Kafr ʿInān ( ar, كفر عنان), is a former
Palestinian
Palestinians ( ar, الفلسطينيون, ; he, פָלַסְטִינִים, ) or Palestinian people ( ar, الشعب الفلسطيني, label=none, ), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs ( ar, الفلسطينيين العرب, label=non ...
village, depopulated in the
1948 Arab–Israeli war. It was located around east of
Acre.
In ancient times, it was known as Kfar Hananiah, and was a large
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
village and a significant pottery production center.
Archaeological surveys indicate Kefar Hanania was founded in the Early Roman period, and was inhabited through the Byzantine period.
It was resettled in the Middle Ages and the modern era.
By mid 1500, the village was wholly Muslim and was known as Kafr 'Inan.
Kafr ʿInān was captured by
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
during the
1948 Arab–Israeli war. Those who managed to remain were subsequently expelled from the village by the
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to the
West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
or to other Arab towns in the newly established
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
. Many villagers managed to "infiltrate" back to Kafr ʿInān, but on three separate occasions in January and February 1949 the Israeli army expelled them.
[
A shrine for the Sheikh Abu Hajar Azraq and the remains of a small domed building are still standing, along with the remains of various burial sites of rabbis. In 1989, the Israeli village of Kfar Hananya was established on Kafr ʿInān land on a hill adjacent to the former Palestinian village.][
]
History
Roman and Byzantine Kfar Hanania
The earliest mentions of the village occur in sources from the Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
and Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
periods in Galilee, when it was then a Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
village known as ''Kefar Hananya'' (or ''Kfar Hanania''),[Lissovsky (2007), p. 167] that served as a center for pottery
Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other ceramic materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and ...
production in the Galilee.[Crossan, 1999]
p. 224
[Negev and Gibson, 2005]
p. 279
Most of the cooking ware in the Galilee between the 1st century BCE and the beginning of the 5th century CE was produced here.[Leibner, 2009, ]
130
A Byzantine-period synagogue was partially carved out of the rock, probably during the 5th century CE, and its remains have been excavated east of the village. Khalidi mentions shafts and bases of columns, caves, a pool, and a burial ground discovered in archaeological excavations.[
During the Second Temple period, within a distance of less than a kilometer from Kfar Hananya, was the thriving village of ]Bersabe
Bersabe ();(), or Beer Sheba of the Galilee, was a Second Temple period Jewish village located near the town of Kefar Hananya which marked the boundary between the Upper Galilee and the Lower Galilee, as described by Josephus, with Upper Gali ...
(now ''Khirbet es-Saba'' 'Kh. Abu esh-Shebaʿ'' Beer Sheba of the Galilee), a village mentioned in the writings of Josephus
Flavius Josephus (; grc-gre, Ἰώσηπος, ; 37 – 100) was a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader, best known for '' The Jewish War'', who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly ...
.
Among the Kfar Hanania's most respected personages who is said to have been buried there was a Tanna (Jewish sage) of the 1st century, Eliezer ben Jacob I
Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai.
Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen t ...
. The Talmud mentions it as the home of Rabbi Jacob of Kfar Hanan, a third-generation amora. As a result of Aramaic
The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...
influence, the village became known as Kafr Hanan, a shortened form of Hananiah.
An Aramaic inscription dated to the 5th or 6th century was found on a ''kelilah'' (a polycandelon, i.e. a bronze chandelier holding glass lamps and suspended from the ceiling) in or near the Galilean village of Kefar Makr near Acre, reading "This polycandelon elilah… fferedto the holy place he synagogueof Kefar Hananyah. May they be remembered for good. Amen, selah
(; hbo, סֶלָה, selā) is a word used 74 times in the Hebrew Bible. Its etymology and precise meaning are unknown, though various interpretations are given.
It is probably either a liturgical-musical mark or an instruction on the reading ...
, shalom
''Shalom'' ( he, שָׁלוֹם ''šālōm''; also spelled as ''sholom'', ''sholem'', ''sholoim'', ''shulem'') is a Hebrew word meaning ''peace'', ''harmony'', ''wholeness'', ''completeness'', ''prosperity'', ''welfare'' and ''tranquility'' and ...
, ptp t". The chandelier, now exhibited in a Belgia
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...
n museum
A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make thes ...
, bears the inscription next to the images of Judaic religious objects: two menorahs
The menorah (; he, מְנוֹרָה ''mənōrā'', ) is a Candelabra, seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem. Since antiquity, it has served as a sy ...
(seven-branched candlesticks), a lulav
''Lulav'' (; he, לולב) is a closed frond of the date palm tree. It is one of the Four Species used during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. The other Species are the '' hadass'' ( myrtle), '' aravah'' (willow), and ''etrog'' (citron). When ...
(palm frond) and a shofar
A shofar ( ; from he, שׁוֹפָר, ) is an ancient musical horn typically made of a ram's horn, used for Jewish religious purposes. Like the modern bugle, the shofar lacks pitch-altering devices, with all pitch control done by varying ...
(ram's horn); for illustrations se
here
[Flood (2001)]
p. 50
Pottery production
Rabbinic literature
Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writ ...
mentions Kfar Hanania village in relation to the production of pottery; in the Tosefta
The Tosefta ( Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: תוספתא "supplement, addition") is a compilation of the Jewish oral law from the late 2nd century, the period of the Mishnah.
Overview
In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah ( ...
(''Bava Metzia
Bava Metzia (Talmudic Aramaic: בָּבָא מְצִיעָא, "The Middle Gate") is the second of the first three Talmudic tractates in the order of Nezikin ("Damages"), the other two being Bava Kamma and Bava Batra. Originally all three formed ...
'' 6:3), there is a reference to, "those who make black clay, such as Kefar Hananya and its neighbors."[Gale, 2005]
p. 70
Late Roman-era pottery types of the kind made in Kafr 'Inan have been found all throughout the Galilee and the Golan
Golan ( he, גּוֹלָן ''Gōlān''; ar, جولان ' or ') is the name of a biblical town later known from the works of Josephus (first century CE) and Eusebius (''Onomasticon'', early 4th century CE). Archaeologists localize the biblical ...
.
Crusader to Mamluk period
Ya'akov ben Netan'el, who visited the village in the 12th century during the period of Crusader rule, writes about the ruins of a synagogue quarried into the hill.[ Potential references to the village include a mention of the "widow of Ben al-'Anani" in a 12th-century Genizah document and to ''Kfar Hanan'' in the 13th century.][Leibner, 2009, p]
129
/ref> In 1211, Samuel ben Samson Samuel ben Samson (also Samuel ben Shimshon) was a rabbi who lived in France and made a pilgrimage to Israel in 1210, visiting a number of villages and cities there, including Jerusalem. Amongst his companions were Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen
Rabbi ...
travelled from Tiberias
Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's F ...
and Kfar Hanania before stopping in Safed.[Winter and Levanoni, 2004, p]
164
In the 14th century, another traveller transcribes the village's name as ''Kefar Hanin''.[
]
Ottoman period: Kafr ʿInan
In 1522, Jewish traveler Moses ben Mordecai Bassola Moses ben Mordecai Bassola or simply Moses Bassola, alternative spelling: Moshe Basola, Basilea, Basila (Hebrew באסולה or simply: משה באסולה; alternative Hebrew spelling: באזלה ,איש באזולה ,ב(א)סולה ,באסל ,בא ...
found about 30 families of Musta'arabi Jews
Musta'arabi Jews (Musta'aribun اليهود المستعربة in Arabic; Musta'arvim מוּסְתערבים in Hebrew) were the Arabic-speaking Jews, largely Mizrahi Jews and Maghrebi Jews, who lived in the Middle East and North Africa prior t ...
(Arabic-speaking Jews, as opposed to Sephardi Jews
Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefa ...
) among the residents, most of whom of priestly stock, making it the fifth largest Jewish community in the country at the time, out of the eight places named by him.[Braslavsky (1933), p. 20][Lissovsky (2007), p. 169] An Ottoman census taken two years later (1525) listed 14 Jewish families.
It is during the rule of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
that the form Kafr ʿInān (Kafr 'Anan) first appears. The village is listed in the tax records of either 1549 or 1596, as forming part of the ''nahiya
A nāḥiyah ( ar, , plural ''nawāḥī'' ), also nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns. In Tajikistan, it is a second-level division w ...
'' (subdistrict) of ''Jira'', part of Safad Sanjak
Safed Sanjak ( ar, سنجق صفد; tr, Safed Sancağı) was a ''sanjak'' (district) of Damascus Eyalet ( Ottoman province of Damascus) in 1517–1660, after which it became part of the Sidon Eyalet (Ottoman province of Sidon). The sanjak was ce ...
, with 21 households and 8 bachelors; an estimated population of 259. All the villagers were Muslim. They paid taxes on goats, beehives and on its press, which was used either for olives
The olive, botanical name ''Olea europaea'', meaning 'European olive' in Latin, is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. When in shrub form, it is known as ''Olea europaea'' 'M ...
or grapes
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus ''Vitis''. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years ago, ...
; a total of 12,272 akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitab ...
. A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin
Pierre Jacotin (1765–1827) was the director of the survey for the '' Carte de l'Égypte (Description de l'Égypte)'', the first triangulation-based map of Egypt, Syria and Palestine.
The maps were surveyed in 1799-1800 during the campaign in E ...
showed the place, named as "K. Hanein".
In 1881, the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine
The PEF Survey of Palestine was a series of surveys carried out by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) between 1872 and 1877 for the Survey of Western Palestine and in 1880 for the Survey of Eastern Palestine. The survey was carried out after the ...
'' described the village as being built of stone and having 150-200 Muslim residents. The arable land in the village comprised gardens and olive trees.
A population list from about 1887 showed that Kafr 'Inan had 80 inhabitants; all Muslim.
British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, ''Kufr Enan'' had a population of 179; all Muslims,[Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p]
36
/ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 264, still all Muslims, in a total of 47 houses.[Mills, 1932, p]
100
/ref>
In the 1945 statistics, Kafr 'Inan had 360 Muslim inhabitants,[ with a total of of land according to an official land and population survey.][ Of this, a total of 1,740 ]dunums
A dunam ( Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: ; tr, dönüm; he, דונם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area equivalent to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount ...
were used for the cultivation of cereals, 1,195 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards and most of these (1,145 dunums) were planted with olive trees,[ while 21 dunams were built-up (urban) area.][ The village, however, occupied an area of only 25 dunams (6.1 acres).
The village houses, made of stone with mud mortar, were bunched close together and separated by semi-circular, narrow alleys. Many new houses were constructed during the last years of ]Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 ...
. Springs and domestic wells supplied drinking water. Olives and grain were the main crops. Grain was grown in the nearby flat zones and valleys.[
]
Israeli period
Capture, evacuation and land expropriation
The village was captured on 30 October 1948 by the Golani Brigade as part of Operation Hiram
Operation Hiram was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It was led by General Moshe Carmel, and aimed at capturing the Upper Galilee region from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) forces ...
and following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. However, according to Walid Khalidi
Walid Khalidi ( ar, وليد خالدي, born 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University-educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the Palestinian exodus. He is a co-founder of the Institute for Palestine Studies, establish ...
, the villagers refused to leave like most of the population in the area.[ Morris reports that the Israeli authorities classified the village as "abandoned" but the villagers kept returning.][Morris, 2004, pp]
516
17 In January 1949, the IDF expelled 54, and moved another 128 inhabitants from Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya
Farradiyya ( ar, الفرّاضية, ''al-Farâdhiyyah'') was a Palestinian Arab village of 670 located southwest of Safad,Khalidi, 1992, p.449. A Jewish settlement called 'Farod' was built atop the once ruined village.
Farradiyya was situated on ...
to other villages in Israel.[Morris, 2004, p]
517
/ref> On 4 February 1949, units of the 79th Battalion surrounded the two villages and expelled 45 people to the West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
. The 200 villagers who had permits to stay, mostly old men, women and children, were transferred to Majd al Kurum.[ Yet again, the villagers returned. By mid-February 1949 there were about 100 back in the two villages, according to IDF sources. The two villages were again evacuated by the IDF.][
The expulsion of the villagers upset some members of Mapam, who condemned ]David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion ( ; he, דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the nam ...
and the army. However, a suggestion for a Knesset
The Knesset ( he, הַכְּנֶסֶת ; "gathering" or "assembly") is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the supreme state body, the Knesset is sovereign and thus has complete control of the entirety of the Israeli government (with ...
motion calling for the establishment of an inquiry to probe the expulsions of the villagers of Kafr 'Inan, Farradiyya
Farradiyya ( ar, الفرّاضية, ''al-Farâdhiyyah'') was a Palestinian Arab village of 670 located southwest of Safad,Khalidi, 1992, p.449. A Jewish settlement called 'Farod' was built atop the once ruined village.
Farradiyya was situated on ...
and Al-Ghabisiyya, was apparently never brought to the Knesset plenum.[Morris, 2004, p]
516
note 80, pp
541
2
In 1950, Article 125 of the Defence regulation of 1945 was invoked in order to confiscate the land belonging to a number of Palestinian Arab villages in Galilee, among them Kafr 'Inan. This law was also used to prevent the villagers from returning to their homes even by legal means.
Aftermath
The modern Jewish village of Kfar Hananya was first planned to the south of the depopulated Kafr ʿInān village in 1982, and was eventually established there in 1989 on village land (though not on the actual site of Kafr ʿInān).[ Chazon, built in 1969 on the lands of ]Al-Mansura, Tiberias
Al-Mansura ( ar, المنصورة) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tiberias Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 10, 1948. It was located 16 kilometres northwest of Tiberias.
Hist ...
, and Parod
Parod ( he, פָּרוֹד) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Upper Galilee near Safed, it falls under the jurisdiction of Merom HaGalil Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History
The community was founded in 1949 by Jew ...
, built in 1949 on the lands of Al-Farradiyya ( District of Safad), are both close to the village site, but not on village land.[ In 1992, Palestinian historian ]Walid Khalidi
Walid Khalidi ( ar, وليد خالدي, born 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University-educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the Palestinian exodus. He is a co-founder of the Institute for Palestine Studies, establish ...
found piles of stones, clusters of cacti, fig trees, the remains of a domed building on a slope facing the village and the small shrine of Shaykh Abu Hajar Azraq on an adjacent hill to the east. The land around the site is forested and planted with fruit trees by the settlement of Parod
Parod ( he, פָּרוֹד) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Upper Galilee near Safed, it falls under the jurisdiction of Merom HaGalil Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History
The community was founded in 1949 by Jew ...
."[Khalidi, 1992, p. 21]
Archaeology
Roman to Byzantine-period village
In 1933, Joseph Braslavsky was the first to identify the quarried synagogue in Kafr 'Inan, based on the testimony of a local Arab peasant. In 1989, the site was surveyed by Zvi Ilan. Adan-Bayewitz, of the Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology at Bar Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, he, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, ''Universitat Bar-Ilan'') is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic i ...
conducted archaeological research at the site from 1987 to 1988, and excavated a late Roman-era pottery kiln in 1992–1993, with a stone-paved approach.[Adan-Bayewitz (1992), p. 192]
See also
* Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
* Palestinian refugee
* Present absentee
Present absentees are Arab internally displaced persons (IDPs) who fled or were expelled from their homes in Mandatory Palestine during the 1947–1949 Palestine war but remained within the area that became the state of Israel. The term applies ...
* Shikhin Shikhin (, variant spelling שׁוּחִין), known in Greek as Asochis, was an ancient Jewish village in Galilee which was abandoned in the fourth century CE. It was situated right next to the regional capital, Sepphoris, and its ruins have been ...
, village near Sepphoris, another major pottery production centre in Roman Galilee
Gallery
File:Remains of Synagogue carved from rock, at Old Kefar Hananiah - Kafr 'Inan.jpg, Synagogue carved into the rock at ancient Kefar Hananiah (later Kafr 'Inan)
File:Synagogue wall carved from rock - at Kafr 'Inan.jpg, Synagogue walls carved into the rock at ancient Kfar Hananya
File:Remains of structure at Old Kefar Hananiah - Kafr 'Inan.jpg, Ruins of stone structure at ancient Kfar Hananya
File:Kefar Hananiah - Kafr 'Inan - ancient wall.jpg, Ancient Kfar Hananya (at Kafr 'Inan)
File:Field before the Mount of old Kefar Hananiah.jpg, Green fields below hill of Kafr 'Inan
File:Ruin of Kefar Hananiah - Kafr 'Inan.jpg, Kafr 'Inan, ruins
References
Bibliography
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* eprinted_from_earlier_Livorno_edition.html" ;"title="Livorno.html" ;"title="eprinted from earlier Livorno">eprinted from earlier Livorno edition">Livorno.html" ;"title="eprinted from earlier Livorno">eprinted from earlier Livorno edition*
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External links
Welcome To Kafr 'Inan
Kafr 'Inan
Zochrot
Zochrot ( he, זוכרות; "Remembering"; ar, ذاكرات; "Memories") is an Israeli nonprofit organization founded in 2002. Based in Tel Aviv, its aim is to promote awareness of the Palestinian ''Nakba'' ("Catastrophe"), including the 1948 Pa ...
Kefar Ḥananyah
entry at ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'' by the head of excavations, David Adan-Bayewitz. Accessed 26 April 2021.
Parod - 2009 (Israel Antiquities Authority)
Aqueduct that served both Parod (Farradiyya
Farradiyya ( ar, الفرّاضية, ''al-Farâdhiyyah'') was a Palestinian Arab village of 670 located southwest of Safad,Khalidi, 1992, p.449. A Jewish settlement called 'Farod' was built atop the once ruined village.
Farradiyya was situated on ...
) and Kafr 'Inan (Kefar Hananiah)
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4
IAA
Wikipedia mirror
*, Saturday, 3.10.2009, by Umar Ighbariyyeh, from Zochrot
Zochrot ( he, זוכרות; "Remembering"; ar, ذاكرات; "Memories") is an Israeli nonprofit organization founded in 2002. Based in Tel Aviv, its aim is to promote awareness of the Palestinian ''Nakba'' ("Catastrophe"), including the 1948 Pa ...
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War
District of Acre
Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Talmud places
Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel
Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee