Jaya Prakash Narayan
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Jayaprakash Narayan (; 11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or ''Lok Nayak'' ( Hindi for "People's leader"), was an Indian independence activist, theorist, socialist and political leader. He is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; Given name, ''née'' Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was elected as third prime minister of India in 1966 ...
, for whose overthrow he had called for a "
total revolution The JP movement also known as Bihar Movement was a political movement initiated by students in the Indian state of Bihar in 1974 and led by the veteran Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP, against misrule and corruptio ...
". His biography, ''Jayaprakash,'' was written by his nationalist friend and the writer of Hindi literature, Rambriksh Benipuri. In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social service. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.


Early life

Jayprakash Narayan was born on 11 October 1902 in the village of Sitabdiara, Ballia district, United Provinces, British India (present-day Saran district, Bihar, India). Sitabdiara is a large village, straddling two states and three districts — Saran and Bhojpur in Bihar and Ballia in Uttar Pradesh. His house was near the banks of the flood-prone Ghaghara river. Every time the river swelled, the house would get a little bit damaged, eventually forcing the family to move a few kilometres away to a settlement which is now known as Jay Prakash Nagar and falls in Uttar Pradesh. He came from a Srivastava
Kayastha Kayastha (also referred to as Kayasth) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally locatedthe Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India, the C ...
family. He was the fourth child of Harsu Dayal and Phul Rani Devi. His father Harsu Dayal was a junior official in the Canal Department of the State government and was often touring the region. When Narayan was 9 years old, he left his village to enroll in the seventh class of the collegiate school at Patna. This was his first break from village life. JP stayed at a student hostel—Saraswati Bhawan—in which most of the boys were a bit older. Among them were some of Bihar's future leaders including its first chief minister, Krishna Singh, his deputy
Anugrah Narayan Sinha Anugrah Narayan Sinha (18 June 1887 – 5 July 1957), known as '' Bihar Vibhuti'', was an Indian nationalist statesman, participant in Champaran Satyagraha, Gandhian & one of the architects of modern Bihar, who was the first Deputy Chief Minis ...
and several others who were to widely become known in politics and academic world. In October 1918, Narayan married Braj Kishore Prasad's elder daughter
Prabhavati Devi Prabhavati Devi Narayan ('' née'' Prasad; 1904 – 15 April 1973) was an Indian independence activist from the present-day state of Bihar, and wife of Indian independence and social activist, Jayprakash Narayan. Early life and family She was b ...
, a freedom fighter in her own right. After their wedding, since Narayan was working in Patna and it was difficult for his wife to stay with him, on the invitation of Gandhi, Prabhavati became an inmate at Sabarmati Ashram (
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad ( ; Gujarati: Amdavad ) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per t ...
). Jayaprakash, along with some friends, went to listen to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad speak about the Non-co-operation movement launched by Gandhi against the passing of the Rowlatt Act of 1919. The Maulana was a brilliant orator and his call to give up English education was "like leaves before a storm: Jayaprakash was swept away and momentarily lifted up to the skies. That brief experience of soaring up with the winds of a great idea left imprints on his inner being". Jayaprakash took the Maulana's words to heart and left Bihar National College with just 20 days remaining for his examinations. Jayaprakash joined the Bihar Vidyapeeth, a college founded by Rajendra Prasad and became among the first students of Gandhian Anugraha Narayan Sinha.


Higher education in the United States

After exhausting the courses at the Vidyapeeth, Jayaprakash decided to continue studies in the United States. At age 20, Jayaprakash sailed aboard the cargo ship ''Janus'' while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. Jayaprakash reached California on 8 October 1922 and was admitted to
Berkeley Berkeley most often refers to: *Berkeley, California, a city in the United States **University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California * George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher Berkeley may also refer ...
in January 1923. To pay for his education, Jayaprakash picked grapes, set them out to dry, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, worked as a mechanic at a garage and at a slaughterhouse, sold lotions and taught. All these jobs gave Jayaprakash an insight into the difficulties of the working class. After a semester studying chemistry at UC Berkeley, Jayaprakash was forced to transfer to The University of Iowa when fees at Berkeley were doubled. He was forced to transfer to many universities thereafter. He pursued his favourite subject, sociology, and received much help from Professor Edward Ross. In Wisconsin, Jayaprakash was introduced to Karl Marx's '' Das Kapital''. News of the success of the Bolsheviks in Russian Civil War made Jayaprakash conclude that Marxism was the way to alleviate the suffering of the masses. He delved into books by Indian intellectual and Communist theoretician
M. N. Roy Manabendra Nath Roy (born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, better known as M. N. Roy; 21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954) was an Indian revolutionary, radical activist and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century. Roy ...
. His paper on sociology, ''Cultural Variation'', was declared the best of the year. He obtained M.A., Sociology from University of Wisconsin, and B. A., in Behavioral Science from Ohio State University.


Politics

Narayan returned from the US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist. He joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; Mahatma Gandhi became his mentor in the Congress. He shared a house at ''Kadam Kuan'' in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) with whom he shared the most cordial and lasting friendship. He won particular fame during the
Quit India The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule i ...
movement. After being jailed in 1930 for
civil disobedience Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hen ...
against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in
Nasik Nashik (, Marathi: aːʃik, also called as Nasik ) is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Situated on the banks of river Godavari, Nashik is the third largest city in Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Pune. Nashik ...
Jail, where he met
Ram Manohar Lohia Ram Manohar Lohia ; (23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an activist in the Indian independence movement and a socialist political leader. During the last phase of British rule in India, he worked with the Congress Radio which was broadcast s ...
,
Minoo Masani Minocher Rustom "Minoo" Masani (20 November 1905 – 27 May 1998) was an Indian politician, a leading figure of the erstwhile Swatantra Party. He was a three-time Member of Parliament, representing Gujarat's Rajkot constituency in the second, ...
,
Achyut Patwardhan Achyut Patwardhan (5 February 1905 – 5 August 1992) was an Indian independence activist and political leader and founder of the Socialist Party of India. He was also a philosopher who believed fundamental change in society begins with man hi ...
,
Ashok Mehta Ashok Mehta (1947 – 15 August 2012) was a noted national film award-winning Indian film cinematographer, known for films such as '' Bandit Queen'' (1994), '' 36 Chowringhee Lane'' (1981) and ''Utsav'' (1984). He won the National Film Award f ...
,
Basawon Singh Basawon Singh or Basawan Singh also known as Basawon Sinha, (23 March 1909 7 April 1989) was an Indian independence activist and a campaigner for the rights of the underprivileged, industrial labourers and agricultural workers. He spent a tot ...
, Yusuf Desai, C K Narayanaswami and other national leaders. After his release, the Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with
Acharya Narendra Deva Acharya Narendra Deva (; also Dev; 30 October 1889 – 19 February 1956) was one of the leading theorists of the Congress Socialist Party in India. His democratic socialism renounced violent means as a matter of principle and embraced the ''sat ...
as president and Narayan as General secretary. When Mahatma Gandhi launched the
Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in ...
in August 1942,
Yogendra Shukla Yogendra Shukla (1896 – 19 November 1960) was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter from Bihar. He served in the Cellular Jail (''Kalapani''), and he was among the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Along with ...
scaled the wall of Hazaribagh Central Jail along with Jayaprakash Narayan, Suraj Narayan Singh, Gulab Chand Gupta,
Pandit Ramnandan Mishra Pandit Ramnandan Mishra (1905–1989) was an Indian nationalist who fought for India's freedom from British rule. Life Ramnandan Mishra was born in Darbhanga in 1905. He was a member of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee from 1927–1934. He par ...
, Shaligram Singh and Shyam Barthwar, with a goal to start an underground movement for freedom. Many young socialist leaders like
Ram Manohar Lohia Ram Manohar Lohia ; (23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an activist in the Indian independence movement and a socialist political leader. During the last phase of British rule in India, he worked with the Congress Radio which was broadcast s ...
, Chhotubhai Puranik,
Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali (''née'' Ganguly; 16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996) was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National fl ...
, etc. took part in underground movement. As Jayaprakash Narayan was ill,
Yogendra Shukla Yogendra Shukla (1896 – 19 November 1960) was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter from Bihar. He served in the Cellular Jail (''Kalapani''), and he was among the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Along with ...
walked to
Gaya Gaya may refer to: Geography Czech Republic *Gaya (German and Latin), Kyjov (Hodonín District), a town Guinea * Gaya or Gayah, a town India *Gaya, India, a city in Bihar **Gaya Airport *Bodh Gaya, a town in Bihar near Gaya *Gaya district, Bi ...
with Jayaprakash Narayan on his shoulders, a distance of about 124 kilometres. He also served as the Chairman of ''Anugrah Smarak Nidhi'' (Anugrah Narayan Memorial Fund). Between 1947 and 1953, Jayaprakash Narayan was President of
All India Railwaymen's Federation The All India Railwaymen's Federation (AIRF) is the largest trade union of Indian Railways workers with a membership of 1.4 million. AIRF was founded on 16 February 1925.. It is affiliated with the socialist trade union centre Hind Mazdoor Sabha. ...
, the largest labour union in the Indian Railways.


Bihar Movement and Total Revolution

Narayan returned to prominence in State politics in the late 1960s. 1974 ushered in a year of high inflation, unemployment and lack of supplies and essential commodities.
Nav Nirman ''Navnirman Andolan'' (Re-invention or Re-construction movement) was a socio-political movement in 1974 in Gujarat by students and middle-class people against economic crisis and corruption in public life. It is the only successful agitation in t ...
Andolan movement of Gujarat asked Jayaprakash to lead a peaceful agitation. Following Jayaprakash Narayan's call for social justice, and a demand for dissolution of the Bihar assembly. The Bihar government used brutal force to suppress the movement and on 18 March 1974, police fired on unarmed demonstrators and eight people were killed in police firing. On 8 April 1974, aged 72, he led a silent procession at Patna. As, Jayaprakash Narayan crossed the barricaded area followed by Satyendra Narain Sinha, Shyam Nandan Mishra, Digvijay Narayan Singh & B.R. Chandwar, the procession was
lathi charge A baton charge is a coordinated tactic for dispersing crowds of people, usually used by police or military in response to public disorder. In South Asia, a long bamboo stick, called ''lathi'' in Hindi, is used for crowd control, and the expressi ...
d. On 5 June 1974, Jayaprakash addressed a large crowd at Gandhi Maidan in Patna. He declared, "This is a revolution, friends! We are not here merely to see the Vidhan Sabha dissolved. That is only one milestone on our journey. But we have a long way to go... After 27 years of freedom, people of this country are wracked by hunger, rising prices, corruption... oppressed by every kind of injustice... it is a Total Revolution we want, nothing less!" In 1974, he led the students' movement in the state of Bihar which gradually developed into a popular people's movement known as the Bihar Movement. It was during this movement that JP gave a call for peaceful Total Revolution. Together with
V. M. Tarkunde Vithal Mahadeo Tarkunde (3 July 1909 in Saswad – 22 March 2004 in Delhi), was a prominent Indian lawyer, civil rights activist, and humanist leader and has been referred to as the "Father of the Civil Liberties movement" in India and a former j ...
, he founded the Citizens for Democracy in 1974 and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 1976, both NGOs, to uphold and defend civil liberties.


Emergency

Indira Gandhi was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the
Allahabad High Court Allahabad High Court, also known as High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is the high court based in Prayagraj that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 March 1866, making it one of the oldest high ...
. Narayan called for Indira and the CMs to resign and the military and police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders. He advocated a program of social transformation which he termed ''Sampoorna kraanti'', "total revolution". Immediately afterwards, Gandhi proclaimed a national Emergency on the midnight of 25 June 1975. Desai, opposition leaders, and dissenting members of her own party were arrested that day. Jayaprakash Narayan attracted a gathering of 100,000 people at the
Ramlila grounds Ramlila Maidan also Ramlila Ground is a large ground located in New Delhi, India, traditionally used for staging the annual Ramlila. It is used for religious festivals, major political rallies and meetings, and entertainment events. It is locat ...
and thunderously recited ''Rashtrakavi''
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' Ramdhari Singh (23 September 1908 – 24 April 1974), known by his pen name Dinkar, was an Indian Hindi and Maithili language poet, essayist, freedom fighter, patriot and academic. He emerged as a poet of rebellion as a consequence of his ...
's wonderfully evocative poetry: ''Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai''. Narayan was kept as ''detenu'' at Chandigarh even after he asked for one month parole to mobilise relief in flooded parts of Bihar. His health suddenly deteriorated on 24 October, and he was released on 12 November; diagnosis at
Jaslok Hospital Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre is a private hospital located in Mumbai was founded by philanthropist Seth Lokoomal Chanrai along with surgeon Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta. The hospital was formally inaugurated on 6 July 1973 by the erstwhile ...
, Bombay, revealed kidney failure; he would be on dialysis for the rest of his life. In the UK,
Surur Hoda Surur Hoda (1928-2003), also known as M. S. Hoda, was a socialist politician and trade unionist who believed in the ideals promoted by Mahatma Gandhi. Life Hoda was born in Chhapra in India, on 5 May 1928 into a Muslim family. He obtained an en ...
launched the "Free JP" campaign chaired by Nobel Peace Prize winner Noel-Baker for the release of Jayaprakash Narayan. Indira Gandhi revoked the emergency on 18 January 1977 and announced elections. The Janata Party, a vehicle for the broad spectrum of the opposition to Indira Gandhi, was formed under JP's guidance. The Janata Party was voted into power and became the first non-Congress party to form a government at the centre. On the call of Narayan, many youngsters joined the JP movement.


Death

Narayan died in Patna, Bihar, on 8 October 1979, three days before his 77th birthday, due to effects of diabetes and heart ailments. In March 1979, while he was in hospital, his death had been erroneously announced by the Indian prime minister, Morarji Desai, causing a grief wave of national mourning, including the suspension of parliament and regular radio broadcasting, and the closure of schools and shops. When he was told about the gaffe a few weeks later, he smiled.


Family

At the age of 17, Jayaprakash was married to
Prabhavati Devi Prabhavati Devi Narayan ('' née'' Prasad; 1904 – 15 April 1973) was an Indian independence activist from the present-day state of Bihar, and wife of Indian independence and social activist, Jayprakash Narayan. Early life and family She was b ...
, daughter of lawyer and nationalist Brij Kishore Prasad in October 1919. Prabhavati was very independent and on Gandhi's invitation, went to stay at his ashram while Jayaprakash continued his studies. Prabhavati Devi died on 15 April 1973 after a long battle with cancer.


Awards

* Bharat Ratna, 1999 (Posthumous) for Public Affairs: It is India's highest civilian award. *Rashtrabhushan Award of
FIE Foundation FIE Foundation is a charity trust established in 1970, belongs to 'Fie Group of Industries' Ichalkaranji, in Maharashtra State of India. Background Mr. P. D. Kulkarni ( Panditkaka Daji Kulkarni), The Chairman of FIE Group, who was also the tr ...
, Ichalkaranji *
Ramon Magsaysay Award The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: ''Gawad Ramon Magsaysay'') is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealis ...
, 1965 for Public Service.


Sites named after Jayaprakash Narayan

* * The
Patna Airport Jayprakash Narayan International Airport is an international airport serving Patna, the capital of Bihar, India. It is named after the independence activist and political leader, Jayprakash Narayan. It is the 14th busiest airport in India. To ...
* On 1 August 2015, the Chhapra-Delhi-Chhapra Weekly Express was renamed as Loknayak Express in his honour. * JP Setu the Digha-Sonpur Bridge, a rail-road bridge across river
Ganga The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states." is ...
in Bihar *
Jayaprakash Narayan Nagar Jayaprakash Nagar may refer to: * Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore, a neighbourhood in Bangalore, India ** Jayaprakash Nagar metro station * Jayaprakash Nagar, Mysore Jayaprakash Narayan Nagara, popularly known as J. P. Nagar, is one of the r ...
(JP Nagar) a residential area in Bangalore. * Jayaprakash Nagar (JP Nagar) a residential area in Mysore. * Lok Nayak Hospital (hospital in New Delhi *
Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science National Forensic Science University, Delhi (Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science) is the Delhi Campus of the National Forensic Sciences University and an Institution of National Importance under the ...
(college in New Delhi) *
JP University JP may refer to: Arts and media * ''JP'' (album), 2001, by American singer Jesse Powell * ''Jp'' (magazine), an American Jeep magazine * ''Jönköpings-Posten'', a Swedish newspaper * Judas Priest, an English heavy metal band * ''Jurassic Park ...
(University in Saran District)


Artistic depictions of JP

* Prakash Jha directed a 112-minute film "
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan (; 11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or ''Lok Nayak'' (Hindi for "People's leader"), was an Indian independence activist, theorist, socialist and political leader. He is remembered for le ...
", based on the life of Jaya Prakash Narayan (JP). Chetan Pandit played the role of JP in that film. * Achyut Potdar played role of JP in ABP News show Pradhanmantri (TV Series) and Aaj Tak Aandolan.


References


Further reading and bibliography

*Braja Kishore Prasad: The Hero of Many Battles by Sachidanand Sinha; National Book Trust, India, New Delhi; 2018; *Red Fugitive: Jayaprakash Narayan by H L Singh Dewans Publications Lahore 1946 *Life and Time of Jayaprakash Narayan by J S Bright Dewans Publications Lahore 1946 *J.P: His Biography, Allan and Wendy Scarfe, Orient Longmans New Delhi 1975 *Jayaprakash: Rebel Extraordinary, by Lakshmi Narayan Lal, Indian Book Company New Delhi 1975 *Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan, by Suresh Ram Macmillan Co. Delhi 1974 *Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan by Farooq Argali Janata Pocket Books Delhi 1977. * Bimal Prasad (editor). 1980. ''A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan.'' Oxford University Press, Delhi * Jai Prakash Narain, ''Jayaprakash Narayan, Essential Writings, 1929–1979: A Centenary Volume, 1902–2002,'' Konark Publishers (2002) * Dr. Kawaljeet, ''J.P.'s Total Revolution and Humanism'' (Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2002). * Dr. Ramendra (editor), ''Jayaprakash Vichar Sankalan''
indi Indi may refer to: *Mag-indi language *Division of Indi, an electoral division in the Australian House of Representatives *Indi, Karnataka, a town in the state of Karnataka, India *Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface, a distributed control sys ...
(Patna: Rajendra Prakashan, 1986). * Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, ''Leftism in India: 1917–1947'' (London and New Delhi: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). * Radhakanta Barik, ''Politics of the JP Movement'' (Radiant Publications, Delhi, 1977) * MG Devashayam, ''JP Movement Emergency and India's Second Freedom'' (Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2012). *Why Socialism, 1936 *War Circulars, 1–4 CSP, Lucknow *Inside Lahore Fort, Sahityalaya Patna 1947 *Nation Building in India – JP Narayan *Three Basic Problems of India. From Socialism to Sarvodaya, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1957 *A Plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1959 *Swaraj for the People, Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Varansi 1961 *Sarvodaya Answer to Chinese Aggression, Sarvodaya Prachuralaya Tanjore 1963 *Face to Face, Navchetna Prakashan, Varansi 1970 *Prison Diary, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha Calcutta 1976 and Popular Prakashan, Bombay 1977. *Towards Struggle, edited by Yusuf Meherally, Padma Publications, Bombay 1946, 47 *Socialism, Sarvodaya and Democracy, edited by Bimal Prasad, Asia Publishing House Bombay 1964 *Communitarian Society and Panchayti Raj, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varansi 1970 *Nation-Building in India, edited by Brahmanand Navchetna Prakashan Varansi 1974 *Towards Revolution, edited by Bhargava and Phadnis, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1975 *J.P's Jail Life (A Collection of Personal Letters) translated by G S Bhargava, Arnold-Heinemann New Delhi 1977 *Towards Total Revolution, edited by Brahmanand Popular Prakashan Bombay 1978 *J P:Profile of a non-conformist, Interviews by Bhola Chatterji, Minerva Associates, Calcutta, 1979 *To All Fighters of Freedom II, A Revolutionary's Quest-selected writings of Jayprakash Narayan, edited by Bimal Prasad Oxford University Press New Delhi 1980 *Concept of Total Revolution: An Introductory Essay(JP and social change) by Bimal Prasad


External links


A plea for the reconstruction of Indian polity




{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Jayaprakash 1902 births 1979 deaths People from Ballia district Janata Party politicians Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar Bihari politicians Indian independence activists from Bihar Indian pacifists Indian socialists Politicians from Patna The Emergency (India) Social workers Prisoners and detainees of British India English-language writers from India Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India) Indian social reformers University of Iowa alumni Ohio State University alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Social workers from Bihar Praja Socialist Party politicians