![Bonneville Jean-Marie Goujon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Bonneville_Jean-Marie_Goujon.jpg)
Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (13 April 1766,
Bourg-en-Bresse
Bourg-en-Bresse (; frp, Bôrg) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Ain Departments of France, department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regions of France, region in Eastern France. Located northeast of Lyon, it is the capital of the ...
– 17 June 1795,
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
)
was a politician of the
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...
. He was a member of the
National Convention
The National Convention (french: link=no, Convention nationale) was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year National ...
from 1793 to 1795, was sentenced to death after the
Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III
The insurrection of 1 Prairial Year III was a popular revolt in Paris on 20 May 1795 against the policies of the Thermidorian Convention. It was the last and one of the most remarkable and stubborn popular revolts of the French Revolution. After t ...
and committed suicide before he could be executed.
Early life
His grandfather, Claude Goujon, was director of a tax farm (les droits réunis) in
Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earlies ...
, and his father, Claude Alexandre Goujon, was a
tax farmer
Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contract ...
from
Bourg-en-Bresse
Bourg-en-Bresse (; frp, Bôrg) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Ain Departments of France, department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regions of France, region in Eastern France. Located northeast of Lyon, it is the capital of the ...
. On 9 February 1762, Claude Alexandre married Joan Margaret Nicole Ricard, daughter of Joseph Ricard, a barrister, and First Secretary of the Stewardship of Burgundy (born 1745). In 1774 the family moved to
Provins
Provins () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Known for its well-preserved medieval architecture and importance throughout the Middle Ages as an economic center and a host of annu ...
.
The young Jean-Marie Goujon abandoned his studies after his father encountered financial difficulties, going first to
Dieppe
Dieppe (; Norman: ''Dgieppe'') is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.
Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newha ...
and then
Saint-Malo
Saint-Malo (, , ; Gallo: ; ) is a historic French port in Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany, on the English Channel coast.
The walled city had a long history of piracy, earning much wealth from local extortion and overseas adventures. In 1944, the Alli ...
to join the Navy. Having enlisted at the age of twelve as a seaman aboard the ''
Diadême'', he was on board the ''
Saint-Esprit'' at the
Battle of Ushant (1778)
The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off ...
against the English fleet.
The next day he wrote his father a letter that was read aloud in the garden of the
Palais Royal
The Palais-Royal () is a former royal palace located in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Cardinal, it was built for Cardinal R ...
as a victory bulletin.
After two years working for a merchant in Saint-Malo, he secured a job as sub-inspector of artillery crews in
Morlaix
Morlaix (; br, Montroulez) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.
Leisure and tourism
The old quarter of the town has winding streets of cobbled stones and overha ...
, before being employed in the offices of the navy first at
Brest
Brest may refer to:
Places
*Brest, Belarus
**Brest Region
**Brest Airport
**Brest Fortress
* Brest, Kyustendil Province, Bulgaria
* Břest, Czech Republic
*Brest, France
** Arrondissement of Brest
**Brest Bretagne Airport
** Château de Brest
*Br ...
, then in Saint-Malo. In 1783, seventeen years old, he moved to
Mauritius
Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...
, where his uncle Ricard, future mayor of
Port-Louis
Port Louis (french: Port-Louis; mfe, label= Mauritian Creole, Polwi or , ) is the capital city of Mauritius. It is mainly located in the Port Louis District, with a small western part in the Black River District. Port Louis is the country's e ...
, had a trading house. He came back in France the following year. In 1786, he became an attorney's clerk in Paris, where he befriended another young clerk,
Pierre-François Tissot.
[Sylvain Goujon, « Goujon Jean Marie Claude Alexandre », in Albert Soboul (dir.), ''Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française'', Paris, PUF, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, p. 512-513).] In May 1790 he joined his parents in
Rennes
Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department ...
, where his father was director of the postal service, and entered the offices of the
Intendant
An intendant (; pt, intendente ; es, intendente ) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. The intendancy system was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In ...
of
Brittany
Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, Historical region, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known ...
. In 1790, he settled at
Meudon
Meudon () is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine. It is located from the center of Paris. The city is known for many historic monuments and some extraordinary trees. One of t ...
, near
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, and resumed his education.
During the revolution
Goujon took part in the early days of the revolution, helping to seize weapons after the dismissal of
Necker and becoming a member of the council of the Légion du Châtelet. At the end of 1789, he acquired some academic recognition for his discourse offered as an entry for a prize from the
Academy of Dijon
In France, various types of institution have the term "University" in their name. These include the public universities, which are the autonomous institutions that are distinguished as being state institutes of higher education and research that p ...
, ''"On the Influence of the Morals of Governments on those of the People"'', which was influenced by
Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...
and
Mably. The prize was not awarded, by the Academy declared that only Goujon's entry had been of genuine interest to them.
In 1791, he first came to the attention of the general public following his response to the letter of
Raynal, in which the Encyclopedist violently attacked the work of the
Constituent Assembly
A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...
. Later that year, he was living at
Meudon
Meudon () is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine. It is located from the center of Paris. The city is known for many historic monuments and some extraordinary trees. One of t ...
and was invited to deliver the funeral address for
Mirabeau
Mirabeau may refer to:
People and characters
* Mirabeau B. Lamar (1798–1859), second President of the Republic of Texas
French nobility
* Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau (1715–1789), French physiocrat
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, com ...
at
Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, u ...
.
He also became a member of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution (known as the
Jacobin
, logo = JacobinVignette03.jpg
, logo_size = 180px
, logo_caption = Seal of the Jacobin Club (1792–1794)
, motto = "Live free or die"(french: Vivre libre ou mourir)
, successor = Pa ...
s) of
Sèvres
Sèvres (, ) is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department, Île-de-France region. The commune, which had a population of 23,251 as of 2018, is known for i ...
. In 1792 he was elected first as administrator, then, the day after the
storming of the Tuilleries, as Attorney-General of the Department of
Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise () was the former department of France encompassing the western, northern and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris.National Convention
The National Convention (french: link=no, Convention nationale) was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year National ...
for Seine-et-Oise, winning 410 out of 657 votes.
Engaged in the fight against high prices in autumn 1792, in November he wrote and presented to the Convention an address demanding the taxation of grain prices. In this he showed that the government's liberal economic policy had important social consequences: "The unlimited freedom of the
grain trade
The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals and other food grains such as wheat, barley, maize, and rice. Grain is an important trade item because it is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other ...
is incompatible with the existence of our Republic. And indeed, what constitutes a Republic? A small number of capitalists and a large number of poor... This class of capitalists and landlords, the unlimited freedom that makes mistress of grain prices, is also mistress of the establishment of the working day." He concluded by calling for land reform, with a maximum farm size of , and the central management of essential supplies, with its members elected by the people.
He also argued in favour of a law establishing the
general maximum
The Law of the General Maximum (french: Loi du Maximum général) was instituted during the French Revolution on 29 September 1793, setting price limits and punishing price gouging to attempt to ensure the continued supply of food to the French ...
, thus introducing price controls. At the time the Convention was dominated by the
Gironde
Gironde ( US usually, , ; oc, Gironda, ) is the largest department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,62 ...
, so his proposal was rejected. Only when the Jacobins took power was a Commission on Subsistence and Provisions set up, in October 1793. On 5
Brumaire
Brumaire () was the second month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named after the French word for fog, ''brume'', fog occurring frequently in France at that time of the year.
Brumaire was the second month of the autumn quarter ...
Year II (26 October 1793) Goujon became one of its three commissioners, and played a major role in this post in establishing the fixed prices that were to be enforced under the general maximum.
Having completed this work, Goujon resigned from the Commission on 2
Ventôse
Ventôse (; also ''Ventose'') was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''ventosus'', which means ''windy''.
Ventôse was the third month of the winter quarter (''mois d'hiver''). It start ...
(20 February 1794).
Soon after, he was assigned to a diplomatic mission to
Istanbul
Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...
,
but never actually went on it. From 5–8 April 1794 he served as interim
Foreign Minister
A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly minister for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between cou ...
and
Interior Minister, and on 26
Germinal (15 April) after
Hérault de Séchelles was guillotined, Goujon took his seat as a member of the Convention.
On 12
Floréal
Floréal () was the eighth month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''flos'', which means ''flower''.
Floréal was the second month of the spring quarter (''mois de printemps''). It started 20 April ...
(1 May) he was appointed by the
Committee of Public Safety to be
Représentant en mission
During the French Revolution, a ''représentant en mission'' (; English: representative on mission) was an extraordinary envoy of the Legislative Assembly (1791–92) and its successor the National Convention (1792–95). The term is most ofte ...
to the
Var
Var or VAR may refer to:
Places
* Var (department), a department of France
* Var (river), France
* Vār, Iran, village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Var, Iran (disambiguation), other places in Iran
* Vár, a village in Obreja commune, Ca ...
,
Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône ( , , ; oc, Bocas de Ròse ; "Mouths of the Rhône") is a department in Southern France. It borders Vaucluse to the north, Gard to the west and Var to the east. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south. Its prefecture and large ...
and
Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes (; oc, Aups Maritims; it, Alpi Marittime, "Maritime Alps") is a department of France located in the country's southeast corner, on the Italian border and Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it ...
, but appears not to have actually gone there either. Instead, on 17
Prairial
Prairial () was the ninth month in the French Republican Calendar. This month was named after the French word ''prairie'', which means ''meadow''. It was the name given to several ships.
Prairial was the third month of the spring quarter (). ...
(15 June) he was appointed
Représentant en mission
During the French Revolution, a ''représentant en mission'' (; English: representative on mission) was an extraordinary envoy of the Legislative Assembly (1791–92) and its successor the National Convention (1792–95). The term is most ofte ...
to the
Armies
An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
of the
Rhine
), Surselva, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source1_coordinates=
, source1_elevation =
, source2 = Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein
, source2_location = Paradies Glacier, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source2_coordinates=
, so ...
and the
Moselle
The Moselle ( , ; german: Mosel ; lb, Musel ) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany. It is a bank (geography), left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it jo ...
.
[Michel Biard, ''Missionnaires de la République'', Paris, CTHS, 2002, p. 516.] He did take up this post, accompanied by Tissot as his secretary, and together with
Nicolas Hentz
Nicholas Charles Arnould Hentz (5 June 1753, Metz, France – after 1 July 1830, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a French revolutionary and politician. After fleeing France in 1815, he assumed the name Charles Arnould.
Early life
Coming fro ...
and
Pierre Bourbotte
Pierre Bourbotte (; 5 June 1763, in Vault-de-Lugny – 17 June 1795, in Paris) was a French politician during the French Revolution. He was député for the Yonne to the National Convention
The National Convention (french: link=no, Convent ...
, took part in the campaign which conquered the
Palatinate.
Goujon was in
Thionville
Thionville (; ; german: Diedenhofen ) is a city in the northeastern French department of Moselle. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz.
History
Thionville was settled as early as the time of th ...
when news reached him of the fall of
Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known, influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Esta ...
in the
Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction (french: Réaction thermidorienne or ''Convention thermidorienne'', "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespie ...
. He wrote to the Convention on 13
Thermidor
Thermidor () was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ''thermal'', derived from the Greek word "thermos" (''heat'').
Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (''mois d'ét ...
to congratulate it on its victory, and his letter was read aloud from the tribune.
He was recalled by order of the Committee of Public Safety on 23 Thermidor (10 August). Reaching Paris on 10
Fructidor
Fructidor () is the twelfth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''fructus'', which means "fruit".
Fructidor is the third month of the summer quarter (''mois d'été''). By the Gregorian calendar, Fr ...
(27 August),
he soon found himself increasingly at odds with those now in power.
On 12 Fructidor (29 August) he defended the seven members of the former committees who had been attacked by
Laurent Lecointre
Laurent Lecointre was a French politician, born at Versailles on 1 February 1742, and died at Guignes, Seine-et-Marne on 4 August 1805. He is also known under the name of "Lecointre de Versailles".
Life
Unlike almost all his colleagues of the Na ...
. On 20
Pluviôse
Pluviôse (; also ''Pluviose'') was the fifth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''pluviosus'', which means ''rainy''.
Pluviôse was the second month of the winter quarter (''mois d'hiver''), star ...
Year III (8 February 1795) he responded to the arrest of
Gracchus Babeuf
The Gracchi brothers were two Roman brothers, sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was consul in 177 BC. Tiberius, the elder brother, was tribune of the plebs in 133 BC and Gaius, the younger brother, was tribune a decade later in ...
and the closure of political clubs by proposing a decree against those who attacked the rights of man and the constitution. On 18
Ventôse
Ventôse (; also ''Ventose'') was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''ventosus'', which means ''windy''.
Ventôse was the third month of the winter quarter (''mois d'hiver''). It start ...
(8 March) he was the only deputy with sufficient courage to vote against the readmission to the Convention of
Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai
Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (12 June 1760 – 25 August 1797) was a French novelist, playwright and journalist.
Life
Early life and literary works
Born in Paris as the son of a Stationery, stationer, Louvet became a bookseller's clerk, and ...
and other survivors of the
Girondin
The Girondins ( , ), or Girondists, were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnard ...
party, who he felt would be too much inclined to avenge old wrongs.
On 21
Ventôse
Ventôse (; also ''Ventose'') was the sixth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word ''ventosus'', which means ''windy''.
Ventôse was the third month of the winter quarter (''mois d'hiver''). It start ...
(11 March) he complained that people who had previously been described as patriots were now being subjected to the vague designation of "terrorists", and claimed that this "vague designation" had been invented by men who wished to stir dissent by placing suspicion on every head. On 1
Germinal (21 March) he fought against the police bill proposed by
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, and when
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Jean-Lambert Tallien (, 23 January 1767 – 16 November 1820) was a French politician of the revolutionary period. Though initially an active agent of the Reign of Terror, he eventually clashed with its leader, Maximilien Robespierre, and is best ...
attacked the
Constitution of Year I, Goujon threatened him with the anger of the people.
Downfall
When the populace invaded the legislature on the
1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795), he proposed the immediate establishment of a special commission to ensure delivery of the changes demanded by the insurgents and assume the functions of the various committees.
The failure of the Prairial insurrection led to the immediate fall of those deputies who had supported the demands of the populace. Before the close of the sitting, Goujon, with
Gilbert Romme
Charles-Gilbert Romme (26 March 1750 – 17 June 1795) was a French politician and mathematician who developed the French Republican Calendar.
Biography
Charles Gilbert Romme was born in Riom, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Auvergne region of France, wher ...
,
Jean-Michel Duroy
Jean-Michel Duroy (16 December 1753, Bernay, Eure–16 June 1795, Paris) was a French revolutionary.http://www.prospection.net/duroy.htm brief biography (French)
He was a member of the national convention, backed the Mountain, and voted for th ...
,
Adrien Duquesnoy
Adrien Dusquenoy (26 November 1759 – 3 March 1808) was a leading figure in the French Revolution.
Dusquenoy was born in Briey. At the time of the 1789 convening of the Estates-General, he was elected as a deputy for the Third Estate from N ...
,
Pierre Bourbotte
Pierre Bourbotte (; 5 June 1763, in Vault-de-Lugny – 17 June 1795, in Paris) was a French politician during the French Revolution. He was député for the Yonne to the National Convention
The National Convention (french: link=no, Convent ...
,
Pierre-Aimable de Soubrany, and others were placed under arrest by their colleagues. Taken out of Paris, he and his fellow prisoners had a narrow escape from a mob at
Avranches
Avranches (; nrf, Avraunches) is a commune in the Manche department, and the region of Normandy, northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. The inhabitants are called ''Avranchinais''.
History
By the end of the Roman period, t ...
on their way to the
château du Taureau (
fr) in
Brittany
Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, Historical region, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known ...
. While being held in prison there, he composed revolutionary poetry.
They were brought back to Paris for trial before a military commission on 17 June, although no proof of their complicity in organizing the insurrection could be found. (In fact, with the exception of Goujon and Bourbotte, the accused did not know each other). They were
sentenced to death
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned practice of deliberately killing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, usually following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that t ...
. In accordance with a pre-arranged plan, they attempted
suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders (including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders), physical disorders (such as chronic fatigue syndrome), and s ...
on the staircase leading from the courtroom with a knife that Goujon had concealed. Goujon succeeded, as did Romme, Bourbotte and Soubrany
but the others merely wounded themselves, before being taken immediately to the
guillotine
A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at th ...
.
Before his suicide, he said: "I swore to defend her (i.e.
the Constitution of Year I) and die for her, I die happy not to have betrayed my oath... I would die happier if I were certain that after me, she would not be destroyed and replaced by another constitution (i.e.
the Constitution of Year III) where equality is disregarded, rights violated, and that the masses will be completely subservient to the rich, sole masters of the government and of the state."
Family
On 3 April 1793, in
Mettray
Mettray () is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. The Mettray Penal Colony was opened there in 1839.
Population
The inhabitants are called ''Mettrayens''.
See also
*Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
The fo ...
, Goujon married Lise (Marie) Cormery (1771-1843), daughter of an administrator of the département of
Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire () is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River
The Loire (, also ; ; oc, Léger, ; la, Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of , it ...
.
Camille Desmoulins
Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoît Desmoulins (; 2 March 17605 April 1794) was a French journalist and politician who played an important role in the French Revolution. Desmoulins was tried and executed alongside Georges Danton when the Committee ...
praised Goujon's letter proposing marriage to Lise Cornery, with its patriotic sentiments, as an example of upright citizenship. They had one son, Philarète, an architect, born in Paris on 28
Frimaire
Frimaire () was the third month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word ''frimas'', which means ''frost''.
Frimaire was the third month of the autumn quarter (''mois d'automne''). It started between 21 Novem ...
Year III (18 December 1794), who died without issue at
Tours
Tours ( , ) is one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Indre-et-Loire. The Communes of France, commune of Tours had 136,463 ...
on 28 December 1832.
[Françoise Brunel, Sylvain Goujon, ''Les Martyrs de Prairial, textes et documents inédits'', pp. 333 and 345]
References
* ''In turn, it cites as references:''
** ''Defense du représentant du peuple Goujon'', Paris: undated; includes the letters and a hymn written by Goujon during his imprisonment.
**
Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie, ''Les Derniers Montagnards, histoire de l'insurrection de Prairial an III d'après les documents'', 1867.
**
Jean Maurice Tourneux
Maurice Tourneux (12 July 184913 January 1917) was a French man of letters and bibliographer.
Life
The son of the artist and author J.F.E. Tourneux, he was born in Paris.
He began his career as a bibliographer by collaborating in new editions ...
, ''Bibliographie de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Rév. Fr.'', vol. i pp. 422–425, Paris: 1890.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goujon, Jean Marie Claude Alexandre
1766 births
1795 deaths
Politicians from Bourg-en-Bresse
Deputies to the French National Convention
18th-century French lawyers
French politicians who committed suicide
French interior ministers
Représentants en mission