Johann Caspar Kerll
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Johann Caspar Kerll (9 April 1627 – 13 February 1693) was a German
baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
composer A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. Etymology and Defi ...
and
organist An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ (music), organ. An organist may play organ repertoire, solo organ works, play with an musical ensemble, ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumentalist, instrumental ...
. He is also known as Kerl, Gherl, Giovanni Gasparo Cherll and Gaspard Kerle. Born in
Adorf Adorf () is a small town and municipality in the Vogtlandkreis to the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Gettengrün, a village within the municipality, borders on the Czech Republic. Etymology The name Adorf can be analysed as " ...
in the Electorate of Saxony as the son of an organist, Kerll showed outstanding musical abilities at an early age, and was taught by
Giovanni Valentini Giovanni Valentini (ca. 1582 – 29/30 April 1649) was an Italian Baroque composer, poet and keyboard virtuoso. Overshadowed by his contemporaries, Claudio Monteverdi and Heinrich Schütz, Valentini is practically forgotten today, although he ...
, court Kapellmeister at
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
. Kerll became one of the most acclaimed composers of his time, known both as a gifted composer and an outstanding teacher. He worked at
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
,
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
and
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
, and also travelled widely. His pupils included Agostino Steffani,
Franz Xaver Murschhauser Franz Xaver Anton Murschhauser (1 July 1663 – 6 January 1738) was a German composer and theorist. He was born in Saverne, Alsace, but he is first mentioned as a singer and instrumentalist at St Peter's School in Munich, in 1676. He studied mu ...
, and possibly Johann Pachelbel, and his influence is seen in works by Handel and
Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the '' Brandenburg Concertos''; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard w ...
: Handel frequently borrowed themes and fragments of music from Kerll's works, and Bach arranged the ''Sanctus'' movement from Kerll's ''Missa superba'' as
BWV The (BWV; ; ) is a catalogue of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was first published in 1950, edited by Wolfgang Schmieder. The catalogue's second edition appeared in 1990. An abbreviated version of that second edition, known as BWV2 ...
241, Sanctus in D major. Although Kerll was a well-known and influential composer, many of his works are currently lost. The losses are particularly striking in vocal music, with all 11 known operas and 24 offertories missing. The surviving oeuvre shows Kerll's mastery of the Italian concerted style, employed in almost all of his masses, and his highly developed contrapuntal technique. He was influenced by
Heinrich Schütz Heinrich Schütz (; 6 November 1672) was a German early Baroque composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the 17th century. He ...
in his sacred vocal music, and by
Girolamo Frescobaldi Girolamo Alessandro Frescobaldi (; also Gerolamo, Girolimo, and Geronimo Alissandro; September 15831 March 1643) was an Italian composer and virtuoso keyboard player. Born in the Duchy of Ferrara, he was one of the most important composers of k ...
in keyboard works.


Life

Kerll was the son of Caspar Kerll and Catharina Hendel (married 1626). He was born in 1627 in
Adorf Adorf () is a small town and municipality in the Vogtlandkreis to the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Gettengrün, a village within the municipality, borders on the Czech Republic. Etymology The name Adorf can be analysed as " ...
, where his father served as organist of the Michaeliskirche (appointed after building the church organ with Jacob Schädlich). Caspar Kerll probably gave music lessons to his son, who apparently demonstrated exceptional musical abilities; by 1641 he was already composing and sometime later during the early 1640s he was sent to Vienna to study under
Giovanni Valentini Giovanni Valentini (ca. 1582 – 29/30 April 1649) was an Italian Baroque composer, poet and keyboard virtuoso. Overshadowed by his contemporaries, Claudio Monteverdi and Heinrich Schütz, Valentini is practically forgotten today, although he ...
, court Kapellmeister and composer. Kerll's professional career started in Vienna, where he served as organist, and continued in approximately 1647/8, when
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (5 January 1614 – 20 November 1662), younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand III, was an Austrian soldier, administrator and patron of the arts. He held a number of military commands, with limited success, an ...
(then the governor of the
Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Países Bajos Españoles; Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden; French: Pays-Bas espagnols; German: Spanische Niederlande.) (historically in Spanish: ''Flandes'', the name "Flanders" was used as a ''pars pro toto'') was the Ha ...
) employed him as chamber organist for the new residential palace in
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
. During the following several years Kerll was somehow able to combine travelling with working in Brussels without losing his job. First, Leopold Wilhelm sent him to Rome to study under
Giacomo Carissimi (Gian) Giacomo Carissimi (; baptized 18 April 160512 January 1674) was an Italian composer and music teacher. He is one of the most celebrated masters of the early Baroque or, more accurately, the Roman School of music. Carissimi established the ...
. This was around 1648/9; Kerll must have met
Johann Jakob Froberger Johann Jakob Froberger (baptized 19 May 1616 – 7 May 1667) was a German Baroque composer, keyboard virtuoso, and organist. Among the most famous composers of the era, he was influential in developing the musical form of the suite of dances in hi ...
and might have studied with him. Returning to Brussels for a brief time, he left again in the winter of 1649–1650, travelling to
Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth larg ...
. He also attended the wedding of
Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered f ...
and
Marie-Anne of Austria Mariana of Austria ( es, Mariana de Austria) or Maria Anna (24 December 163416 May 1696) was Queen of Spain as the second wife of her uncle Philip IV of Spain from their marriage in 1649 until Philip died in 1665. She was then appointed regent fo ...
, visited Vienna several times in 1651 and 1652 and spent some time in Göttweig and
Moravia Moravia ( , also , ; cs, Morava ; german: link=yes, Mähren ; pl, Morawy ; szl, Morawa; la, Moravia) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The m ...
. Abraham van den Kerckhoven substituted for Kerll while he was away and ultimately succeeded him in 1655, when Kerll left. In February 1656 Kerll accepted a temporary post of Vice- Kapellmeister at the
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
court under
Elector Elector may refer to: * Prince-elector or elector, a member of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors * Elector, a member of an electoral college ** Confederate elector, a member of ...
Ferdinand Maria Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Electorate of Bavaria, Bavaria and an elector (''prince-elector, Kurfürst'') of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679. Electoral Prince of Bavaria He was born in M ...
. In March he succeeded Giovanni Giacomo Porro as court Kapellmeister. Kerll's fame started growing rapidly as he was given more and more important tasks. Particularly important of these are his opera ''Oronte'' (now lost), which inaugurated the Munich opera house in January 1657, and a vocal mass composed in 1658 for the coronation of
Emperor Leopold I Leopold I (Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician; hu, I. Lipót; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria An ...
at
Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
. While in Munich, Kerll married Anna Catharina Egermayer in 1657. The couple had eight children, but only one of them, the youngest son, pursued a career in music. The Munich years were especially important for Kerll: he was apparently favoured by Ferdinand Maria, who would provide support for the rest of Kerll's life; in 1664 he was ennobled by the emperor; in 1669 his first published works appeared: ''Delectus sacrarum cantionum'', a collection of vocal music, and a ''Missa pro defunctis'', both dedicated to Ferdinand Maria. Kerll gave up his post in Munich in 1673 for unclear reasons – it is believed that there was a particularly serious quarrel with other court musicians (Italian singers) which made him leave. Kerll did, however, maintain contact with Elector Ferdinand Maria until his death. In 1674 Kerll moved to Vienna. A pension was granted to him in 1675 by the emperor, who in 1677 employed him as one of his court organists. Although it has been suggested that Kerll might have worked at the
Stephansdom St. Stephen's Cathedral (german: Stephansdom) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, OP. The current Romanesque and Gothic form of the cathedra ...
, there is no proof. If he did, however, Johann Pachelbel would have been his deputy organist there. The 1679 plague, commemorated by Kerll in ''Modulatio organica'', a collection of liturgical organ music, resulted in Anna Catharina's death. He married Kunigunde Hilaris in 1682/3 and stayed in Vienna for the next 10 years, surviving the Turkish invasion of 1683, which he also commemorated in music in ''Missa in fletu solatium''. He visited Munich several times between 1684 and 1692, publishing his ''Modulatio organica'' (1686) and ''Missae sex'' (1689, dedicated to the emperor) there. At the end of 1692 Kerll relinquished his Vienna position and returned to Munich, where he died shortly afterwards.


Influence

Although Kerll was a renowned teacher during his lifetime, his pupils did not, in all probability, include any considerably important composers, although
Johann Joseph Fux Johann Joseph Fux (; – 13 February 1741) was an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era. His most enduring work is not a musical composition but his treatise on counterpoint, '' Gradus ad Parnassum'', which has ...
possibly studied with him for a time. Agostino Steffani is perhaps his best-known pupil. Kerll's influence on later composers, however, is undeniable. Johann Pachelbel studied Kerll's style, which is particularly obvious from his organ chaconnes, which are reminiscent of Kerll's ostinato works; he may have also studied with Kerll, although there is no proof. The two most important German composers of the late Baroque era,
Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the '' Brandenburg Concertos''; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard w ...
and
George Frideric Handel George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (; baptised , ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque music, Baroque composer well known for his opera#Baroque era, operas, oratorios, anthems, concerto grosso, concerti grossi, ...
, both studied Kerll's work: Bach arranged the Sanctus part of Kerll's ''Missa superba'' in his ''Sanctus in D major'' (
BWV The (BWV; ; ) is a catalogue of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was first published in 1950, edited by Wolfgang Schmieder. The catalogue's second edition appeared in 1990. An abbreviated version of that second edition, known as BWV2 ...
241), and Handel frequently borrowed themes, and sometimes whole pieces, from Kerll's canzonas (the theme from Canzona No. 6 is taken for ''Let all the Angels of God'' from ''Messiah'', ''Egypt was Glad'' from ''Israel in Egypt'' is practically similar to Canzona No. 4, etc.David R. Fuller, review of "Johann Caspar Kerll, The Collected Works for Keyboard. Edited by C. David Harris. ("The Art of the Keyboard," 2. New York: The Broude Trust, 1995.)" and "Johann Caspar Kerll, Four Suites. Edited by C. David Harris. ("The Art of the Keyboard," 2A. New York: The Broude Trust, 1991.))". Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music, Volume 3, No. 1 (1997
http://sscm-jscm.press.uiuc.edu/jscm/v3/no1/Fuller.html
, par. 6.1.
).


Works

Kerll was highly regarded by his contemporaries: many of his works were published during his lifetime. Particularly important are the many printed concerted masses, a collection of motets and sacred concertos entitled ''Delectus sacrarum cantionum'' (Munich, 1669) and ''Modulatio organica super Magnificat octo ecclesiasticis tonis respondens'' (Munich, 1686), which contains liturgical organ music. Kerll was not an especially prolific composer, so the surviving works are relatively few. Much of his music was lost, including 11
opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librett ...
s (which he was most famous for during his lifetime), 25 offertories, four masses, litanies, chamber sonatas and miscellaneous keyboard works.


Keyboard music

The surviving keyboard music is cast in the typical southern German style, combining strict German counterpoint with Italian styles and techniques; Frescobaldi and especially Froberger were the most important influences. Most of Kerll's keyboard works are playable on both
pipe organ The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air (called ''wind'') through the organ pipes selected from a keyboard. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called ''ranks ...
and harpsichord, the exceptions are four dance suites composed for harpsichord and two organ toccatas: ''Toccata quarta Cromatica con Durezze e Ligature'' and ''Toccata sesta per il pedali''. Partial chronology can be established using Kerll's (incomplete) catalogue of his own works which is included in the 1686 ''Modulatio organica'' (it is the earliest surviving thematic catalogue of a specific composer's works): it lists 22 pieces, 18 of which were composed by 1676 at the latest. The earliest known composition by Kerll, '' Ricercata à 4 in A'' (also known as ''Ricercata in Cylindrum phonotacticum transferanda''), was published in 1650 in Rome. Kerll's eight
toccata Toccata (from Italian ''toccare'', literally, "to touch", with "toccata" being the action of touching) is a virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered or otherwise virtu ...
s (that correspond to the eight
church modes A Gregorian mode (or church mode) is one of the eight systems of pitch organization used in Gregorian chant. History The name of Pope Gregory I was attached to the variety of chant that was to become the dominant variety in medieval western and ...
) alternate between free and strict contrapuntal sections, sometimes in contrasting meters. Frequent use of 12/8
gigue The gigue (; ) or giga () is a lively baroque dance originating from the English jig. It was imported into France in the mid-17th centuryBellingham, Jane"gigue."''The Oxford Companion to Music''. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 6 July 20 ...
-like endings is similar to Froberger's toccatas. The four dance suites are also reminiscent of Froberger's suites, yet two of them contain variation movements. Kerll's canzonas consist, typically for the time, of several fugal sections; some also have toccata-like passagework embedded in the development of cadences. Two ostinato works survive, a passacaglia and a chaconne, both built on a descending bass pattern; the passacaglia is perhaps Kerll's most well-known work. The two best known keyboard pieces by Kerll are both programmatic, descriptive pieces. ''Battaglia'' is a descriptive piece in C major, over 200 bars long and featuring numerous repeats of fanfare-like themes, it is also attributed to
Juan Bautista Cabanilles Juan Bautista José Cabanilles (also Juan Bautista Josep, Valencian: Joan) (6 September 1644 in Algemesí near Valencia – 29 April 1712 in Valencia) was a Spanish organist and composer at Valencia Cathedral. He is considered by many to have be ...
. ''Capriccio sopra il Cucu'' is based on an imitation of the
cuckoo Cuckoos are birds in the Cuculidae family, the sole taxon in the order Cuculiformes . The cuckoo family includes the common or European cuckoo, roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis. The coucals and anis are sometimes separ ...
's call, which is heard more than 200 times in the piece. It is modelled after Frescobaldi's piece based on the same idea, ''Capriccio sopra il cucho'', but is more structurally and harmonically complex. The idea of repeating a particular theme in Kerll's music reaches its extreme in the ''Magnificat tertii toni'', where a fugue subject consists of sixteen repeated E's.


Vocal and chamber music

Kerll wrote numerous non-keyboard works, especially during the Munich years: while he was reviving the court chapel ensemble of the Munich court, Kerll must have composed a wealth of chamber music, and all operas (around 10 or 11) were also all composed in Munich, starting with the ''Oronte'' of 1657. Kerll's chamber works include a canzona for two
violin The violin, sometimes known as a ''fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone (string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in the family in regular ...
s,
viola da gamba The viol (), viola da gamba (), or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch ...
and
basso continuo Basso continuo parts, almost universal in the Baroque era (1600–1750), provided the harmonic structure of the music by supplying a bassline and a chord progression. The phrase is often shortened to continuo, and the instrumentalists playing th ...
and three sonatas. Most vocal works employ an advanced
concertato Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a ''genre'' or a ''style'' of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody, usually in alternation, and almost always over a basso continuo. The term derives from ...
technique; the requiem mass ''Missa pro defunctis'' from 1669, scored for five voices with no accompaniment, is a notable exception. The works of ''Delectus sacrarum cantionum'', motets and sacred concertos for 2–5 voices, are sectional compositions alternating between imitative writing and free, highly ornamented parts. They are reminiscent of
Heinrich Schütz Heinrich Schütz (; 6 November 1672) was a German early Baroque composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the 17th century. He ...
's pieces from ''Kleine geistliche Concerte''. Six of the surviving masses were published during Kerll's lifetime as ''Missae sex, cum instrumentis concertantibus, e vocibus in ripieno, adjuncta una pro defunctis cum seq. Dies irae'' (Munich, 1689). The complex imitative counterpoint that dominates Kerll's chamber music is also present in most of his sacred vocal works: in ''Missa non sine quare'' every movement ends with a grand fugue, a similar technique is seen in ''Missa Renovationis'' (which is almost entirely based on five themes used for the Kyrie movement), where every division of the mass also closes with a large fugal section. Stretto entries of a highly chromatic subject in works like ''Missa in fletu solatium'' result in strong dissonances (the mass in question, commemorating the events of a Turkish siege that cost Kerll's friend,
Alessandro Poglietti Alessandro Poglietti (early 17th century – July 1683) was a Baroque organist and composer of unknown origin. In the second half of the 17th century Poglietti settled in Vienna, where he attained an extremely high reputation, becoming one of ...
, his life, contains a continuo part that includes an "avoid consonances" warning from the composer).


List of works


Published during the composer's lifetime

* ''Ricercata a 4 in A'' for keyboard instrument – published in
Athanasius Kircher Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works, most notably in the fields of comparative religion, geology, and medicine. Kircher has been compared to fe ...
's ''
Musurgia universalis ''Musurgia Universalis, sive Ars Magna Consoni et Dissoni'' ("The Universal Musical Art, of the Great Art of Consonance and Dissonance") is a 1650 work by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher. It was printed in Rome by Ludovico Grignani and dedi ...
'' (Rome, 1650) * ''Delectus sacrarum cantionum'' (Munich, 1669), 26 motets for 2–5 voices * ''Modulatio organica super Magnificat octo ecclesiasticis tonis respondens'' (Munich, 1686), Magnificat versets for organ, covering all eight church modes * ''Missae sex, cum instrumentis concertantibus, e vocibus in ripieno, adjuncta una pro defunctis cum seq. Dies irae'' (Munich, 1689), a collection of concertato masses


Surviving in manuscripts


Vocal

* ''Missa a 3 chori'' * ''Missa cujus toni'' * ''Missa nigra'' * ''Missa pro defunctis'' (1669) * ''Missa quasi modo genita'' * ''Missa Quid vobis videtur'' (1670) * ''Missa superba'' (1674) * ''Missa volante'' * 3 untitled masses with only Kyrie and Gloria movements, 1 untitled mass with only the Sanctus movement * 16 sacred works on Latin texts, 3 on German texts * ''Pia et fortis mulier S Natalia S Adriani martyris coniuge expressa'', school play (Vienna, 1677) * a secular cantata on German text * a secular duet on Italian text


Keyboard

* 11 toccatas (8 a separate cycle, 3 more in another source) * 6 canzonas * 5 versets * 4 suites * 2 preludes In addition to these, an assortment of other keyboard pieces survives: a chaconne, a passacaglia, a battaglia, a ''Capriccio sopra il cucu'' and an aria with two variations.


Other instrumental

* Canzona for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo * 2 sonatas for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo * Sonata modi dorii for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo * Sonata for two violins, two violas and basso continuo


Lost works

* 25 offertories * 11 operas * 4 masses * Other works, including litanies and sonatas


List of operas

*''Oronte'' (Alcaini, 1657) *''Applausi Festivi'' (1658) *''Ardelia'' (1660) *''Erinto'' (1661) *''Antiopa giustificata'' (1662) *''L'amor della patria superiore al' ogn' altro'' (1665) *''Atalanta'' (1667) *''Amor tiranno ovvero Regnero innamorato'' (1672)


References

* Mattheson, Johann. ''Johann Mattheson's Der Vollkommene Capellmeister: A Revised Translation with Critical Commentary'', Theosophical Classics Series, UMI Research Press (January, 1981). * Rampe, Siegbert; Rockstroh, Andreas. 'Johann Kaspar Kerll',
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and theo ...
. * Walther, Johann Gottfried. ''Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec. Neusatz des Textes und der Noten'', Bärenreiter (June 1, 2001).


Notes


External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerll, Johann Caspar 1627 births 1693 deaths People from Vogtlandkreis People from the Electorate of Saxony German Baroque composers German classical composers German classical organists Organists and composers in the South German tradition German male organists 17th-century classical composers German male classical composers 17th-century male musicians Male classical organists