Jasminum sambac

''Jasminum sambac'' (Arabian jasmine or Sambac jasmine) is a species of jasmine native to tropical Asia, from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia. It is cultivated in many places, especially West Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives, Christmas Island, Chiapas, Central America, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles.

''Jasminum sambac'' is a small shrub or vine growing up to in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in perfumes and jasmine tea. In India and Pakistan it is very popular and is known as Mogra. It is the national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as ''sampaguita'', as well as being one of the three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is known as ''melati putih''.

Description

''Jasminum sambac'' is an evergreen vine or shrub reaching up to tall. The species is highly variable, possibly a result of spontaneous mutation, natural hybridization, and autopolyploidy. Cultivated ''Jasminum sambac'' generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by cuttings, layering, marcotting, and other methods of asexual propagation.

The leaves are ovate, long and wide. The phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not pinnate, like most other jasmines). They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the venation on the base of the leaf.

The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches. They are strongly scented, with a white corolla in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours. The fruit is a purple to black berry in diameter.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

''Jasminum sambac'' is classified under the genus ''Jasminum'' under the tribe Jasmineae. It belongs to the olive family Oleaceae.

The English common name of "Arabian jasmine", ''Jasminum sambac'' is due to it being widely cultivated in Southwest of Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of ''Jasminum sambac'' as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia. ''Jasminum sambac'' (and nine other species of the genus) were spread into Arabia and Persia by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.

The Medieval Arabic term ''"zanbaq"'' denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as ''"sambacus"'' and ''"zambacca"'' with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy the word was adopted as a label for the ''J. sambac'' species. The ''J. sambac'' species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The ''Jasminum officinale'' species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.

In 1753, Carl Linnaeus first described the plant as ''Nyctanthes sambac'' in the first edition of his famous book ''Systema Naturae''. In 1789, William Aiton reclassified the plant to the genus ''Jasminum''. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine".

Cultivation

The sweet, heady fragrance of ''Jasminum sambac'' is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers. Numerous cultivars currently exist.

Typically, the flowers are harvested as buds during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for. Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.

''J. sambac'' does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Cultivars

There are numerous cultivars of ''Jasminum sambac'' which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the corolla. The cultivars recognized include:

* 'Maid of Orleans' – possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as ''sampaguita'' and ''pikake''. It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.
* 'Belle of India' – possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.
* 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' – possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white roses and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'. In the Philippines, it is known as ''kampupot''.
* 'Mysore Mallige' – resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.
* 'Arabian Nights' – possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.-->

Chemical composition

''Jasminum sambac'' contains dotriacontanoic acid, dotriacontanol, oleanolic acid, daucosterol, hesperidin, and jasminoids A, B, C, D in its roots. Leaves contains flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin and isoquercetin, flavonoids rhamnoglycosides as well as α-amyrin and β-sitosterol. A novel plant cysteine-rich peptide family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.

Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including benzyl alcohol, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, methyl benzoate, linalool, benzyl acetate, (-)-(''R'')-jasmine lactone, (''E'',''E'')-α-farnesene, (''Z'')-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, (''E'')-methyl jasmonate, benzyl benzoate and isophytol.

Importance

Southeast Asia

Philippines

''Jasminum sambac'' (Filipino and Philippine Spanish: ''sampaguita'') was adopted by the Philippines as the national flower on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by American Governor-General Frank Murphy. It is also known natively as ''sampaga'' or ''kampupot'' in Tagalog; ''kulatai'', ''pongso'', or ''kampupot'' in Kapampangan; ''manul'' in the Visayan languages; ''lumabi'' or ''malul'' in Maguindanao; and ''hubar'' or ''malur'' in Tausug.

Sampaguita in the Filipino language is a direct loanword from the Indian sanskrit word "campaka".Jean-Paul G. POTET (2013)
Arabian and Persian loanwords in Tagalog
p. 250. Filipinos string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns. These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.

Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade. These are primarily used to adorn religious images, religious processions and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at Malacañang Palace, weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in ribbon cutting ceremonies. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.

''Jasminum sambac'' is the subject of the danza song ''La Flor de Manila'', composed by Dolores Paterno in 1879. The song was popular during the Commonwealth and is now regarded as a romantic classic. The flower is also the namesake of the song ''El Collar de Sampaguita''. The design of the ceremonial torch for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.

Indonesia

''Jasminum sambac'' ( id, melati putih) is one of the three national flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the moon orchid and the giant padma. Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993, the importance of ''Jasminum sambac'' in Indonesian culture long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of Sukarno, ''melati putih'' is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.

It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java. Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands ( jv, script=Latn, roncen melati). On wedding days, a traditional Javanese or Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the ''konde'' ( hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's kris is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called ''roncen usus-usus'' (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and Bugis brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for hyangs, spirits and deities especially among Balinese Hindu, and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the ''bungo melati'' pattern in Palembang songket fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.

The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen ''melati'' often hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their life and died for the country, the very similar concept with fallen ''sakura'' that represent fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. The Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song ''"Melati di Tapal Batas"'' (jasmine on the border) (1947) and Guruh Sukarnoputra's ''"Melati Suci"'' (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that adorned Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian national personification). The Iwan Abdurachman's ''"Melati dari Jayagiri"'' (jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refer jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long lost love.

In Indonesia, jasmine essential oil is also extracted from jasmine flowers and buds by using steam distillation process. Jasmine essential oil is one of most expensive commodity in aromatherapy and perfume industry.

Cambodia

In Cambodia, the flower is used as an offering to the Buddha. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the Buddha.

East Asia

China

In China, the flower () is processed and used as the main flavoring ingredient in jasmine tea (茉莉花茶). It is also the subject of a popular folk song ''Mo Li Hua.''

Hawaii

In Hawaii, the flower is known as ''pīkake'', and is used to make fragrant leis. The name 'pīkake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "peacock", because the Hawaiian Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the flowers and the bird.

The Middle East

In Oman, ''Jasminum sambac'' features prominently on a child's first birthday. They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond ('' Terminalia catappa'') and sewn together with strips of date palm leaves. In Bahrain The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.

South Asia

Jasmine is a sacred flower in Hinduism, it is used in mediation, decoration, fragrance, worship and it is sacred to all forms of Goddess Devi. It is used as sacred offerings during Hindu religious ceremonies:. Here is a Hindu prayer:
''"...Goddess Saraswathi, who is fair as a jasmine flower, the moon or a snow flake, who is dressed in white and whose hands are adorned by Veena, who is seated in a white lotus, to whom Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara pray, please protect us..."''Jasmine molle
toptropicals.com, accessed 16 July 2021.

It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native. At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka it is widely known as ''pichcha'' or ''gaeta pichcha''. The name ''sithapushpa'' and ''katarolu'' are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.

Toxicity

The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.https://zenodo.org/record/1210527/files/57.Jasminum sambac.pdf

See also

* List of Jasminum species
*Jasmine
*'' Jasminum multiflorum'' – the Indian jasmine
*''Jasminum officinale'' – the common jasmine
*'' Cananga odorata'', the ylang-ylang, another plant widely used in perfumes

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q1356614

sambac
Flora of tropical Asia
National symbols of Indonesia
National symbols of the Philippines
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Garden plants of Asia