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Justiciar Justiciar is the English form of the medieval Latin term ''justiciarius'' or ''justitiarius'' ("man of justice", i.e. judge). During the Middle Ages in England, the Chief Justiciar (later known simply as the Justiciar) was roughly equivalen ...
of Lothian (in
Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...
-
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
, ''Justiciarus Laudonie'') was an important legal office in the
High Medieval The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...
Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; , ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a l ...
. The Justiciars of Lothian were responsible for the administration of royal justice in the province of
Lothian Lothian (; sco, Lowden, Loudan, -en, -o(u)n; gd, Lodainn ) is a region of the Scottish Lowlands, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills and the Moorfoot Hills. The principal settlement is the Scot ...
, a much larger area than the modern Lothian, covering
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to th ...
south of the
Forth Forth or FORTH may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''forth'' magazine, an Internet magazine * ''Forth'' (album), by The Verve, 2008 * ''Forth'', a 2011 album by Proto-Kaw * Radio Forth, a group of independent local radio stations in Scotl ...
and Clyde, outwith
Galloway Galloway ( ; sco, Gallowa; la, Gallovidia) is a region in southwestern Scotland comprising the historic counties of Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. It is administered as part of the council area of Dumfries and Galloway. A native or i ...
, which had its own
Justiciar of Galloway The Justiciar of Galloway was an important legal office in the High Medieval Kingdom of Scotland. The Justiciars of Galloway were responsible for the administration of royal justice in the province of Galloway. The other Justiciar positions wer ...
and the lands north of the
River Forth The River Forth is a major river in central Scotland, long, which drains into the North Sea on the east coast of the country. Its drainage basin covers much of Stirlingshire in Scotland's Central Belt. The Gaelic name for the upper reach of t ...
and
River Clyde The River Clyde ( gd, Abhainn Chluaidh, , sco, Clyde Watter, or ) is a river that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third-longest in Scotland. It runs through the major cit ...
by the
Justiciar of Scotia The Justiciar of Scotia (in Norman-Latin, ''Justiciarus Scotie'') was the most senior legal office in the High Medieval Kingdom of Scotland. '' Scotia'' (meaning Scotland) in this context refers to Scotland to the north of the River Forth and Ri ...
. The institution may date to the reign of King
David I David I may refer to: * David I, Caucasian Albanian Catholicos c. 399 * David I of Armenia, Catholicos of Armenia (728–741) * David I Kuropalates of Georgia (died 881) * David I Anhoghin, king of Lori (ruled 989–1048) * David I of Scotland (di ...
(died 1153), whose godson
David Olifard Sir David Olifard (c.1113/1117 – c. 1170) was the first recorded Justiciar (of the Lothians),The Red Book of Perthshire, by Gordon MacGregor Page 649 governing the southern half of Scotland south of the rivers Forth and Clyde (excluding Gallo ...
was the first attested Justiciar. The Justiciars of Lothian, although not magnates of the stature of the typical Justiciar of Scotia, were significant landowners and not creatures of the kings.


List of Justiciars of Lothian, (incomplete)

*
David Olifard Sir David Olifard (c.1113/1117 – c. 1170) was the first recorded Justiciar (of the Lothians),The Red Book of Perthshire, by Gordon MacGregor Page 649 governing the southern half of Scotland south of the rivers Forth and Clyde (excluding Gallo ...
(c.1165–c.1170) * Robert Avenel, Richard Comyn, Robert de Quincy, Geoffrey de Melville (c.1170xc.1178) *
Walter Olifard Sir Walter Olifard the elder, was Justiciar (of the Lothians),The Red Book of Perthshire, by Gordon MacGregor Page 649Liber Sancte Marie de Melros: munimenta vetustiora Monasterii Cisterciensis de Melros by Melrose Abbey, Cosmo Innes. Published 1 ...
the Elder (c.1178–c.1188) * William de Lindsay of Crawford (1189–1199) *
Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar Patrick I (c.11521232), Earl of Dunbar and lord of Beanley, was a 13th-century Anglo- Scottish noble. He was the eldest son of Waltheof, Earl of Dunbar and Alina, and succeeded to his father's titles upon the latter's death in 1182. Patrick wa ...
(d. 1232) (c.1195–c.1205) * David de Lindsay of Crawford and Gervase Avenel (c.1206–c.1215?) * Alexander de Stirling, Sheriff of Stirling and Walter Lindsay, Sheriff of Berwick (c.1206–c.1215?) * Walter Olifard the Younger (d. 1242) (c.1221–1242) *
David de Lindsay of the Byres David de Lindsay, Lord of Barnweill and Byres (died 1279), was a Scottish knight and crusader. A minor baronial lord, he was the son of David de Lindsay and held lands in East Lothian and South Ayrshire. He became Justiciar of Lothian under ...
(1242–1249x1251) * William Olifard (Witnesses a charter in 1247 as Justiciar of the Lothians) * David de Graham of Dundaff, deputy (1248, 1253) * Alan Durward, Knt.(1250), * Thomas de Normanville (c.1251–1253x1255) * Walter de Moray of Petty (1255x1257) * Hugh Barclay (1258) * Thomas de Normanville and Stephen Fleming (1259) * Stephen Fleming (c.1260) * Hugh de Berkeley (c1261 - after Feb 1275-6) * William de Soules (d. 1292x1293) (c.1279–1292x1293) * Geoffrey de Mowbray (1294–1296?) * Adam de Gordon and John de Lisle (1305–1306) * Alexander Lindsay of Barnweill (-1309) *David Lindsay * James Douglas (c.1314-c.1318) * Sir Robert de Lawedre of
The Bass The Bass Rock, or simply the Bass (), ( gd, Creag nam Bathais or gd, Am Bas) is an island in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland. Approximately offshore, and north-east of North Berwick, it is a steep-sided volcani ...
(d. Sept 1337) (served bef. Sept 1319 till death) * Sir Walter Oliphant of Gask, Knt. After 1337. *
William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas (c. 1323 – 1 May 1384) was a Scottish nobleman, peer, magnate, and head of the Black Douglas family. Under his leadership, the Black Douglases continued their climb to pre-eminence in Scottish politics ...
(1371-1384) * Sir Robert de Lawedre of
The Bass The Bass Rock, or simply the Bass (), ( gd, Creag nam Bathais or gd, Am Bas) is an island in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland. Approximately offshore, and north-east of North Berwick, it is a steep-sided volcani ...
(d.1451) from 1425 till death.Reid, John J., B.A., F.S.A.Scot., "Early Notices of the Bass Rock and its Owners" in ''Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland'', 14 December 1885, p.59.


Notes


References

* Barrow, G.W.S., "The ''Judex''", in Barrow (ed.), ''The Kingdom of the Scots'', (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 57–67. {{ISBN, 0-7486-1803-1 * Barrow, G.W.S., "The Justiciar", ''op.cit.'', pp. 68–111. * ''Liber Sancte Marie de Melros: munimenta vetustiora monasterii cisterciensis de Melros'', ed.
Cosmo Innes Cosmo Nelson Innes FRSE (9 September 1798 – 31 July 1874) was a Scottish advocate, judge, historian and antiquary. He served as Advocate-Depute, Sheriff of Elginshire, and Principal Clerk of Session. He was a skilled decipherer of ancient ...
183

* Thomas Rymer, Rymer, Thomas,''Foedera Conventiones, Literae et cuiuscunque generis Acta Publica inter Reges Angliae''. London. 1745. (Latin

Medieval Scots law Scots law formal titles College of Justice 12th-century establishments in Scotland Lists of office-holders in Scotland