The Japanese is the

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

ese domestic counterpart to the

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

Red List of Threatened Species. The national Red List is compiled and maintained by the Ministry of the Environment, alongside a separate Red List for marine organisms. Similarly drawing on the relevant scientific authorities, NGOs, and local governments, the Ministry of the Environment also prepares and publishes a that provides further information on species and habitats. The first Red List was published by the then Environmental Agency as part of the first Red Data Book in 1991; in 2020, the fifth edition of the fourth version of the Red List was published. In line with the Marine Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, decided upon by the Ministry in 2011, in 2017 the first Marine Life Red List was published, excluding species subject to international agreements, such as those within the remit of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) (''e.g.'', Pacific bluefin tuna) and International Whaling Commission (IWC), species under evaluation by the Fisheries Agency, smaller

Cetacea Cetacea (; , ) is an infraorder of aquatic mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel them ...

ns, and those already evaluated for the Red List. With the renewed focus on evaluating the rarity or otherwise of marine life in line with the National Biodiversity Strategy 2012–2020, using the same evaluation criteria and categories as the Ministry of the Environment, and working in collaboration with the Ministry, the Fisheries Agency has also produced a Red List of marine resources and smaller

ns, excluding species subject to international agreements, such as those in the remit of the WCPFC and IWC. Evaluations of 94 species were published in 2017, all falling outside the rankings (''i.e.'', being of Least Concern), other than '' Pleuronichthys japonicus'' (Data Deficient). The Red List (and Red Data Book) itself has no legal force but is intended to be used to provide information and to serve as a "warning to society". Appropriate action may be taken under the 1992 ''Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Act'' a

Classification

As of the 2020 edition, thirteen taxa are used for classification purposes by the Ministry of the Environment: * Fauna ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * Flora ** ** ** ** ** Five further taxa are used for the Marine Life Red List: :* :* :* :* :* The following categories are used to indicate organisms' conservation status specifically within Japan; where a species or

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

is endemic, the status EX (

Extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

) is indicative of its global status. Dugong Marsa Alam

Statistics

Extinct taxa

* Mammals: Hokkaido wolf (''Canis lupus hattai''), Japanese wolf (''Canis lupus hodophilax''), Japanese river otter (''Lutra lutra nippon''), Hokkaido river otter (''Lutra lutra whiteleyi''),

Okinawa flying fox The Okinawa flying fox (''Pteropus loochoensis'') is a species of megabat in the genus ''Pteropus''. It is endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, co ...

(''Pteropus loochoensis'') , (''Rhinolophus pumilus miyakonis''), Bonin pipistrelle (''Pipistrellus sturdeei'') * Birds:

Crested shelduck The crested shelduck (''Tadorna cristata''), or Korean crested shelduck, is a species of bird in the family Anatidae. It is critically endangered and may be extinct. The male crested shelduck has a greenish-black crown, breast, primaries, and t ...

(''Tadorna cristata'') ,

Ryukyu wood pigeon The Ryukyu wood pigeon (''Columba jouyi''), otherwise known as the silver-banded or silver-crescented pigeon is an extinct species of bird in the Columba genus in the family Columbidae. This wood pigeon was endemic to the Laurel forest habitat ...

(''Columba jouyi'') ,

Bonin wood pigeon The Bonin wood pigeon (''Columba versicolor'') was a pigeon endemic to Nakodo-jima and Chichi-jima in the Ogasawara Islands, south of Japan. It is known from four recorded specimens, the first from 1827 and the last from 1889. They averaged a le ...

(''Columba versicolor'') ,

Bonin nankeen night heron The Bonin nankeen night heron (''Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris'') is an extinct subspecies of the nankeen night heron. Description The Bonin nankeen night heron was described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1839 based on reports by Heinr ...

(''Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris'') , Iwo Jima rail (''Porzana cinerea brevipes'') , Daito buzzard (''Buteo buteo oshiroi''),

Ryukyu kingfisher The Ryukyu kingfisher (''Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis'') is an enigmatic taxon of tree kingfisher. It is extinct and is only known from a single specimen. Its taxonomic status is doubtful; it is most likely a subspecies of the Guam kin ...

(''Todiramphus miyakoensis''), Tristram's woodpecker (''Dryocopus javensis richardsi''), Izu

Peregrine falcon The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan bird of prey (Bird of prey, raptor) in the family (biology), family Falco ...

(''Falco peregrinus furuitii''),

Daito varied tit The Daito varied tit is an extinct subspecies of the varied tit. It was formerly found on Kita Daitō-jima and Minami Daitō-jima in the Daitō group east of the Okinawa Islands, but became extinct around 1940. It seems that the last specimens ...

, (''Poecile varius orii''),

Mukojima white-eye The Mukojima white-eye (''Apalopteron familiare familiare''), incorrectly known as the Mukojima honeyeater, is the extinct nominate subspecies of the Bonin white-eye (formerly Bonin honeyeater). It occurred on Muko-jima and Nakodo-jima in the ...

(''Apalopteron familiare familiare''),

Daito wren The Daito wren (''Troglodytes troglodytes orii'') is a controversial subspecies of the Eurasian wren. It is known only by the type specimen, a male collected in 1938 on Minami Daitō-jima, the main island of the Daito Archipelago east of Okinaw ...

(''Troglodytes troglodytes orii''), Bonin thrush (''Cichlopasser terrestris'') , Southern Ryukyu robin (''Luscinia komadori subrufus''), Bonin grosbeak (''Chaunoproctus ferreorostris'') * Brackish and Freshwater Fish:

Green sturgeon The green sturgeon (''Acipenser medirostris'') is a species of sturgeon native to the northern Pacific Ocean, from China and Russia to Canada and the United States. Description Sturgeons are among the largest and most ancient of ray finn ...

(''Acipenser medirostris''), ''

Gnathopogon elongatus ''Gnathopogon elongatus'' is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus ''Gnathopogon ''Gnathopogon'' is a genus of cyprinid fish found in eastern Asia. There are currently nine species in this genus. Species ''Gnathopogon'' has the following ...

suwae'', Amur stickleback (''Pungitius kaibarae'') * Insects: ''

Ishikawatrechus ''Ishikawatrechus'' is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 30 described species in ''Ishikawatrechus'', found in Japan. Species These 32 species belong to the genus ''Ishikawatrechus'': * ''Ishikawatrechus annulus'' Suga ...

intermedius'', ''

Rakantrechus ''Rakantrechus'' is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 20 described species in ''Rakantrechus'', found in Japan. Species These 27 species belong to the genus ''Rakantrechus'': * ''Rakantrechus andoi'' Ueno, 1959 * ''Rak ...

elegans'', ''

Prodaticus ''Prodaticus'' is a subgenus of beetles of the genus ''Hydaticus'' in the family Dytiscidae. These 143 species are in the subgenus ''Prodaticus'': * '' Hydaticus abyssinicus'' Régimbart, 1905 * '' Hydaticus aequabilis'' Guignot, 1958 * ''Hyd ...

satoi'' a ''

Macroplea japana ''Macroplea japana'' is a species of beetle from the family of leaf beetles of the subfamily Donaciinae. Beetle is up to 6 mm. in length. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of ''Macroplea mutica''. Distribution The beetle can ...

'' * Molluscs: ''

Ogasawarana chichijimana ''Ogasawarana chichijimana'' is a species of land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Helicinidae, the helicinids. Distribution This species is endemic to Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formal ...

'' , ''

Ogasawarana habei ''Ogasawarana habei'' is a species of land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Helicinidae, the helicinids. Distribution This species is endemic to Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , '' ...

'' , '' Ogasawarana rex'' , '' Assiminea'' sp. D, '' Hirasea diplomphalus latispira'', '' Hirasea eutheca'' , '' Hirasea goniobasis'' , ''

Hirasea hypolia ''Hirasea hypolia'' is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Endodontidae. This is an endangered species. Distribution This species (and indeed the whole genus) is endemic to ...

'' , '' Hirasea major'' , ''

Hirasea nesiotica ''Hirasea nesiotica'' is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Endodontidae. This is an endangered species. Distribution This species (and indeed the whole genus) is endemic t ...

'' liobasis, '' Hirasea planulata biconcava'', '' Hirasea planulata planulata'', '' Hirasea profundispira'' , '' Hirasea sinuosa'' , '' Hirasiella clara'' , '' Lamprocystis hahajimana pachychilus'', ''

Trochochlamys ogasawarana ''Trochochlamys ogasawarana'' is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Chronidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Trochochlamys ogasawarana (Pilsbry, 1902). Accessed throug ...

'' , ''

Vitrinula chichijimana ''Vitrinula chichijimana'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Ariophantidae. This species was endemic to Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is ...

'' , '' Vitrinula hahajimana'' * Other Invertebrates: '' Compressalges nipponiae'' * Vascular Plants: '' Elatostema lineolatum'' var. ''majus'', ''

Ranunculus gmelinii ''Ranunculus gmelinii'', Gmelin's buttercup or small yellow water-crowfoot,Rubus hatsushimae'', '' Flemingia strobilifera'', '' Lespedeza hisauchii'', '' Euphrasia insignis insignis'' var. ''omiensis'', '' Euphrasia insignis insignis'' var. ''pubigera'', '' Euphrasia multifolia'' var. ''kirisimana'', '' Cirsium toyoshimae'', '' Aletris makiyataroi'', '' Burmannia coelestris'', ''

Thismia ''Thismia'' is a genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in family Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1845. It is native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas. ; Species * '' Thismia abei'' Hatu ...

tuberculata'', '' Eriocaulon cauliferum'', '' Cyperus diaphanus'', '' Cyperus procerus'', ''

Fimbristylis ''Fimbristylis'' is a genus of sedges. A plant in this genus may be known commonly as a fimbry or fimbristyle. There are 200 to 300 species distributed worldwide. Several continents have native species but many species have been introduced to ...

leptoclada'' var. ''takamineana'', ''

pauciflora'', ''

Acanthephippium ''Acanthophippium'' is a genus of orchid with thirteen species (family Orchidaceae). The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words ''acanthos'' ("spiny") and ''ephippion'' ("saddle"), referring to the saddle-like labellum of the plants. ...

striatum'' *Algae: '' Chara fibrosa'' var. ''brevibracteata'', ' var. ''hakonensis'', ''

Nitella ''Nitella'' is a genus of charophyte green algae in the family Characeae. Species The species in the genus include: *'' Nitella abyssinica'' A. Braun * '' Nitella acuminata'' A. Braun ex Wallman *'' Nitella aemula'' A. Braun * '' Nitella an ...

minispora'', '' Porphyra angusta'' *Lichens: ''

Erioderma ''Erioderma'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. They are commonly called mouse ears or felt lichens, and are small, pale brown to olive-brown foliose cyanolichens with a fuzzy upper surface that have the cyanobacter ...

tomentosum'', '' Heterodermia angustiloba'', '' Heterodermia leucomelos'', ''

Siphula ''Siphula'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the Icmadophilaceae family. The widespread genus contains about 33 species. ''Siphula'' was circumscribed by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February ...

ceratites'' *Fungi: '' Agaricus hahashimensis'', ''

Albatrellus cantharellus ''Albatrellus cantharellus'' is a species of fungus in the family Albatrellaceae. Originally described as a species of '' Polyporus'' by Curtis Gates Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd (July 17, 1859 – November 11, 1926) was an American mycologist k ...

'', ''

Camarophyllus ''Hygrophorus'' is a genus of agarics (gilled mushrooms) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called "woodwaxes" in the UK or "waxy caps" (together with '' Hygrocybe'' species) in North America, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically fleshy, oft ...

microbicolor'', '' Chlorophyllum agaricoides'', '' Circulocolumella hahashimensis'', '' Clitocybe castaneofloccosa'', ''

Collybia ''Collybia'' (in the strict sense) is a genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in northern temperate areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mus ...

matris'', '' Coprinus boninensis'', ''

Cyathus ''Cyathus'' is a genus of fungi in the Nidulariaceae, a family collectively known as the bird's nest fungi. They are given this name since they resemble tiny bird's nests filled with "eggs", structures large enough to have been mistaken in ...

boninensis'', ''

Ganoderma ''Ganoderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. ''Ganoderma'' can be differenti ...

colossus'', '' Gymnopilus noviholocirrhus'', '' Hygrocybe macrospora'', '' Hygrocybe miniatostriata'', ''

Lactarius ''Lactarius'' is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like ...

ogasawarashimensis'', '' Lentinus lamelliporus'', '' Lepiota boninensis'', ''

Leptoglossum ''Arrhenia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. ''Arrhenia'' also includes species formerly placed in the genera ''Leptoglossum'' and ''Phaeotellus'' and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not norma ...

boninense'', '' Lycoperdon henningsii'', ''

Pleurotus ''Pleurotus'' is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, '' P. ostreatus''. Species of ''Pleurotus'' may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edib ...

cyatheae'', '' Pluteus daidoi'', '' Pluteus horridilamellus'', ''

Psathyrella ''Psathyrella'' is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera '' Coprinellus'', ''Coprinopsis'', ''Coprinus'' and ''Panaeolus'', usually with a thin cap and white or yellowish white hollow stem. The caps do not self digest ...

boninensis'', ''

Pyrrhoglossum ''Pyrrhoglossum'' is a genus of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. The genus is widely distributed, especially in tropical regions, and contains 11 species. It was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 ...

subpurpureum'', '' Rhodophyllus brunneolus'', '' Russula boninensis'' * Coral:

Merulina coral ''Merulina'' is a genus of stony corals Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton. The individual animals are known as polyps and have a cylindrica ...

(''Boninastrea boninensis'')

Prefectural Red Lists

Localized Red Lists and Red Data are also prepared and published by a number of

Prefectural Governments A prefecture (from the Latin ''Praefectura'') is an administrative jurisdiction traditionally governed by an appointed prefect. This can be a regional or local government subdivision in various countries, or a subdivision in certain international ...

, including those of

Hokkaidō is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The la ...

and Okinawa.

Classification

Statistics

Extinct taxa

Prefectural Red Lists

See also

References

External links