José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón () (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican
Catholic priest
The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church. Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in layman's terms ''priest'' refers only ...
, statesman and military leader who led the
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...
movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811.
Born in
Valladolid
Valladolid () is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 peop ...
,
Michoacán, Morelos studied at
Colegio de San Nicolás and was appointed priest of
Carácuaro
Carácuaro is a Municipalities of Mexico, municipality in the Mexico, Mexican state of Michoacán, located south of the state capital of Morelia.
Geography
The municipality of Carácuaro is located in the Tierra Caliente (Mexico), Tierra Caliente ...
in 1799. He joined Miguel Hidalgo's
Cry of Dolores
The Cry of Dolores ( es, Grito de Dolores, links=no, region=MX) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican W ...
, soon becoming an insurgency leader. Aided by local peoples, along with revolutionary leaders
Mariano Matamoros
Mariano Matamoros y Guridi (August 14, 1770 – February 3, 1814) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel soldier of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought for independence against Spain in the early 19th century.
B ...
and
Ignacio López Rayón
Ignacio López Rayón (July 31, 1773 in Tlalpujahua, Intendancy of Valladolid (present-day Michoacán), New Spain – February 2, 1832 in Mexico City) was a general who led the insurgent forces of his country after Miguel Hidalgo's death, d ...
, Morelos occupied territories in southern and central
New Spain, leading the
Siege of Cuautla
The siege of Cuautla was a battle of the War of Mexican Independence that occurred from 19 February through 2 May 1812 at Cuautla, Morelos. The Spanish royalist forces loyal to the Spanish, commanded by Félix María Calleja, besieged th ...
and
capturing Acapulco, New Spain's main port in the Pacific Ocean. His campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies against Spanish rule, which made him the royalist army's main rival.
In 1813, Morelos wrote ''
Sentimientos de la Nación
''Sentimientos de la Nación'' ("Feelings of the Nation"; occasionally rendered as "Sentiments of the Nation") was a document presented by José María Morelos y Pavón, leader of the insurgents in the Mexican War of Independence, to the National ...
'', a document influenced by the
Constitution of Cádiz
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy ( es, link=no, Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz ( es, link=no, Constitución de Cádiz) and as ''La Pepa'', was the List of Constitut ...
where he outlined his program for the Mexican nation. Under his leadership, the
Congress of Anáhuac was installed in
Chilpancingo
Chilpancingo de los Bravo (commonly shortened to Chilpancingo; ; Nahuatl: Chilpantsinko) is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In 2010 it had a population of 187,251 people. The municipality has an area of in ...
, and on 6 November 1813
declared the independence of Mexico. On 22 October 1814, the
Constitution of Apatzingán
The Constitution of Apatzingán, formally ''Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana'' ("Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America"), was promulgated on October 22, 1814 by the Congress of Anahuac gathered in ...
drafted by Congress declared that Mexico would be a Republic.
After a series of defeats, Morelos was captured by the royalist army in Temalaca,
Puebla. He was tried by the
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, ...
,
defrocked
Defrocking, unfrocking, degradation, or laicization of clergy is the removal of their rights to exercise the functions of the ordained ministry. It may be grounded on criminal convictions, disciplinary problems, or disagreements over doctrine or ...
as a cleric, and executed by civil authorities in
San Cristóbal Ecatepec
Ecatepec (), officially Ecatepec de Morelos, is a municipality in the central Mexican state of Mexico, and is situated in the north part of the greater Mexico City urban area. The municipal seat is San Cristóbal Ecatepec.
The city of Ecatepec i ...
on 22 December 1815. Morelos is considered a national hero in Mexico, who despite not having a military background became a successful insurgency leader, credited with organizing and bolstering the War of Independence. The Mexican state of
Morelos and city of
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and lar ...
are named after him.
Early life
Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and lar ...
. Although often portrayed as being of "mixed" or "indigenous" descent, Morelos was classified as a Spaniard (''español'') in his baptismal register, a system in which the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
kept separate registers for ethnic affiliation. Although ethnic affiliation was fluid in colonial Spanish America, his family was considered as Spaniard according to the social categories of the time. His paternal family had both Spaniards and Mestizos whereas his maternal family was fully Spanish.
His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a village west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally from San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid was the seat of a bishop and of the government of the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as the "Garden of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( es, Virreinato de Nueva España, ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Amer ...
" because of its prosperity.
Through his paternal line, Morelos was related to
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
Both insurgents shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the
conquistador Hernán Cortés.
Hidalgo was the descendant of Ruiz de Cortés through his mother, Ana María Gallaga.
Morelos worked as a muleteer (''
arriero
An ''arriero'', muleteer, or more informally a muleskinner ( es, arriero; pt, tropeiro; ca, traginer) is a person who transports goods using pack animals, especially mules.
Distribution and function
In South America, muleskinners transpo ...
'') in the area where he fought in the insurgency, on the ground experience of the terrain that would be valuable.
[Guedea, "José María Morelos", p. 948] He is also said to have worked on a ranch rented by his uncle for nearly ten years.
Morelos had ambitions for something more than working with his hands, and assiduously studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher.
[Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', p. 105.] In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid, where Father
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was rector.
When he was ordained a priest, he, as with many others without connections, had no benefice to guarantee any income as a priest.
However, as a secular cleric, he took no vow of poverty and could freely pursue business activities to make a living.
As a priest, he could not marry, but he did form a relationship with at least one woman, Brígida Almonte. He is known to have fathered three children: two sons and a daughter. His first born was
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, who played a significant role in Mexican military history.
Lucas Alamán
Lucas Ignacio Alamán y Escalada ( Guanajuato, New Spain, October 18, 1792 – Mexico City, Mexico, June 2, 1853) was a Mexican scientist, conservative statesman, historian, and writer. He came from an elite Guanajuato family and was well-tr ...
, a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency and after independence a conservative politician and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with anonymous women of the people." This charge of promiscuity might simply be a slur without foundation on the insurgent-priest. At Morelos's trial, the Inquisition accused him of sending his son to the United States. He testified at his trial that "while he had not been completely pristine for a priest, he had not acted in a scandalous manner" and that he had sent his son away for education and for his safety, acknowledging his paternity.
Insurrection against the Spanish monarchy
The former rector of the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo (where Morelos attended seminary),
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was planning with others for the independence of
New Spain from the Spanish empire. About 6:00 a.m. on 16 September 1810, Hidalgo, then the parish priest of
Dolores Dolores, Spanish for "pain; grief", most commonly refers to:
* Our Lady of Sorrows or La Virgen María de los Dolores
* Dolores (given name)
Dolores may also refer to:
Film
* ''Dolores'' (2017 film), an American documentary by Peter Bratt
* ' ...
,
Guanajuato (since renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor), ordered the church bells to be rung, and gathered his congregation. Flanked by
Ignacio Allende
Ignacio José de Allende y Unzaga (, , ; January 21, 1769 – June 26, 1811), commonly known as Ignacio Allende, was a captain of the Spanish Army in New Spain who came to sympathize with the Mexican independence movement. He attended the secr ...
and
Juan Aldama
Juan Aldama (January 3, 1774 in San Miguel el Grande, Guanajuato – June 26, 1811 in Chihuahua) was a Mexican revolutionary rebel soldier during the Mexican War of Independence in 1810.
Biography
He was also the brother of Ignacio Aldama ...
, Hidalgo addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to take up arms, with the
Cry of Dolores
The Cry of Dolores ( es, Grito de Dolores, links=no, region=MX) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican W ...
(''El Grito de Dolores'', now celebrated every year on 15 September at 11:00 p.m.) that called for armed revolt after the Spanish colonial authorities had discovered the
Conspiracy of Querétaro, a clandestine movement seeking Mexican independence. Like Allende and Aldama,
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
María Josefa Crescencia Ortiz Téllez–Girón, popularly known as Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez or ''La Corregidora'' (8 September 1768 – 2 March 1829) was an insurgent and supporter of the Mexican War of Independence, which fought ...
, popularly known as ''La Corregidora'', was one of the famous initial supporters of the revolt. Miguel Hidalgo and his followers rose in open rebellion against the Spanish colonial authorities launching what became the
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...
.
With the imperial government taken by surprise, operatives took important cities of the
Bajío region without an organized response. The insurgency proclaimed Hidalgo
captain general
Captain general (and its literal equivalent in several languages) is a high military rank of general officer grade, and a gubernatorial title.
History
The term "Captain General" started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of Comma ...
of Mexico in
Celaya
Celaya (; ) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, located in the southeast quadrant of the state. It is the third most populous city in the state, with a 2005 census population of 310,413. The municipality ...
on 21 September. Hidalgo y Costilla advanced to
Guanajuato; and on 28 September, the rebels captured the
Alhóndiga de Granaditas
The Alhóndiga de Granaditas (Regional Museum of Guanajuato) ( public grain exchange) is an old grain storage building in Guanajuato City, Mexico. This historic building was created to replace an old grain exchange near the city's river. The name ...
in battle, killing at least 400 Spaniards who had taken shelter.
Among the dead was the crown's highest official in Guanajuato, Intendant
Juan Antonio Riaño, an old friend of Hidalgo y Costilla.
The
bishop of Michoacán,
Manuel Abad y Queipo, excommunicated the insurgents. Hidalgo y Costilla and his army marched on to Valladolid, where the locals feared that the slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting many people to abandon the region, particularly elites. Valladolid was taken peacefully on 17 October 1810.
In Tacámbaro, Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende captain general. Hidalgo ordered a rest for his troops in
Indaparapeo, where a few minutes before their departure, Morelos, who had read about his excommunication and his triumphs, found him. Morelos had heard of the revolt in October 1810 and determined to join it. Hidalgo asked his former student to recruit troops in the south of the colony and capture the port of
Acapulco, the west coast port for the Pacific trade to the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, also a Spanish colony.
[Guedea, "José María Morelos", p. 948.] Unlike Hidalgo, who was a poor tactician leading a huge and undisciplined following, Morelos quickly demonstrated military skills, gathering and training a small core of fighters. He sought allies in the region, and obtained cannons and other war materiel.
Morelos's objectives for the rebellion called for the creation of a republican government that "all Mexican people would participate, the
abolition of slavery
Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people.
The British ...
, and the elimination of divisions between races and ethnicities."
Campaigns
Morelos soon showed himself to be a talented strategist, and became one of the greatest revolutionary military commanders of the war. In his first nine months, he won 22 victories, defeating the armies of three Spanish royalist leaders and capturing almost all of what is now the state of
Guerrero
Guerrero is one of the 32 states that comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulcocopied from article, GuerreroAs of 2020, Guerrero the pop ...
. In December, he captured Acapulco for the first time, except for the
Fort of San Diego
The Fort of San Diego ( es, Fuerte de San Diego), formerly also known as the Fort of San Carlos ( es, Fuerte de San Carlos) is a star fort in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. It was built by the Spanish Empire, and it was one of the most important S ...
. Spanish reinforcements forced him to raise the siege in January. By quick marches, he was able to capture most of the Spanish possessions on the Pacific coast of what are now Michoacán and Guerrero. On 24 May 1811, he occupied
Chilpancingo
Chilpancingo de los Bravo (commonly shortened to Chilpancingo; ; Nahuatl: Chilpantsinko) is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In 2010 it had a population of 187,251 people. The municipality has an area of in ...
and on 26 May he took
Tixtla
Tixtla (formally, Tixtla de Guerrero ) is a town and seat of the Tixtla de Guerrero Municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
The name is Nahuatl, and means either "maize dough" ''(masa) ''from ''textli;'' "our valley" from ''to ixtla;'' ...
.
In his second campaign, Morelos divided his army into three groups. The most important engagement of this campaign was at
Cuautla. On Christmas Eve 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos to the town. The next year his forces were
besieged by the Spanish army under general
Félix María Calleja del Rey. On 2 May 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke through the siege, and started his third campaign.
Major victories on this third campaign were at
Citlalli on 8 June 1812,
Tehuacán "By faith and hope"
,
, image_map =
, mapsize = 300 px
, map_caption = Location of Tehuacán within the state of Puebla.
, image_map1 = Puebla en México.svg
, mapsize1 = 300 px
, ma ...
on 10 August 1812,
Orizaba
Orizaba () is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located 20 km west of its sister city Córdoba, and is adjacent to Río Blanco and Ixtaczoquitlán, on Federal Highways 180 and 190. The city had a 2005 census ...
,
Oaxaca
Oaxaca ( , also , , from nci, Huāxyacac ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of Mexico. It is ...
and Acapulco. Morelos arrived at Orizaba with 10,000 soldiers on 28 October 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish soldiers. Negotiation led to a surrender without bloodshed. He entered Oaxaca in triumph on 25 November 1812. Acapulco fell on 12 April 1813, forcing the Spanish army to take refuge in the
Fort of San Diego
The Fort of San Diego ( es, Fuerte de San Diego), formerly also known as the Fort of San Carlos ( es, Fuerte de San Carlos) is a star fort in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. It was built by the Spanish Empire, and it was one of the most important S ...
.
Congress of Chilpancingo
In 1813, Morelos called the
National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo, composed of representatives of the provinces under his control, to consider a political and social program which he outlined in a document entitled ''
Sentimientos de la Nación
''Sentimientos de la Nación'' ("Feelings of the Nation"; occasionally rendered as "Sentiments of the Nation") was a document presented by José María Morelos y Pavón, leader of the insurgents in the Mexican War of Independence, to the National ...
'' (Sentiments of the Nation). The Congress called itself the Congress of Anáhuac, in reference to the
Aztecs.
On 31 September 1813, the Congress, with Morelos present, endorsed Sentiments of the Nation. This document declared Mexican independence from Spain, established Catholicism as official religion and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. It declared respect for property and confiscated the productions of the Spanish colonial government. It abolished slavery and racial categories in favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals. Torture, colonial monopolies and the system of tributes were also abolished. Morelos was offered the title "Generalissimo" with the style of address "Your Highness", but he refused these and asked to be called "Siervo de la Nación" (Servant of the Nation). On 6 November 1813, the Congress declared independence in the
.
After several military defeats, the Congress organized a meeting in
Apatzingán, and on 22 October promulgated the "Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (
Constitution of Apatzingán
The Constitution of Apatzingán, formally ''Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana'' ("Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America"), was promulgated on October 22, 1814 by the Congress of Anahuac gathered in ...
). This established a limited executive and a powerful legislature, the opposite of what Morelos had called for. He nevertheless conceded that it was the best he could hope for under the circumstances.
Capture and execution
Shortly thereafter, Morelos began his fourth military campaign, a series of defeats beginning at Valladolid in late 1813. While escorting the new insurgent Congress in November 1815, he was defeated in Temalaca by royalist forces. Morelos and his guard were surrounded; rather than have all taken prisoner, Morelos told his men to each save himself. This left Morelos to be captured alone. As a Catholic priest, the church had jurisdiction for his imprisonment and trial; he was jailed in the Inquisition building in Mexico City.
[Archer, "Death's Patriots", p. 76.] Although Morelos was a huge prize for the royal government, the viceroy decided not to make a public spectacle of his journey of incarceration, but rather slipped him into the capital before dawn.
The royal government had experience with the trial and execution of Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, which was done far from the capital and in rushed fashion; but Morelos's trial was conducted in the capital with the highest officials presiding, with the outcome of a guilty verdict and execution by civil officials. Inquisition officials drew up 23 charges against Morelos, and following proper procedure, Morelos had a defense attorney, José Quiles. He was charged with treason, disloyalty to the crown, and transgressions in his personal life, namely, sending his natural sons to the United States for education.
He was tried and sentenced to death for treason. Morelos was executed by firing squad on 22 December 1815, in San Cristóbal Ecatepec, north of Mexico City in order that his execution not provoke a dangerous public reaction. He was later judged to be reconciled to the church, lifting his excommunication, as he was seen praying on his way to his execution.
[Gustavo Watson Marron, director of the historical archive of the archdiocese, cited in ''El Universal'', 31 August 2009.] After his death, his lieutenant,
Vicente Guerrero
Vicente Ramón Guerrero (; baptized August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence. He fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and later served as ...
, continued the war for independence.
Legacy
Morelos is considered a national
hero
A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength. Like other formerly gender-specific terms (like ''actor''), ''her ...
of Mexico; the state of
Morelos and city of
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and lar ...
are named after him. Morelos has been portrayed on the
50-peso note since 1997, and on 1-peso coins during the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s. The
Estadio Morelos
Estadio Morelos is a football stadium located along Periférico Independencia, in the Independencia sector, near the base of Cerro del Quinceo in northwest Morelia, Michoacán, México. It was the site of professional football teams, Monarcas M ...
in Morelia,
Puerto Morelos
Puerto Morelos () is a town and seaport in Quintana Roo, Mexico's easternmost state, on the Yucatán Peninsula. The town is located in the northeast of the state, about south of the resort city of Cancún, and about north of the city of Playa de ...
in the state of
Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo ( , ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo), is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 11 mu ...
, the
Morelos Station
on the
Mexico City Metro
The Mexico City Metro ( es, Metro de la Ciudad de México) is a rapid transit system that serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in Mexico State. Operated by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC), it is ...
, the city of
Ecatepec de Morelos
Ecatepec (), officially Ecatepec de Morelos, is a municipality in the central Mexican state of Mexico, and is situated in the north part of the greater Mexico City urban area. The municipal seat is San Cristóbal Ecatepec.
The city of Ecatepec i ...
in
Mexico State
The State of Mexico ( es, Estado de México; ), officially just Mexico ( es, México), is one of the 32 federal entities of the United Mexican States. Commonly known as Edomex (from ) to distinguish it from the name of the whole country, it is ...
where he was executed,
Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park
Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park is a national park in Michoacán state of central Mexico. It protects 71.92 km2 in the mountains of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Geography
Insurgente José María Morelos National Park i ...
in Michoacán, and the
Morelos Satellite from the Communications company
Satmex
Satmex (Satélites Mexicanos) was a company set up in Mexico in the mid-1990s through 2014 that operated space communication satellites that provide services to the Americas.
In 2014, it was acquired by Eutelsat, and Eutelsat now operates the t ...
are also named after him. His remains were transferred to the Monument to Independence
El Ángel
The Angel of Independence, most commonly known by the shortened name ''El Ángel'' and officially known as ''Monumento a la Independencia'' ("Monument to Independence"), is a victory column on a roundabout on the major thoroughfare of Paseo de ...
in Mexico City, along with those of other heroes of the insurgency. The Presidential aircraft Boeing 787 TP-01 was named José María Morelos y Pavón.
File:Monumento a la Independencia, México D.F., México, 2014-10-13, DD 24.JPG, The Angel of Independence
The Angel of Independence, most commonly known by the shortened name ''El Ángel'' and officially known as ''Monumento a la Independencia'' ("Monument to Independence"), is a victory column on a roundabout on the major thoroughfare of Paseo de ...
in Mexico City, where the remains of Morelos are entombed in the mausoleum at its base
File:Janitziobig.jpeg, Statue at Janitzio, Michoacán
File:Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Statute, Lincoln Park, Los Angeles.JPG, Monument to José María Morelos y Pavón in Lincoln Park, Los Angeles, California, gift of Mexico President José López Portillo
File:Mexico_df_-_Plaza_de_la_Ciudadela.jpg, Citadel Square; José María Morelos
File:Don José María Morelos (cropped).jpg, Equestrian statue of José María Morelos, Guadalajara
See also
*
Equestrian statue of José María Morelos, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
*
List of people from Morelos, Mexico
The following are people who were born, raised, or who gained significant prominence for living in the Mexican state of Morelos:
''This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by exp ...
*
Reward offered for Morelos y Pavón's head
''Reward offered for José María Morelos y Pavón's head'' is a document written by viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas and published on 26 March 1812. It contains the policy to suppress military Rebellion, insurrections. It was written during the se ...
References
Further reading
* Archer, Christon I. "Death's Patriots--Celebration, Denunciation, and Memories of Mexico's Independence Heroes: Miguel de Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and Agustín de Iturbide" in Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America, Lyman L. Johnson, ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2004 pp. 63–104.
* Guedea, Virginia. "José María Morelos" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, pp. 948–950.
* Hamnett, Brian R. ''Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750-1824''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
* Lemoine Villacaña, Ernesto. ''Morelos, su vida revolucionaria a través de sus escritos y de otros testimonios de la época''. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1965.
* Timmons, Wilbert H. ''Morelos: Priest, Soldier, Statesman of Mexico'', revised edition. El Paso: Texas Western College Press 1970.
External links
Wallace L. McKeehan, "José María Morelos Man of God, Warrior & Patriot""Mexico Builds Her Own Statue Of Liberty"''
Popular Science Monthly
''Popular Science'' (also known as ''PopSci'') is an American digital magazine carrying popular science content, which refers to articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects. ''Popular Science'' has won over 58 awards, inclu ...
'', February 1936
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morelos, Jose Maria
1765 births
1815 deaths
People from Morelia
People from Morelos
Mexican generals
Mexican rebels
Mexican Roman Catholic priests
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People of the Mexican War of Independence
Executed Roman Catholic priests
People executed for treason against Spain
Executed Mexican people
People executed by New Spain
People executed by Spain by firing squad
Mexican revolutionaries
Mexican people of indigenous peoples descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Armed priests
1815 in New Spain
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo alumni