was a Japanese

architect An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...

and former president of the Architectural Association of Japan. After graduating from university he worked in Le Corbusier's atelier in Paris. He rose to the position of studio chief during his seven-year stay in the studio. He formed his own practice on his return to Japan becoming an important member of the modernist movement. In 1959, he collaborated with Le Corbusier on the

National Museum of Western Art The is the premier public art gallery in Japan specializing in art from the Western tradition. The museum is in the museum and zoo complex in Ueno Park in Taitō, central Tokyo. It received 1,162,345 visitors in 2016. History The NMWA was es ...

in Tokyo.

Early life and formative years

Junzo Sakakura was born in Hashima-gun in Gifu Prefecture. In 1923 he entered the Art History Department of

Tokyo Imperial University , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project by ...

, graduating in 1927.

Le Corbusier's Atelier

Almost coinciding with Kunio Maekawa's return from Paris, in 1930 Sakakura journeyed to France to enter Le Corbusier's Atelier. He had left Japan at an opportune moment as the economy was in recession with a spiralling increase in political violence. At the behest of Le Corbusier, Sakakura enrolled on a course in architectural construction at college for six months before commencing his apprenticeship. On a daily basis Corbusier would arrive at the atelier and speak with the job architects about the projects. He would sit with the students and do sketches of his thoughts. As Sakakura became more trusted in the office he rose first to job architect and then chief of the studio. Students would come to him for advice when Corbusier was not about. Ongoing projects in the office that may have influenced Sakakura later in his career include the

Villa Savoye Villa Savoye () is a modernist villa and gatelodge in Poissy, on the outskirts of Paris. It was designed by the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret, and built between 1928 and 1931 using reinforced concrete.Courlan ...

and the Swiss pavilion.

Paris Exposition, 1937

In 1936 Kishida Hideto (1899–1966) a Professor at Tokyo University was put in charge of organising a limited entry competition for the design of the Japanese Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition. Although Kunio Maekawa's design was initially favoured it was eventually dismissed as being too modernist and Maeda Kenjiro's traditionalist design was chosen in its place. However, the French Government insisted that the design being completed with French materials and labour so this led to Sakakura receiving the commission as he had just returned to Japan (from Corbusier's office). Sakakura returned to France to supervise the project but unexpected site conditions forced him to change the design and he sought Le Corbusier's advice on this. The building comprised a grey walled box on a black

piloti Pilotis, or piers, are supports such as columns, pillars, or stilts that lift a building above ground or water. They are traditionally found in stilt and pole dwellings such as fishermen's huts in Asia and Scandinavia using wood, and in ele ...

with a free formed plan and ramped access and was voted the "Grand Prix" of the Exposition. Coming from a literary background, Sakakura was in some ways hindered by the technological aspects of his aspirations. Although he locked himself away in a Parisian hotel to complete the work on the pavilion later in life he favoured the style of Corbusier's office, entrusting his plans to other architects in the practice.

Notable buildings

The Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura, 1951 Sakakura won a limited entry competition for the design of the Museum of Modern Art in the grounds of the Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine in Kamakura. The building comprises a second storey white box containing the gallery spaces supported on thin steel red and green piloti. The ground floor storey that faces onto the lake is built with Oya Stone.

The International House of Japan, Tokyo, 1955 Sakakura collaborated with his friend Kunio Maekawa and Junzō Yoshimura on this cultural exchange building in Roppongi, Tokyo. It is primarily constructed of in-situ reinforced concrete, with the public areas of the building faced with Oya Stone. The building went on to win the annual design award from Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, 1959

Le Corbusier's only building in Japan is the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo. Le Corbusier's three Japanese apprentices: Kunio Maekawa, Junzo Sakakura and Takamasa Yoshizaka were responsible for executing the plans and supervising the construction. The principle of using so-called local architects to implement his designs was so successful here that Le Corbusier insisted it should be done for the

Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the only building designed primarily by Le Corbusier in the United States—he contributed to the design of the United Nations Secretariat Building—a ...

in Harvard. Institute of France-Japan 2008

West Plaza of Shinjuku Station, Tokyo, 1967 One of the grandest urban design projects he undertook, this is a two storey urban plaza incorporating the bus terminal. Two huge ramps at the centre allow taxi access from ground level down to Shinjuku Station's west exit.

Legacy

Japanese Design Magazine ''Casa Brutus'' named him one of Japan's Modern Masters in a recent special issue. The Kamakura Museum of Modern Art hosted a retrospective of Sakakura's work from May to September 2009.

"Within the course of the Modern Architectural Movement, if Sakakura does not rank with the towering figures of Mies, Wright, and Le Corbusier, he is certainly on a par with such men as Finland's Alvar Aalto..." Hamaguchi Ryuichi, December 1969 "In Grief - Over the Loss of Junzo Sakakura" ''Japan Architect''

Selected projects

* 1937 Japanese Pavilion at the Paris Expo * 1951 Kamakura Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura * 1955 International House of Japan, Tokyo * 1959 Hashima City Hall, Gifu * 1959 Silk Centre, Yokohama * 1962 Kure City Hall and Municipal Auditorium,

Kure is a port and major shipbuilding city situated on the Seto Inland Sea in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. With a strong industrial and naval heritage, Kure hosts the second-oldest naval dockyard in Japan and remains an important base for the Japan ...

* 1964 Hiraoka City Hall, Hiraoka * 1966 West Plaza of Shinjuku Station and Underground Parking Lot, Tokyo

Footnotes

References

* Spring 2005, "Do_co,mo.mo Japan: the 100 selection", ''The Japan Architect'', No57 * * November 1966, Ryuichi Hamaguchi, "A Profile of Junzo Sakakura", ''Japan Architect'' * * Dodd, Jeremy & Hozumi, Nobuo Prof, May 1965, "Junzo Sakakura, Kunio Maekawa and Kenzo Tange", ''Architectural Design'' * Loach, Judi, January 1987, "Studio as laboratory", ''Architecture Review'' * April 2009, "The Seven Modernist Masters", ''Casa Brutus'' No109 * Hamaguchi, Ryuichi, December 1969 "In Grief - On the Loss of Junzo Sakakura", ''Japan Architect'' * Sakakura Junzo, August 1959, "On the Opening of the National Museum of Western Art", ''Japan Architect'' * Curtis William & Sekler Eduard F., ''Le Corbusier at Work: The Genesis of the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts'', Harvard University Press, (1978)

External links

Sakakura Associates

National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakakura, Junzo Modernist architects 1901 births 1969 deaths People from Gifu Prefecture 20th-century Japanese architects