Jules Greenbaum (5 January 1867 – 1 November 1924) was a German pioneering

film producer A film producer is a person who oversees film production. Either employed by a production company or working independently, producers plan and coordinate various aspects of film production, such as selecting the script, coordinating writing, di ...

. He founded the production companies Deutsche Bioscope, Deutsche Vitascope and Greenbaum-Film and was a dominant figure in

German cinema The film industry in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. German cinema made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20 ...

in the years before the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. He is also known for his early experiments with

sound film A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before ...

s around twenty years before the success of ''

The Jazz Singer ''The Jazz Singer'' is a 1927 American musical drama film directed by Alan Crosland. It is the first feature-length motion picture with both synchronized recorded music score as well as lip-synchronous singing and speech (in several isolated ...

'' made them a more established feature of cinema.

Early career and Deutsche Bioscope

Greenbaum was born in Berlin in 1867 as Julius Grünbaum. He married Emma Karstein in c1887 and moved to

Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...

in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

, where his first son Georg was born 1 November 1889. He originally worked in the

textile Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the ...

industry, but on his return to Berlin in 1895 aged around 42 Greenbaum moved into the newly established film business and founded Deutsche Bioscope (german: Deutsche Bioskop) in 1899. This name has various contemporary spellings, including Bioscope, Bioskope and Bioskop. Greenbaum acquired a camera in Amsterdam, and a cameraman, Georg Furkel. Furkel worked as his technical director until 1912, along with another Dutch cameraman, Martin Knoop. Deutsche Bioscope's first independent film was the 60-metre 1899 newsreel picture ''Spring Parade'' featuring German Kaiser

Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empir ...

. His firm released more newsreels in 1901/02, importing American and French features and manufacturing cinema equipment. Deutsche Bioscope GmbH, Berlin, was incorporated on 18 June 1902 with a capital of 20,000 marks The main offices were at 131d

Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße () (lit. ''Frederick Street'') is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station. It runs from the northern pa ...

, where the firm supplied equipment (including the American Biograph camera), and an 8-hour guaranteed film copying service. Bioscope's cameramen were sent to Vienna, Munich, Leipzig, Halle, Nuremberg, Kiel, Hamburg, Poznan, Lviv and Riga in search of vaudeville/variety acts to film.

Studios at 123 Chausseestraße

Berlin, Mitte, Chausseestrasse 123, Wohn- und Geschaeftshaus

Bioscope built new offices in 1906 at 123

Chausseestraße Chausseestraße () is a major street in the centre of Berlin, located in the district of Mitte. It is 1.7 kilometres long. Many notable buildings and structures are located along the street, including the Headquarters of the Federal Intelligence ...

, in the east of Berlin; a glasshouse studio was erected in the large courtyard at the rear of the

Jugendstil ''Jugendstil'' ("Youth Style") was an artistic movement, particularly in the decorative arts, that was influential primarily in Germany and elsewhere in Europe to a lesser extent from about 1895 until about 1910. It was the German counterpart of ...

building, where

Continental-Kunstfilm 123 Chauseestraße, Berlin, Continental-Kunstfilm's first studioThe inscription ERBAUT MDCCCXCVI (built 1906) appears on the building. Remarkably it survived East_Berlin.html"_;"title="World_War_II,_and_ended_up_on_the_East_Berlin">World_War_II, ...

would later film ''

In Nacht und Eis ''In Nacht und Eis'' (English: "In Night and Ice"), also called ''Der Untergang der Titanic'' ("The Sinking of the ''Titanic''") and ''Shipwrecked in Icebergs'' in the US, is a 1912 German adventure-disaster drama film about the sinking of RMS ...

'' in 1912.

Vitascope-Theater

Greenbaum began acquiring cinemas, opening a Vitascope cinema at 10 Friedrichstraße,Coincidentally, right next door to 11 Friedrichstraße, the offices of Cines-Theater AG, a Berlin-based offshoot of the

Società Italiana Cines The Società Italiana Cines (''Italian Cines Company'') is a film company specializing in production and distribution of films. The company was founded on 1 April 1906. A major force in the European film industry before the First World War, the c ...

, which was involved with the building of the

Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz The Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz was a cinema located at 4 Nollendorfplatz, Schöneberg, Berlin. Built in 1912–13 and designed and decorated by leading artistic practitioners of the day, it was the German capital's first purpose-built, ...

in 1912–1913. and in March 1907 he registered Vitascope Theater GmbH as a limited company. Its partners were Louis Rosenfeld and Otto Heinemann. This established a

vertically integrated In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration is a term that describes the arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply ...

network with Vitascope handling the

distribution Distribution may refer to: Mathematics *Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations * Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a vari ...

for Bioscope films.

Sale of Deutsche Bioscope

As his business increased, Greenbaum made a deal with the chemist Carl Moritz Schleussner of the photochemicals firm Schleussner AG in

Frankfurt/Main Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , " Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its ...

. Carl Schleussner had been involved since 1896 in producing negative film stock for Röntgen photography soon after its discovery.Eisenbach, Ulrich, (2007
''Schleussner'' in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 23 , pp. 68–69 [Online edition
(in German). In February 1908 Carl Schleussner bought Deutsche Bioscop as a manufacturing, copying and sales operation, for a 2/3 share of 140,000 marks, with 1/3 provided by Greenbaum and his brother Max. Deutsche Bioskop was re-registered on 27 February 1908, and Schleussner bought out the Greenbaums' remaining share in 1909. Under its new owner, Deutsche Bioskop AG moved to Babelsberg Studio in November 1911, which is well-known as the oldest large-scale film studio in the world and still today producing well-known Blockbuster (entertainment), blockbusters. Deutsche Bioskop AG later merged with Erich Pommer's Decla-Film in 1920 to create Decla-Bioskop AG.

Bioscope-Theater

Greenbaum registered a new cinema company, Bioskope-Theater GmbH, on 24 February 1908. The directors were Jules' brother, Max Greenbaum (an experienced banker), and Erich Zeiske. In October 1908, Greenbaum opened the Vitascope cinema, a showpiece 500-seat movie theatre equipped to show sound films on , 1–2 Berliner Straße. When Greenbaum left Deutsche Bioscop on 8 September 1909, the Bioskope-Theater became Deutsche Vitaskope Gmbh, releasing films under the 'Deutsche Vitascope' name.

Synchroscope – early sound films

Greenbaum's firm invented and used

Synchroscope In AC electrical power systems, a synchroscope is a device that indicates the degree to which two systems ( generators or power networks) are synchronized with each other.Terrell Croft, Wilford Summers (ed.), ''American Electricians' Handbook E ...

, which synchronised the visual picture of films with

phonograph A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogu ...

records to create a working sound and vision system. Greenbaum produced a number of these sound shorts of vocal classical music, and in 1908 entered into contracts to supply the machinery to

Carl Laemmle Carl Laemmle (; born Karl Lämmle; January 17, 1867 – September 24, 1939) was a film producer and the co-founder and, until 1934, owner of Universal Pictures. He produced or worked on over 400 films. Regarded as one of the most important o ...

's Movie Service Company in Chicago and to another American,

Charles Urban Charles Urban (April 15, 1867 – August 29, 1942) was an Anglo-American film producer and distributor, and one of the most significant figures in British cinema before the First World War. He was a pioneer of the documentary, educational, propa ...

, in Britain.

installed the system in a number of American cinemas, mostly in German-speaking communities.Eyman p.29 Synchroscope largely petered out because not enough sound films were made to meet demand and because it could only last for two or three

reels A reel is an object around which a length of another material (usually long and flexible) is wound for storage (usually hose are wound around a reel). Generally a reel has a cylindrical core (known as a '' spool'') with flanges around the ends ...

while the standard length of films was increasingly four or five reels long. Costs had soared by the end of 1908 (the Synchroscope was originally priced at $750 (around $20,000 in 2015); and Schleussner AG bought out Greenbaum's share of Deutsche Bioscope to free up his operations.

Deutsche Vitascope

On 8 September 1909 Vitascope-Theater GmbH changed its name to Deutsche Vitascope GmbH, with Greenbaum the owner and managing director, and headquarters at 20 Friedrichstraße. The firm's chief objective was the production of sound pictures on continuous film so that all the reels could be shown without interruptions. The 1910 Vitascope catalogue advertised a flicker-free camera, Vitaphone soundfilms, arc lamps, used original Vitascope films and 100,000 meters of used

vaudeville Vaudeville (; ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century. A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions, based on a comical situation: a dramatic composition ...

/variety act movies, for 20-40 pfennigs/meter. Studios at 32–34 Lindenstraße In 1910 Vitascope opened main offices and a film copying facility at 32–34 , with a glasshouse studio on the roof. Greenbaum moved to new recording rooms for sound production at 105

Große Frankfurter Straße Karl-Marx-Allee ( en, Karl Marx Alley) is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin Friedrichshain and Mitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. It should not be confused with the ''Karl-Mar ...

, where Vitascope produced short films of about 120 feet (60m) synchronised with phonograph recordings of vocal numbers, opera arias and dance pieces. The sound films were directed by

Franz Porten Franz Porten (23 August 1859 – 21 May 1932) was a German actor and film director. He directed 19 films between 1906 and 1924. He was the father of actress and film producer Henny Porten, screenwriter, actress, and director Rosa Porten; and ...

and starred his daughter Henny Porten. One notable film was of ''

Mignon ''Mignon'' is an 1866 ''opéra comique'' (or opera in its second version) in three acts by Ambroise Thomas. The original French libretto was by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré, based on Goethe's 1795-96 novel '' Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre''. ...

'' Act I by

Ambroise Thomas Charles Louis Ambroise Thomas (; 5 August 1811 – 12 February 1896) was a French composer and teacher, best known for his operas '' Mignon'' (1866) and ''Hamlet'' (1868). Born into a musical family, Thomas was a student at the Conservatoire de ...

with the Royal Court Orchestra & Choir and the Royal Ballet. Greenbaum also had a 'normal' silent film studio at 94 Markgrafenstraße. Vitascope's first film of 1910 was ''

Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ''Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes'' is a 1910 German drama film, drama film serial directed by Viggo Larsen. The survival status of any of the episodes is unknown. Cast * Viggo Larsen as Sherlock Holmes * Paul Otto as Arsène Lupin List o ...

'' produced and directed by

Viggo Larsen Viggo Larsen (14 August 1880 – 6 January 1957) was a Danish film actor, director and producer from the early silent era to the ' talkies'. He appeared in 140 films between 1906 and 1942. He also directed 235 films between 1906 and 1921. ...

who joined in 1909 from Nordisk. Larsen remained with Vitascope for two years, then founded his own company with star Wanda Treumann. Walter Schmidthässler also joined in 1910, working as director and lead actor for Vitascope. In 1911

Max Mack Max Mack (1884–1973) was a German screenwriter, film producer and director during the silent era. He is particularly known for his 1913 film ''The Other''. He directed, and co-starred in, an early film adaptation of ''Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' i ...

was engaged as scriptwriter, soon debuting as actor and director, with ''Gehirnreflexe'' (Brain Reflex) and three others with

Albert Bassermann Albert Bassermann (7 September 1867 – 15 May 1952) was a German stage and screen actor. He was considered to be one of the greatest German-speaking actors of his generation and received the famous Iffland-Ring. He was married to Elsa Sch ...

, notably ''

The Other In phenomenology, the terms the Other and the Constitutive Other identify the other human being, in their differences from the Self, as being a cumulative, constituting factor in the self-image of a person; as acknowledgement of being real; h ...

''. '' The Blue Mouse'' showed at the new

Marmorhaus The Marmorhaus (English: Marble House) is a former cinema located on the Kurfürstendamm in Berlin. Opened in 1913, it takes its name from a large marble façade. Designed by the architect Hugo Pál, the walls of the foyer and auditorium were de ...

cinema. Studio at 16 Friedrichstraße Vitascope opened a further studio at

16 in 1911; and in October 1912 Greenbaum vacated 123 Chauseestraße and moved everything to 32–34 Lindenstraße (including manufacture, developing and copying equipment). The fine red sandstone building at 123 Chauseestraße was taken over by Walter Schmidthässler and his recently formed

. Studios at 5–7 Franz-Josef-Straße, Weissensee Needing to expand even further, Greenbaum acquired land at 5–7 Franz-Josef-Straße (now Max-Liebermann-Straße), Weißensee, and in 1913 built a double glasshouse studio along with the largest film processing lab in the country (capable of an advertised 100,000 meters daily capacity.) Showrooms remained in 32/34 Lindenstraße, and the entire production of films moved to Weissensee on 1 October 1913, along with the manufacturing, drying and copying equipment.) who oversaw millions of marks' worth of clandestine funding for secret Naval projects during the

Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is al ...

.CIA Report
''The Lohmann Affair''
Studies in Intelligence'', Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 1960).

Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...

, pp. A31-A38. (Declassified in 1993)

Merger with PAGU

In January 1914 Greenbaum merged his Vitascope firm with

PAGU The Projektions-AG Union (generally shortened to PAGU) was a German film production company which operated between 1911 and 1924 during the silent era. From 1917 onwards, the company functioned as an independent unit of Universum Film AG, and was e ...

(Projektions-Aktiengesellschaft 'Union'), owned by his rival Paul Davidson, in order to compete with the larger French studios who were flooding the German market with their films. PAGU combined the resources of 800 employees, with main offices in Zimmerstraße and Lindenstraße, 20 "Union" cinemas, glasshouse studios in Tempelhof and in Weissensee, with its duplicating lab. Both companies continued to produce films under their own name and logos. From January 1914

Richard Oswald Richard Oswald (5 November 1880 – 11 September 1963) was an Austrian film director, producer, screenwriter, and father of German-American film director Gerd Oswald. Early career Richard Oswald, born in Vienna as Richard W. Ornstein, began h ...

was artistic and advertising director at Vitascope. Oswald made the "Baskerville" detective series. Pathé Still seeking further distribution outlets, Greenbaum and Davidson closed a deal with

Pathé Frères Pathé or Pathé Frères (, styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896. In the early 1900s, Pathé became the world's largest film equipme ...

to distribute PAGU films. Pathé bought the Weissensee studios at 5–7 Franz-Josef-Straße in July 1914. However, with the outbreak of the

, foreign films were barred from Germany allowing domestic production to boom. Pathé and PAGU broke off relationships; the admin offices and studios belonging to Pathé were placed into receivership, and reverted to Greenbaum.

Greenbaum-Film

Weissensee Freed by the war from the foreign competition, Greenbaum broke with Davidson's PAGU and founded Greenbaum-Film out of Vitascope. On 12 January 1915 Greenbaum-Film was incorporated with 10,000 marks and started production again in 5–7 Franz-Josef-Straße, Weissensee, with office and sales at Friedrichstraße 235. An article in ''Lichtbild-Bühne'' for 3 June 1915 announced: "Dr. Hans Oberländer, Richard Löwenbein, Richard Oswald, Greenbaum-Film GmbH – the biggest film factory in Germany." Oswald made five films in a few months and then separated financially from Greenbaum-Film, becoming a self-employed producer and director. In 1916 Greenbaum closed a deal with

, who starred in seventeen films for Greenbaum-Film by 1920. The director Adolf Gärtner (who worked on

Joe May Joe May (born Joseph Otto Mandl; 7 November 1880 – 29 April 1954) was an Austrian film director and film producer and one of the pioneers of German cinema. Biography After studying in Berlin and a variety of odd jobs, he began his career a ...

's Stuart Webbs detective series) also moved to Greenbaum-Film and directed nine films in Weißensee. Greenbaum took out a 5-year lease on the Weißensee premises from 4 January 1917 – 1922. In 1919 he leased the double glasshouse studios to

for 600,000 marks, which became known as the May-Atelier.

Merger with Ufa – bankruptcy and death

In 1919 Greenbaum affiliated with

Ufa Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital city, capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya River (Kama), Belaya and Ufa River, Ufa rivers, in the centre-n ...

, which the State had quietly established as the giant of German film industry during the war, but the deal led to a series of legal disputes and the virtual bankruptcy of Greenbaum-Film. Greenbaum had a monopoly contract with Ufa to supply films to Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Despite the political events in the Balkans, Ufa claimed millions from Greenbaum for lost sales and the dispute escalated through the courts. Ufa's interests were represented by Hemann Fellner, Greenbaum's former business partner. In April 1920, rival company Decla Film merged with Deutsche Bioscop GmbH and became known as Decla-Bioscop. Greenbaum lost the factory and everything else, and died in 1924 in a mental hospital aged 57. The studios were taken over by Ufa after his death; his two sons George and Mutz managed Greenbaum-Film until it was taken over by Hermann Millakowsky and eventually liquidated in 1932. During his life Greenbaum launched the career of a number of leading German directors and actors including

and

Maria Orska Maria Orska ( uk, Марія Орська; russian: Мария Орская; 16 March 1893 – 16 May 1930) was an important actress of the German theater and cinema in the 1920s. Maria Orska was born as Rachel Blindermann in 1893, of a Jewish ...

. His son

Mutz Greenbaum Mutz Greenbaum (3 February 1896 – 5 July 1968), sometimes credited as Max Greene or Max Greenbaum, was a German film cinematographer. He was the son of the pioneering film producer Jules Greenbaum who had founded Deutsche Bioscope. He began ...

("Max Greene") became a leading cinematographer, whose films include

Christopher Columbus (1923 film) ''Christopher Columbus'' (german: Christoph Columbus) is a 1923 German silent historical film directed by Márton Garas and starring Albert Bassermann, Elsa Bassermann and Tamara Duvan. It depicts the Discovery of America by the Italian exp ...

starring Albert Bassermann, Thunder Rock (1942) and

I'm All Right Jack ''I'm All Right Jack'' is a 1959 British comedy film directed and produced by John and Roy Boulting from a script by Frank Harvey, John Boulting and Alan Hackney based on the 1958 novel ''Private Life'' by Alan Hackney. The film is a sequel t ...

(1959).

Selected filmography

* ''

'' (1913) * '' The Blue Mouse'' (1913) * ''

Where Is Coletti? ''Where Is Coletti?'' (german: Wo ist Coletti?) is a 1913 German silent comedy film directed by Max Mack and starring Hans Junkermann, Madge Lessing, and Heinrich Peer. It was a major commercial hit on its release. The film's sets were designe ...

'' (1913) * ''

Detektiv Braun ''Detektiv Braun'' ( en, Detective Brown, italic=yes, link=yes) is a 1914 German silent crime film directed by Rudolf Meinert and starring Alwin Neuß and Friedrich Kühne. It was part of a series of German films featuring Neuß as Arthur Cona ...

'' (1914) * '' Ivan Koschula'' (1914) * ''

The Iron Cross ''The Iron Cross'' (german: Das eiserne Kreuz) is a 1914 German silent film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Friedrich Kühne, Hedda Vernon, and Hanni Weisse. It marked the directorial debut of Oswald. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios ...

'' (1914) * ''

Laugh Bajazzo ''Laugh Bajazzo'' (German: ''Lache Bajazzo'') is a 1915 German silent drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Rudolph Schildkraut, Alfred Abel and Hanni Weisse.Thomas p.34 It was shot at the Weissensee Studios in Berlin. Cast * Rudolp ...

'' (1915) * '' The Vice'' (1915) * ' (1915, producer) * ''

The Confessions of the Green Mask ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...

'' (1916) * '' The Night Talk'' (1917) * '' Lorenzo Burghardt'' (1918) * ''

Father and Son Father and Son or Fathers and Sons may refer to: Literature * ''Father and Son'' (book), a 1907 memoir by Edmund Gosse *Father and Son (comics), cartoon characters created by E. O. Plauen * ''Fathers and Sons'' (novel), an 1862 novel by Ivan Tur ...

'' (1918) * ''

The Zaarden Brothers ''The Zaarden Brothers'' (German: ''Die Brüder von Zaarden'') is a 1918 German silent film, silent drama film directed by William Wauer and starring Albert Bassermann, Elsa Bassermann and Marija Leiko.Bock & Bergfelder p.28 Cast * Albert Basserm ...

'' (1918) * ''

Doctor Schotte ''Doctor Schotte'' (German: ''Dr. Schotte'') is a 1918 German silent drama film directed by William Wauer and starring Albert Bassermann, Elsa Bassermann and Käthe Wittenberg.Wedel p.132 It was shot at the Weissensee Studios in Berlin. Cast * ...

'' (1918) * ''

The Voice The Voice may refer to: Fictional entities * The Voice or Presence, a fictional representation of God in DC Comics * The Voice (''Dune''), a fictional ability in the ''Dune'' universe * The Voice, a character in the American TV series ''Cleo ...

'' (1920) * '' The Sons of Count Dossy'' (1920) * '' Dolls of Death'' (1920) * '' The Last Witness'' (1921) * '' The Oath of Stephan Huller'' (1921) * '' The Nights of Cornelis Brouwer'' (1921)

References

Notes Citations

Sources

* * * Eyman, Scott. ''The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930''. Simon and Schuster, 1997. * * * {{cite book , last=Hardt , first=Ursula , year=1996 , title=From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars , publisher=Berghahn Books , isbn=9781571819307 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmOZnlEqPmcC&pg=PA24 * {{cite book , editor1-last=Nowell-Smith , editor1-first=Geoffrey , date=1996 , title=The Oxford History of World Cinema , url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof , url-access=registration , publisher=Oxford University Press , isbn=0-19-874242-8 *

Siegbert Salomon Prawer Siegbert Salomon Prawer (15 February 1925 – 5 April 2012) was Taylor Professor of the German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford. Life and works Prawer was born on 15 February 1925 in Cologne, Germany, to Jewish parents Mar ...

: ''Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910-1933''. Berghahn Books, 2007.

External links

*{{IMDb name, 0338466 {{Authority control {{DEFAULTSORT:Greenbaum, Jules 1867 births 1924 deaths German film producers Film people from Berlin 19th-century German Jews Deaths in mental institutions Businesspeople from Berlin