Junkers W.33
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The Junkers W 33 was a German 1920s single-engine low-wing monoplane transport aircraft that followed Junkers standard practice making extensive use of corrugated aluminium alloy over an aluminium alloy tube frame, that was developed from the similar but slightly smaller Junkers F 13, and evolved into the similar W 34. One example, named ''Bremen'' was the first aircraft to complete the much more difficult east–west non-stop heavier-than-air crossing of the Atlantic.


Design and development

Like all Junkers designs from the J 7 fighter onwards, it used an
duraluminum Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The term is a combination of ''Dürener'' and ''aluminium''. Its use as a trad ...
aluminium alloy structure covered with Junkers' characteristic corrugated dural skin. While the Junkers W 33 was unusual when compared to the contemporary biplanes in use in the UK and the US,
cantilever A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at only one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a canti ...
monoplanes were a popular design choice in continental Europe during the period, and the Junkers designs were unusual only in their extensive use of closely corrugated metal skins. Unlike the skins on the contemporary Rohrbach Roland, those on the Junkers aircraft were not load bearing and it did not have a stressed skin structure. The Junkers W 33 was a direct evolution of the 1919 four-seat airliner, the Junkers F 13. The F 13 was similar to the W 33, but slightly smaller and had some detail differences. Considerable evolution occurred in the structure of the F 13, so that later models shared more details with the W 33. The wings had the same span as the late F 13s, though the planform differed slightly, while the length was the same as the F 13fe. A slightly different fuselage cross section gave the W 33 a squarer cabin with a hunch-backed appearance compared to that of the F 13 and a door was provided on the port side to provide access to the freight compartment. Early examples of the W 33 had an open cockpit much like the F 13, although it lacked the structural member that divided the pilot and co-pilot, and the corresponding and very distinctive
coaming Coaming is any vertical surface on a ship designed to deflect or prevent entry of water. It usually consists of a raised section of deck plating around an opening, such as a cargo hatch. Coamings also provide a frame onto which to fit a hatch cove ...
s. Some examples, such as the transatlantic machines had an early enclosed cockpit. The Junkers L5 upright inline water-cooled engine was also the same as used in the F 13fe, a more powerful engine than used in many of the F 13 variants. The W 33 differed primarily from the W 34 in normally using an inline engine (aside from the rare dGao variant, which served as a prototype for the W 34), while the W 34 generally used various radial engines and had some minor detail improvements, such as a larger enclosed cockpit. As was common for the time, when a wheeled undercarriage was fitted, a conventional fixed undercarriage was used with a tailwheel. Early examples had a similar undercarriage to that used on the F 13, in which a hinged cross axle connected the two main wheels, while later examples provided an independent three-legged structure for each wheel. The Junkers W letter may have denoted the type as a seaplane (for ''Wasserflugzeuge''), but in practice W 33s were equipped as either landplanes or seaplanes, as needed. As a floatplane, the W 33 was equipped with two main floats, braced to the fuselage with a forest of struts. The prototype W 33, registered ''D-921'', first flew as a seaplane from
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, on the river
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near Dessau on 17 June 1926. Production began in 1927 and ran until 1934 and most of the 198 production machines were built at the Junkers works at
Dessau Dessau is a town and former municipality in Germany at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the '' Bundesland'' (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. Since 1 July 2007, it has been part of the newly created municipality of Dessau-Roßlau ...
, but a small number were assembled at Junker's Swedish subsidiary AB Flygindustri at
Limhamn Limhamn () is, in an administrative sense, the southern district of Malmö Municipality in Sweden. Before 1915, Limhamn was (briefly) a town of its own. The population of Limhamn-Bunkeflo (including suburbs) is 31,000, of which 7,000 live in th ...
near
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, and at Fili, near
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in the USSR.Gunston 1995, p.131 Both of these plants had originally been built to avoid Allied post-war restrictions on aircraft manufacturing in Germany following World War One, that had been considerably eased by the time the W 33 was flying.


Operational history

The soon after their first flights the first two W 33 prototypes competed at the ''Deutschen Seeflug'' seaplane competition at Warnemünde in July 1926, with the first prototype W 33 competing as no.7, and coming in second in the contest while the second prototype, a W 33a, competed as no.8. W 33s were used by many operators across the world in the late 1920s and 1930s, as transports and mailplanes. Deutsche Luft Hansa only had four that they used for mail from 1929. Others were flown as survey aircraft and crop-sprayers. Later, despite their obsolescence, the Luftwaffe would use some as trainers alongside W 34s. The Colombian Air Force used Junkers W 33, W 34 and the militarized W 34, the K 43, during the Colombia-Peru War of 1932–1933.von Rauch 1984, pp.3–4. The
Ethiopian Air Force The Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) () is the air service branch of the Ethiopian National Defence Force. The ETAF is tasked with protecting the national air space, providing support to ground forces, as well as assisting civil operations during natio ...
operated a single W 33c during the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression which was fought between Italy and Ethiopia from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the Itali ...
. One Junkers W 33g was used by the Swedish Air Force from 1933 to 1935 as an air ambulance under the designation Trp2. This aircraft may have been assembled at Linhamm, as were four W 33s exported to Australia. After World War II, this aircraft was used as a utility transport by the Swedish Air Force's F 2 Hägernäs squadron and in June 1952, it participated in the search and rescue operation during the
Catalina affair The Catalina affair ( sv, Catalinaaffären) was a military confrontation and Cold War-era diplomatic crisis in June 1952, in which Soviet Air Force fighter jets shot down two Swedish aircraft over international waters in the Baltic Sea. The fi ...
, in which two Soviet MiG-15s shot down a Swedish Douglas C-47 intelligence aircraft and the
Search and Rescue Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search ...
Consolidated Catalina sent out after it. Of the 17 W 33s assembled in Russia at Fili from imported parts at least 9 appeared on that country's civil register. In Russian service, they were given the designation PS-3 as the third ''Passazhirskii Samolyot'' (passenger aircraft or airliner), while at least 17 Russian examples were built by GVF workshops with numerous improvements with the designation PS-4.Andersson, 1995, p.161


Flight records

The Junkers W 33 set numerous records, and one example, named the ''Bremen'' made the first east-to-west crossing of the Atlantic by airplane. The North Atlantic had previously been crossed by the
US Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of ...
Curtiss NC-4 flying boat, with numerous stops, and by Alcock and
Brown Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors orange and black. In the RGB color model used ...
in 1919 in a Vickers Vimy, nonstop, and by others, but all of these heavier than air aircraft flew the easier west to east route, which had the prevailing winds helping them along with a tailwind. On April 12–13, 1928, the W 33 ''D-1167 Bremen'' was flown by Köhl, von Hünefeld and Fitzmaurice from
Baldonnel, Ireland Baldonnel () is a townland in west County Dublin. It is an industrial/agricultural area near Clondalkin, Tallaght, Lucan, Saggart and Naas. It is around 15 km west of Dublin city centre. The name derives from former landowners in the area; ...
near Dublin into the prevailing winds, to Greenly Island, off the coast of
Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
in the
St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connecting ...
, in 37 hours. Strong winds took them north of their intended destination, which was to have been New York, and they put down near the first settlement they found, but caused minor damage to the aircraft that required some time to repair before they continued. Their aircraft is now on display at Bremen Airport in Germany. The Bremen was one of two aircraft making the attempt, however the ''Europa'' never made it out of Germany. A W 33 set class C world records for an endurance flight of 52 hours, 22 minutes and for covering a distance of () during a single flight around Dessau between 3 and 5 August 1927, piloted by
Johann Risztics ''Stabsfeldwebel'' Johann Risztics (alias Janos Risztics) (1895-1973) was an Austro-Hungarian World War I flying ace credited with seven reliably confirmed aerial victories. After his wounding early in World War I, he switched to aviation duty as a ...
and Edzard. Earlier Fritz Loose and W.N. Schnabele had set another Class C record for duration and distance, while carrying a load. For that flight they remained aloft for 22 hours 11 minutes and travelled . At about the same time, the W 33 set a similar pair of records in Class Cbis (Seaplanes). A substantially modified W 33 fitted with a radial engine and so sometimes erroneously referred to as a W 34, flwon by
Willy Neuenhofen Wilhelm "Willy" Neuenhofen (24 April 1897 – 24 January 1936) was a German p ilot. His career as a pilot began with the German military in the First World War, where he became a Flying Ace obtaining 15 air victories. On May 26, 1929, Neuenho ...
set an altitude record of on 26 May 1929. The first Swedish-assembled W 33 was completed in May 1930, and delivered two months later to Japan. With Eiichiri Baba flying under the command of Lt. Col. Kiyoshi Honma, and with Tomoyoshi as the radio operator, J-BFUB, named ''Third Hochi Japan-US'' departed Sabishiro Beach near Misawa on 24 September 1932 in an attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean to the US, but they disappeared enroute. Their last radio transmission indicated that they were passing to the south of Etorofu Island. Neither wreckage nor survivors were ever found, despite an extensive search.


Accidents and incidents

* 15 May 1932 – D-1925 ''Atlantis'' flown by Hans Bertram and Adolph Klausman landed on the Kimberly coast of
Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
while attempting to fly from Kupang to Darwin due to a navigational error, the crew were not
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until June 1932. * 29 October 1932 – D-2017 ''Marmara'' of Luft Hansa was on a freight flight from
Croydon Croydon is a large town in south London, England, south of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Croydon, a local government district of Greater London. It is one of the largest commercial districts in Greater London, with an extensi ...
to
Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 m ...
when it crashed off the
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coast.


Variants

;Junkers W 33:-b.-c,-dd and -f powered by a Junkers L5 water-cooled inline engine. ;Junkers W 33:-c3e and -he powered by a
Junkers L5G The Junkers L 5 was a six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline engine for aircraft built in Germany during the 1920s. First run in 1925, it was a much enlarged development of the Junkers L2. Design and development The Junkers L5 was a development of J ...
water-cooled inline engine. ;Junkers W 33:-dGao powered by a
Siemens Sh 20 The Bristol Jupiter was a British nine-cylinder single-row piston radial engine built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company. Originally designed late in World War I and known as the Cosmos Jupiter, a lengthy series of upgrades and developments turn ...
radial engine. ; Junkers W 34: A 6-passenger development powered by a variety of
radial engine The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ca ...
s. ; Junkers K 43: Bombing and reconnaissance version built in Sweden, equipped for machine guns in the cabin roof and floor. ;PS-3: Soviet designation for German built examples. ;PS-4: Soviet designation for locally produced modification. ;Trp2: Swedish Air Force designation.


Operators


Civil operators

; * Syndicato Condor ; * Canadian AirwaysGrant, 2004, pp.70–75. ; *
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; * Deutsche Luft Hansa ;: One on civil register W.33d, "Súlan" (The Gannet) ;: Two on civil register. ;: Three on civil register. ; * Deruluft * Dobrolyot operated 7Gunston, 1983, p.127 *TsARB (Центральная авиационная ремонтная база - Central aviation repair base) operated 10


Military operators

; * Colombian Air Force operated 1 W 33 from 1932 ; *
Ethiopian Air Force The Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) () is the air service branch of the Ethiopian National Defence Force. The ETAF is tasked with protecting the national air space, providing support to ground forces, as well as assisting civil operations during natio ...
operated 1 W 33c from 1929 to 1936 ; *''
Luftwaffe The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabtei ...
'' ; * Imperial Iranian Air Force operated 3 W 33d from 1929 to 1943. ; *
Mongolian People's Army Air Force The Mongolian People's Army ( Mongolian: ''Монголын Ардын Арми''), also known as the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army ( Mongolian: ''Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Цэрэг'') or the Mongolian Red Army ( Mong ...
operated 5 aircraft from 1931. ; *
Swedish Air Force The Swedish Air Force ( sv, Svenska flygvapnet or just ) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. History The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July, 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the es ...
operated 1 W 33g from 1933 to 1938 and 2 W 34h from 1934 to 1953.Kay, 2004, pp.72–75 ; *
Soviet Air Force The Soviet Air Forces ( rus, Военно-воздушные силы, r=Voyenno-vozdushnyye sily, VVS; literally "Military Air Forces") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces ...
operated 25


Specifications (Landplane)


References


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * *Grant, Robert S. "Metal Marvels: Junkers W 33s and W 34s in the Canadian Bush". ''Air Enthusiast'' Number 110, March/April 2004. pp.70–75. . * * * * * * *von Rauch, Georg. "A South American Air War...The Leticia Conflict". '' Air Enthusiast'' Number 26, December 1984 – March 1985. pp.1–8. . {{Authority control 1920s German airliners 1920s German cargo aircraft W33 Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft Transatlantic flight Aircraft first flown in 1926