the historic Jewish district of Kazimierz in Kraków, Poland. It is a photo exhibition documenting the remnants of Jewish culture and life in Polish Galicia, which ...
File:JCC from Midowa 3.jpg, Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
Jewish Community Centre of Kraków (JCC Krakow, pl, Centrum Społeczności Żydowskiej w Krakowie) (not to be confused with the official Jewish Community of Kraków, pl, Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska w Krakowie, whose existence is traced back to th ...
File:Remuh Jewish Cemetery in Kraków (Poland)8.jpg, Remah Cemetery
The Old Jewish Cemetery of Kraków ( pl, Stary cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie), more commonly known as the Remah Cemetery ( pl, Cmentarz Remuh), is a historic necropolis established in the years 1535–1551, and one of the oldest existing Jewish ...
established in 1535
Sights
Christian part
''See map:''
:1. Market Square (Wolnica) with a town hall, now housing an ethnographic museum
Kazimierz's square-shaped market square (Wolnica square) sized 195 x 195m used to be almost as large as the Krakow Market Square and served similar functions - trading activities took place there, it was town hall's location, where the highest administrative and judicial authorities of the city of Kazimierz had their seat. From each side of this square, there were leading three streets. On the corners of the square, two gothic temples were built, and both of them survived to this day in a great state. Today's Wolnica Square, half the size of the original one, gained its borders after Kazimierz was incorporated into Krakow in 1800. In its south-eastern part, there is a sculpture/fountain, Three Musicians - the work of the Krakow artist Bronisław Chromy. The only evidence of Kazimierz's former urban independence is the lofty town hall at Wolnica Square. Once gothic (relics of the 14th-century walls are preserved in the basement), it burned twice and was rebuilt each time. As a result of these changes, it gained battlement attics, rare in Krakow, and a tower covered with a modest helmet. After Kazimierz was incorporated into Krakow, the town hall lost its function. With time, it was adapted to the needs of an industrial and commercial school, and later a primary school for Jewish youth.
:2. Gothic
Gothic or Gothics may refer to:
People and languages
*Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes
**Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths
**Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...
St Catherine's Church
:3. Gothic Corpus Christi Church
:4. Baroque
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
Church on the Rock ( Skałka), the site of Saint Stanislaus's martyrdom
:5. Municipal Engineering Museum
Jewish part
''See map:''
:6. Old Synagogue, now housing a Jewish History museum
:7. Remah Synagogue
:8. High Synagogue
:9. Izaak Synagogue
The Izaak Synagogue ( pl, Synagoga Izaaka), formally known as the Isaak Jakubowicz Synagogue, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue from 1644 situated in the historic Kazimierz district of Kraków, Poland. The synagogue is named for its donor, Izaak J ...
:10. Kupa Synagogue
:11. Tempel Synagogue, still active
:12. Old Jewish Cemetery in Krakow
The Old Jewish Cemetery of Kraków ( pl, Stary cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie), more commonly known as the Remah Cemetery ( pl, Cmentarz Remuh), is a historic necropolis established in the years 1535–1551, and one of the oldest existing Jewish ...
See also
*Kraków Ghetto
The Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Nazi ghettos created by Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It was established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, an ...
*Galicia Jewish Museum
The Galicia Jewish Museum ( Polish: ''Żydowskie Muzeum Galicja'') is located in the historic Jewish district of Kazimierz in Kraków, Poland. It is a photo exhibition documenting the remnants of Jewish culture and life in Polish Galicia, which ...
*Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
Jewish Community Centre of Kraków (JCC Krakow, pl, Centrum Społeczności Żydowskiej w Krakowie) (not to be confused with the official Jewish Community of Kraków, pl, Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska w Krakowie, whose existence is traced back to th ...
*Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków
The Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków ( pl, Festiwal Kultury Żydowskiej w Krakowie, yi, ייִדישער קולטור־פֿעסטיוואַל אין קראָקע) is an annual cultural event organized since 1988 in the once Jewish district of K ...
* Judaica Foundation – Center For Jewish Culture
References
*Bałaban, Majer ''Przewodnik po żydowskich zabytkach Krakowa'' Krakow: B'nei B'rith, 1935.
*Bałaban, Majer ''Historja Żydów w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, 1304-1868'' (Vol. I, II) Krakow: KAW, 1991. (reprint)
*Burek, Edward (ed.) ''Encyklopedia Krakowa''. Krakow: PWM, 2000.
*Michalik, Marian (ed.) ''Kronika Krakowa''. Krakow: Kronika, 2006.
*Simpson, Scott ''Krakow'' Cambridge: Thomas Cook, 2006.
*Świszczowski, Stefan ''Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem'' Krakow: WLK, 1981.
*Jakimyszyn, Anna ''Żydzi krakowscy w dobie Rzeczypospolitej Krakowskiej'' Krakow-Budapeszt 2008.
Gallery
Churches
File:Kościół Bożego Ciała w Krakowie za murem od ulicy Wawrzyńca.jpg, ''Corpus Christi'' Church, 1405
File:Krakow kosciol sw Katarzyny 20070930 1522.jpg, St. Catherine Church, 1426
File:2007PolskaSkałka.jpg, Skałka, 1751
File:Krakow St.Trinity Church 20060806 1638.jpg, Trinity Church, 1758
Synagogues
File:Krakow Synagoga Stara 20070920 xxyy.jpg, Old Synagogue, 15th century
File:Remuh Synagogue and Cemetery, gate, 40 Szeroka street, Kazimierz, Kraków, Poland.jpg, Remah Synagogue, 1557
File:Krakow Synagoga Wysoka 20071010 1659.jpg, High Synagogue, 1563
File:Krakow PopperSynagogue 7005.jpg, Wolf Popper Synagogue, 1620
File:Krakow synagogue 20070805 1109.jpg, Kupa Synagogue, 1643
File:Krakow Synagoga 20070930 1539.jpg, Izaak Synagogue
The Izaak Synagogue ( pl, Synagoga Izaaka), formally known as the Isaak Jakubowicz Synagogue, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue from 1644 situated in the historic Kazimierz district of Kraków, Poland. The synagogue is named for its donor, Izaak J ...
, 1644
File:Krakow_synagoga_20070805_1115_1.jpg, Kowea Itim le-Tora Synagogue
Kowea Itim le-Tora Synagogue was an Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Kazimierz, Kraków, Poland. It was built in 1810 and renovated in 1912. The synagogue was devastated during World War II by Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common ...
, 1810
File:00260 Kraków, synagoga Tempel, 1860-1862, 1893-1894.jpg, Tempel Synagogue, 1862
File:Krakow synagogue 20060805 1639.jpg, Bne Emuna Prayerhouse, 1886. Today it houses the Judaica Foundation - Center For Jewish Culture
File:Krakow synagogue 20070805 1040.jpg, Chewra Thilim Synagogue, 1896. Now a restaurant.
External links
The Jewish Cultural Festival
in Krakow
The Galicia Jewish Museum
Jewish Community in Kazimierz
on Virtual Shtetl
{{Authority control
Jewish ghettos in Europe
Historic Jewish communities in Poland
Districts of Kraków
Polish culture
Jews and Judaism in Kraków