Julia Ward Howe

Julia Ward Howe (; May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was an American author and poet, known for writing the " Battle Hymn of the Republic" and the original 1870 pacifist Mother's Day Proclamation. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and a social activist, particularly for women's suffrage.

Early life and education

Julia Ward was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father Samuel Ward III was a Wall Street stockbroker, banker, and strict Calvinist Episcopalian. Her mother was the poet Julia Rush Cutler Ward, related to Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox" of the American Revolution. She died during childbirth when Howe was five.

Howe was educated by private tutors and schools for young ladies until she was sixteen. Her eldest brother, Samuel Cutler Ward, traveled in Europe and brought home a private library. She had access to these books, many contradicting the Calvinistic view. She became well-read, though social as well as scholarly. She met, because of her father's status as a successful banker, Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, and Margaret Fuller.

Her brother, Sam, married into the Astor family, allowing him great social freedom that he shared with his sister. The siblings were cast into mourning with the death of their father in 1839, the death of their brother, Henry, and the deaths of Samuel's wife, Emily, and their newborn child.

Personal life

Though raised an Episcopalian, Julia became a Unitarian by 1841. In Boston, Ward met Samuel Gridley Howe, a physician and reformer who had founded the Perkins School for the Blind. Howe had courted her, but he had shown an interest in her sister Louisa. In 1843, they married despite their eighteen-year age difference. She gave birth to their first child while honeymooning in Europe. She bore their last child in December 1859 at the age of forty. They had six children: Julia Romana Howe (1844–1886), Florence Marion Howe (1845–1922), Henry Marion Howe (1848–1922), Laura Elizabeth Howe (1850–1943), Maud Howe (1855–1948), and Samuel Gridley Howe, Jr. (1859–1863). Howe was an aunt of novelist Francis Marion Crawford. Ward’s marriage to Howe was troublesome for her. He did not approve of her writing and did everything he could to disrupt her creative efforts.

Howe raised her children in South Boston, while her husband pursued his advocacy work. She hid her unhappiness with their marriage, earning the nickname "the family champagne" from her children. She made frequent visits to Gardiner, Maine, where she stayed at "The Yellow House," a home built originally in 1814 and later home to her daughter Laura.

In 1852, the Howes bought a "country home" with 4.7 acres of land in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which they called " Oak Glen." They continued to maintain homes in Boston and Newport, but spent several months each year at Oak Glen.

Career

Writing

She attended lectures, studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. Howe had published essays on Goethe, Schiller and Lamartine before her marriage in the '' New York Review and Theological Review''. Her first volume of poetry, ''Passion-Flowers'' was published anonymously in 1853. The book collected personal poems and was written without the knowledge of her husband, who was then editing the Free Soil newspaper ''The Commonwealth''. Her second anonymous collection, ''Words for the Hour'', appeared in 1857. She went on to write plays such as ''Leonora'', ''The World's Own'', and ''Hippolytus''. These works all contained allusions to her stultifying marriage.

She went on trips including several for missions. In 1860, she published ''A Trip to Cuba'', which told of her 1859 trip. It had generated outrage from William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist, for its derogatory view of Blacks. Howe believed it was right to free the slaves but did not believe in racial equality. Several letters on High Newport society were published in the ''New York Tribune'' in 1860, as well.

Howe's being a published author troubled her husband greatly, especially due to the fact that her poems many times had to do with critiques of women's roles as wives, her own marriage, and women's place in society. Their marriage problems escalated to the point where they separated in 1852. Samuel, when he became her husband, had also taken complete control of her estate income. Upon her husband's death in 1876, she had found that through a series of bad investments, most of her money had been lost.

Howe's writing and social activism were greatly shaped by her upbringing and married life. Much study has gone into her difficult marriage and how it influenced her work, both written and active.

Politics

In the early 1870s, Howe was nominated by William Claflin the governor of Massachusetts as justice of the peace. However, there were uncertainties surrounding her appointment, as many believed women were not fit to hold office. In 1871, the Massachusetts supreme court made the decision that women could not hold any judicial offices without explicit authorization from the legislature, thereby nullifying Howe's appointment to justice of the peace. This led to activists petitioning for legislation allowing women to hold office, separate from legislating women's suffrage. Women's supporters believed that petitioning for officeholding before petitioning for a women's suffrage amendment would expedite women's involvement in politics.

Social activism

She was inspired to write " The Battle Hymn of the Republic" after she and her husband visited Washington, D.C., and met Abraham Lincoln at the White House in . During the trip, her friend James Freeman Clarke suggested she write new words to the song " John Brown's Body", which she did on November 19. The song was set to William Steffe's already existing music and Howe's version was first published in the ''Atlantic Monthly'' in . It quickly became one of the most popular songs of the Union during the American Civil War.

Howe produced eleven issues of the literary magazine, ''Northern Lights'', in 1867. That same year she wrote about her travels to Europe in ''From the Oak to the Olive''. After the war, she focused her activities on the causes of pacifism and women's suffrage. By 1868, Julia's husband no longer opposed her involvement in public life, so Julia decided to become active in reform. She helped found the New England Women's Club and the New England Woman Suffrage Association. She served as president for nine years beginning in 1868.VanBurleo, Miles In 1869, she became co-leader with Lucy Stone of the American Woman Suffrage Association. Then, in 1870, she became president of the New England Women's Club. After her husband's death in 1876, she focused more on her interests in reform. In 1877 Howe was one of the founders of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston. She was the founder and from 1876 to 1897 president of the Association of American Women, which advocated for women's education. Unlike other suffragists at the time, Howe supported the final version of the Fifteenth Amendment, which had omitted the inclusion of language originally barring discrimination against women as well as people of color. Her reason for supporting this version of the Fifteenth Amendment was that "she viewed black men's suffrage as the priority."

In 1872, she became the editor of ''Woman's Journal'', a widely-read suffragist magazine founded in 1870 by Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell. She contributed to it for twenty years. That same year, she wrote her "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world", later known as the Mother's Day Proclamation, which asked women around the world to join for world peace. (See :Pacifist feminism.) She authored it soon after she evolved into a pacifist and an anti-war activist. In 1872, she asked that "Mothers' Day" be celebrated on the 2nd of June. citing Deborah Pickman Clifford, ''Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of Julia Ward Howe'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 187, 207, and Julia Ward Howe, "How the Fourth of July Should Be Celebrated", ''Forum'' 15 (July 1983); 574The History of Mothers' Day
from The Legacy Project, a Legacy Center (Canada) website Her efforts were not successful, and by 1893 she was wondering if the 4th of July could be remade into "Mothers' Day". In 1874, she edited a coeducational defense titled ''Sex and Education''. She wrote a collection about the places she lived in 1880 called ''Modern Society''. In 1883, Howe published a biography of Margaret Fuller. Then, in 1885 she published another collection of lectures called ''Is Polite Society Polite?'' ("Polite society" is a euphemism for the upper class.) In 1899 she published her popular memoirs, ''Reminiscences''. She continued to write until her death.

In 1881, Howe was elected president of the Association for the Advancement of Women. Around the same time, Howe went on a speaking tour of the Pacific coast and founded the Century Club of San Francisco. In 1890, she helped found the General Federation of Women's Clubs, to reaffirm the Christian values of frugality and moderation. From 1891 to 1893, she served as president for the second time of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. Until her death, she was president of the New England Woman Suffrage Association. From 1893 to 1898 she directed the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and headed the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs. Howe spoke at the 1893 ''World's Parliament of Religions'' in Chicago reflecting on the question, ''What is Religion?''. In 1908 Julia was the first woman to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a society; its goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art.

Death and legacy

Howe died of pneumonia October 17, 1910, at her Portsmouth home, Oak Glen at the age of 91. She is buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At her memorial service approximately 4,000 people sang "Battle Hymn of the Republic" as a sign of respect as it was the custom to sing that song at each of Julia's speaking engagements.

After her death, her children collaborated on a biography, published in 1916. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography.

In 1987, she was honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a 14¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

Several buildings are associated with her name:
* The Julia Ward Howe School of Excellence in Chicago's Austin community is named in her honor.
* The Howe neighborhood in Minneapolis, MN was named for her.
* The Julia Ward Howe Academics Plus Elementary School in Philadelphia was named in her honor in 1913.
* Her Rhode Island home, Oak Glen, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
* Her Boston home is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

Awards and honors

* January 28, 1908, at age 88, Howe became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
* 1970, inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
* In 1998, inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Selected works

Poetry

*''Passion-Flowers'' (1854)
*''Words for the Hour'' (1857)
*''From Sunset Ridge: Poems Old and New'' (1898)Ziegler, Valarie H. ''Diva Julia: The Public Romance and Private Agony of Julia Ward Howe''. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003: 148–149.
*''Later Lyrics'' (1866)
*''At Sunset'' (published posthumously, 1910)

Other works

*'' The Hermaphrodite.'' Incomplete, but probably composed between 1846 and 1847. Published by University of Nebraska Press, 2004
*''From the Oak to the Olive'' (travel writing, 1868)
*''Modern Society'' (essays, 1881)
*''Margaret Fuller (Marchesa Ossoli)'' (biography, 1883)
*''Woman's work in America'' (1891)
*''Is Polite Society Polite?'' (essays, 1895)
*''Reminiscences: 1819–1899'' (autobiography, 1899)

See also

*List of peace activists
* List of suffragists and suffragettes
*List of women's rights activists
* Timeline of women's suffrage
*Ann Jarvis
* Gardiner, Maine, Howe's home for many years
*Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe House

References

Further reading

* Clifford, Deborah Pickman. ''Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of Julia Ward Howe''. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1978. .
* ''Sketches of Representative Women of New England''. Boston: New England Historical Pub. Co., 1904. .
* Richards, Laura Elizabeth. ''Julia Ward Howe, 1819–1910''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916. Two vol. .
* Showalter, Elaine. ''The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017. .

External links

Works and papers
*
*
*
Howe Papers
at Harvard University
Articles by Howe
Archive at "Making of America" project, Cornell University Library
Poetry
at Representative Poetry Online (University of Toronto)
*

' (1870)
Julia Ward Howe.org
Electronic archive of Howe's life and works

at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
*
Papers,1857–1961.Schlesinger Library
Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Papers of the Julia Ward Howe family, 1787–1984.Schlesinger Library
Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

Biographies
*

', biography by Laura E. Richards, online at the University of Pennsylvania
*Michals, Debra.
"Julia Ward Howe"
National Women's History Museum." 2015.

Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
Julia Ward Howe
at Answers.com
* Schowalter, Elaine.
The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017

marking where Howe wrote the Hymn

Other
*

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Activists from New York City
American abolitionists
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American feminists
American pacifists
American suffragists
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Converts to Unitarianism
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