Jarosław Leon Iwaszkiewicz, also known under his literary pseudonym Eleuter (20 February 1894 – 2 March 1980), was a Polish writer, poet, essayist, dramatist and translator.Bartłomiej Szleszyński, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. 2003 Culture.pl
Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
He is recognized for his literary achievements, beginning with poetry and prose written after

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. After 1989, he was often presented as a political opportunist during his mature years lived in

communist Poland The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million nea ...

, where he held high offices (participated in the slander of Polish

expatriate An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person who resides outside their native country. In common usage, the term often refers to educated professionals, skilled workers, or artists taking positions outside their home country, either ...

s, literary and other figures who after

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

remained in the West). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. In 1988, he was recognized as a

Righteous Among the Nations Righteous Among the Nations ( he, חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, ; "righteous (plural) of the world's nations") is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to sa ...

for his role in sheltering

Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

during World War II.

Biography

Iwaszkiewicz was born in Kalnyk in

Kiev Governorate Kiev Governorate, r=Kievskaya guberniya; uk, Київська губернія, Kyivska huberniia (, ) was an administrative division of the Russian Empire from 1796 to 1919 and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1925. It wa ...

of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

(now

Vinnytsia Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast ( uk, Ві́нницька о́бласть, translit=Vinnytska oblast; ; also referred to as Vinnychchyna — uk, Ві́нниччина) is an oblast of western and southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

). After the death of his father (an accountant), he and his mother lived in

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

in 1902–1904, and then moved back to Kiev Governorate. He graduated from a secondary school in Kiev in 1912 and enrolled at the Law Faculty of

Kiev University Kyiv University or Shevchenko University or officially the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv ( uk, Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка), colloquially known as KNU ...

. In 1914, he travelled in

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

and

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

with his friend and distant cousin Karol Szymanowski, a composer for whose opera ''

King Roger King Roger (Polish: , Op. 46) is an opera in three acts by Karol Szymanowski to a Polish libretto by the composer himself and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, the composer's cousin. The score was finished in 1924. The opera received its world premiere on ...

'' he later provided the libretto. After World War I, in October 1918 Iwaszkiewicz came to Warsaw, where he joined a group of young artists associated with the ''Pro Arte et Studio'' magazine. He had his public debut as a poet at the ''Pod Picadorem'' café on 29 November. With

Julian Tuwim Julian Tuwim (13 September 1894 – 27 December 1953), known also under the pseudonym "Oldlen" as a lyricist, was a Polish poet, born in Łódź, then part of the Russian Partition. He was educated in Łódź and in Warsaw where he studied la ...

and

Antoni Słonimski Antoni Słonimski (15 November 1895 – 4 July 1976) was a Polish poet, artist, journalist, playwright and prose writer, president of the Union of Polish Writers in 1956–1959 during the Polish October, known for his devotion to social justic ...

, he founded the ''

Skamander Skamander was a Polish group of experimental poets founded in 1918 by Julian Tuwim, Antoni Słonimski, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Kazimierz Wierzyński and Jan Lechoń. Initially unnamed, in December 1919 it adopted the name ''Skamander'', af ...

'' group of experimental poets in 1919.Radosław Romaniuk (13 April 2015)
Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz i początki Skamandra.
('Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz and the beginnings of Skamander'), Histmag.org. From ''Inne życie. Biografia Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza. T.1'' ('The other life. Biography of Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz', vol.1) by Radosław Romaniuk. Iskry 2012. . Witkacy-Portret Anny i Jarosława Iwaszkiewiczów

Witkacy-Portret Anny i Jarosława Iwaszkiewiczów

He was appointed to be secretary of

Maciej Rataj Maciej Rataj (19 February 1884 – 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician and writer. Biography Born in the village of Chłopy, near Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), on 19 February 1884, he attended a gymnasium in Lwów and studied classical lingu ...

, marshal of the ''

Sejm The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...

'' of the Second Polish Republic and served in that capacity in 1923–1925. Iwaszkiewicz worked for a magazine called ''Wiadomości Literackie'' ('The Literary News') in 1924–1939; he also published his works in numerous periodicals, including ''Gazeta Polska'' (1934–1938) and ''Ateneum'' (1938–1939). He was secretary to the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts (''Towarzystwo Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych'') and from 1925 a member of the Polish

PEN Club PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous Internation ...

. From 1927 with the Foreign Ministry, first appointed the head of the art promotion section of the Press Department and later sent as secretary of the Polish mission to

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...

(1932–1935) and

Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...

(1935–1936). He was a member of The Trade Union of Polish Writers (''Związek Zawodowy Literatów Polskich'', ZZLP) and in 1939 voted its vice-president. During World War II, Iwaszkiewicz participated in the Polish Underground State's activities, working in the Department of Education, Science and Culture of the

Government Delegation for Poland The Government Delegation for Poland ( pl, Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) was an agency of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II. It was the highest authority of the Polish Secret State in occupied Poland and was ...

. He collaborated with Prof. Stanisław Lorentz in his efforts to protect and rescue Poland's works of art. Iwaszkiewicz and his wife Anna had extensive contacts within the Jewish-Polish intelligentsia circles and assisted their former neighbors, friends and acquaintances in a variety of ways during the

German occupation of Poland German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

. Iwaszkiewicz family's ''Villa Stawisko'' residence served as a hiding place for many Jews and

Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in C ...

who faced the threat of being arrested by Nazi Germans, especially after the fall of the

Warsaw Uprising The Warsaw Uprising ( pl, powstanie warszawskie; german: Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation by the Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. It occurred in the summer of 1944, and it was led ...

in 1944. At one time, more than 40 people were sheltered in the mansion. During the war, ''Stawisko'' also functioned as a center of Polish underground literature and art. Podkowa Lesna 1

In 1945–1946, 1947–1949 and 1959–1980, Iwaszkiewicz served as head of the

Polish Writers' Union The Polish Writers' Union or the Union of Polish Writers ( pl, Związek Literatów Polskich, ZLP) was established at a meeting of Polish writers and activists in Lublin behind the Soviet front line, during the liberation of Poland by the Red Arm ...

. In 1945–1949 and 1955–1957 he was literary manager of the

Polish Theatre in Warsaw Polish Theatre in Warsaw ( pl, Teatr Polski im. Arnolda Szyfmana w Warszawie) is a theatre in Warsaw, Poland. It is located at ul. Karasia 2. The current artistic director is Andrzej Seweryn. The theatre was initiated by Arnold Szyfman and desig ...

. From March 1947 to December 1949, he published the ''Nowiny literackie'' ('Literary News') magazine. Beginning in 1956, for many years he was chief editor of the monthly ''Twórczość'' ('Creativity'). Vice-president of the Polish PEN Club in 1950–1965. Iwaszkiewicz was an organizer of the

World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace The World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace ( pl, Światowy Kongres Intelektualistów w Obronie Pokoju) was an international conference held on 25 to 28 August 1948 at Wrocław University of Technology. It was organized in the afterma ...

held in

Wrocław Wrocław (; german: Breslau, or . ; Silesian German: ''Brassel'') is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, rou ...

in 1948 and a delegate to the World Peace Congress in 1950. He served as a nonpartisan member of parliament from 1952 until his death in 1980. In his last three terms, he was the Senior Marshal of the ''Sejm''. Iwaszkiewicz wrote of his deeply

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

convictions, but was ambivalent and privately bitter about the political reality of the

Polish People's Republic The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million ne ...

, within which he officially functioned. Nevertheless, he was greatly impressed by the appreciation note that he received from

Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish communist activist and politician, leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1947 until 1956. He was President of the State National Council from 1944 to 1947, President of Po ...

on the 40th anniversary of Iwaszkiewicz's literary career. In 1956, he was thrilled by the

Polish October Polish October (), also known as October 1956, Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it the Polish October Revolution, which was less dramatic than the ...

events. After a conversation with

Edward Ochab Edward Ochab (; 16 August 1906 – 1 May 1989) was a Polish communist politician and top leader of Poland between March and October 1956. As a member of the Communist Party of Poland from 1929, he was repeatedly imprisoned for his activities u ...

in 1961, Iwaszkiewicz wrote: "They blame me for not having done anything as a member of the ''Sejm'', but then they want me to be a deputy again". He continued his lifelong habit of making many foreign trips. Iwaszkiewicz wrote novels and short stories, poems, dramatic works, essays and columns, and translations from French,

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

and

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...

literatures. His major epic novel is ''Sława i Chwała'' ('Fame and Glory') – a panorama of life of Polish intelligentsia in the first half of the 20th century. In particular, he is highly regarded for his short stories, a genre he developed and modernized. Using changing forms and themes, throughout his career Iwaszkiewicz produced collections of poems of major significance. He wrote plays based on classical motifs and many miscellaneous pieces reflecting his interests and pursuits in areas such as music and theatre, travel, and popularization of culture. In 1936, Iwaszkiewicz won the Golden Laurel (Polish: ''Złoty Wawrzyn'') conferred by the

Polish Academy of Literature The Polish Academy of Literature ( pl, Polska Akademia Literatury, PAL) was one of the most important state institutions of literary life in the Second Polish Republic, operating between 1933 and 1939 with the headquarters in Warsaw. It was foun ...

. He was twice awarded the

Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland The Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is a Polish order of merit created in 1974, awarded to persons who have rendered great service to Poland. It is granted to foreigners or Poles resident a ...

(1946 and 1947) and also the

Order of the Builders of People's Poland Order of the Builders of People's Poland ( pl, Order Budowniczych Polski Ludowej) was the highest

in 1954. In 1955, he became the recipient of the

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( it, Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi. The highest-ranking ...

and the

Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland The Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland ( Polish: ''Medal 10-lecia Polski Ludowej'') is a former Polish civil state award established by the Council of State on 23 May 1954 to recognize services to the state. It was created to mark ...

. In 1970, he was awarded the

Lenin Peace Prize The International Lenin Peace Prize (russian: международная Ленинская премия мира, ''mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya mira)'' was a Soviet Union award named in honor of Vladimir Lenin. It was awarded by a pane ...

. In 1974,

Edward Gierek Edward Gierek (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish Communist politician and ''de facto'' leader of Poland between 1970 and 1980. Gierek replaced Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (P ...

awarded him with the Grand Cross of the

Order of Polonia Restituta The Order of Polonia Restituta ( pl, Order Odrodzenia Polski, en, Order of Restored Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921. It is conferred on both military and civilians as well as on foreigners for outstanding achievement ...

. He received honorary doctorates from the

University of Warsaw The University of Warsaw ( pl, Uniwersytet Warszawski, la, Universitas Varsoviensis) is a public university in Warsaw, Poland. Established in 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country offering 37 different fields o ...

in 1971 and the

Jagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...

in 1979, as well as numerous other Polish, foreign and international awards and distinctions. However, Iwaszkiewicz's works were removed in Poland from school recommended readings after the collapse of the Soviet Bloc. They have since been regaining the recognition of their value and rank.

Czesław Miłosz Czesław Miłosz (, also , ; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish-American poet, prose writer, translator, and diplomat. Regarded as one of the great poets of the 20th century, he won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature. In its citation ...

wrote the following: "Iwaszkiewicz is a great figure and nobody who deals with

Polish literature Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, ...

can omit him. Even if some parts of his huge literary output are excluded, there is enough left, also as a testimony to the three epochs, to secure for him a place higher than that of any of his contemporaries". He concluded, "One is almost inclined to believe that some people are gripped by circumstances meant for them, and that for him the good fortunes, after his impoverished youth, began in the

interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the World War I, First World War to the beginning of the World War II, Second World War. The in ...

, to endure also later". For Miłosz could not imagine Iwaszkiewicz as an ''émigré'' personality. Iwaszkiewicz died on 2 March 1980 and was buried on 5 March at the cemetery in Brwinów near Warsaw, according to his last wish in a miner's uniform.

Personal life

In 1922, Iwaszkiewicz married Anna Lilpop (1897–1979), a writer and translator and daughter of Stanisław Wilhelm Lilpop, a wealthy entrepreneur. The couple settled in

Podkowa Leśna Podkowa Leśna (literal meaning – "Forest Horseshoe", in full: ''Miasto-ogród Podkowa Leśna'' – "Garden-City Podkowa Leśna") is a town in Grodzisk Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship of Poland and located within the territory of the ...

near Warsaw. In 1928, they moved to a newly built villa that Iwaszkiewicz named ''Stawisko''. It currently houses a museum devoted to Iwaszkiewicz and his wife. They had two daughters: Maria (1924–2019) and Teresa (1928–2012). Iwaszkiewicz was

bisexual Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, whi ...

and

homoerotic Homoeroticism is sexual attraction between members of the same sex, either male–male or female–female. The concept differs from the concept of homosexuality: it refers specifically to the desire itself, which can be temporary, whereas "homose ...

; those themes are present in his poetry and prose works. In his diaries he describes himself as a "

homosexual Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to peop ...

"; however, in light of the current understanding of human

sexual orientation Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. These attractions are generall ...

and his biography, he can be characterized as a bisexual. Iwaszkiewicz experienced and described a particularly intense relationship with a younger man terminally ill with

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

; it commenced when the writer was over sixty years old. His wife always "knew of all of his affections". In 2012, his great-granddaughter Ludwika Włodek wrote a best-selling biographical book about the life of her great-grandfather, titled ''Pra''.

Works

Brwinow, grob Jaroslawa i Anny Iwaszkiewiczow

Short stories

* ''Panny z Wilka'' ('The Wilko Girls'); ''Brzezina'' ('The Birch Grove'), Warsaw 1933 * ''Młyn nad Utratą'' ('The Mill on the River Utrata'), Warsaw 1936 * ''Dwa opowiadania'' ('Two Stories'), Warsaw 1938 * ''Nowa miłość i inne opowiadania'' ('New Love and Other Stories'), Warsaw 1946 * ''Tatarak i inne opowiadania'' ('Calamus and Other Stories'), Warsaw 1960 * ''Heidenreich. Cienie. Dwa opowiadania'' ('Heidenreich. Shadows. Two Stories'), Poznań 1964

Novels

* ''Zenobia Palmura'', Poznań 1920 * ''Ucieczka do Bagdadu'' ('Escape to Baghdad'), Warsaw 1923 * ''Hilary, syn buchaltera'' ('Hilary, Son of a Bookkeeper'), Warsaw 1923 * ''Księżyc wschodzi'' ('The Moon Rises'), Warsaw 1925 * ''Zmowa mężczyzn'' ('Conspiracy of Men'), Warsaw 1930 * ''Czerwone tarcze'' ('Red Shields'), Warsaw 1934 * ''Sława i chwała'' ('Fame and Glory'), vol. 1–3, Warsaw 1956–1962

Poetry

* ''Oktostychy'' ('Octostichs'), Warsaw 1919 * ''Dionizje'' ('Dionysiacs'), Warsaw 1922 * ''Kaskady zakończone siedmioma wierszami'' ('Cascades Ending in Seven Poems'), Warsaw 1925 * ''Pejzaże sentymentalne'' ('Sentimental Landscapes'), Warsaw 1926 * ''Ksiega dnia i księga nocy'' ('The Book of Day and the Book of Night'), Warsaw 1929 * ''Powrót do Europy'' ('Return to Europe'), Warsaw 1931 * ''Lato 1932'' ('Summer 1932'), 1933 * ''Inne życie'' ('Another Life'), 1938 * ''Ody olimpijskie'' ('Olympian Odes'), Warsaw 1948 * ''Warkocz jesieni'' ('The Plait of Autumn'), Warsaw 1954 * ''Ciemne ścieżki'' ('Dark Paths'), Warsaw 1957 * ''Jutro żniwa'' ('Harvest Tomorrow'), Warsaw 1963 * ''Krągły rok'' ('Year Round'), Warsaw 1967 * ''Xenie i elegie'' ('Xenias and Elegies'), Warsaw 1970 * ''Śpiewnik włoski'' ('Italian Songbook'), Warsaw 1974 * ''Mapa pogody'' ('Weather Map'), Warsaw 1977

Plays

* Libretto to Karol Szymanowski's ''

''; premiere in Teatr Wielki, Warsaw 1926. Szymanowski completely re-wrote the third act libretto. * ''Kochankowie z Werony. Tragedia romatyczna w 3 aktach'' ('The Lovers of Verona. Romantic Tragedy in 3 Acts'); premiere in Teatr Nowy, Warsaw 1930 * ''Lato w Nohant. Komedia w 3 aktach'' ('The Summer at Nohant. Comedy in 3 Acts'); premiere in Teatr Mały, Warsaw 1936 * ''Maskarada. Melodramat w 4 Aktach'' ('Masquerade. Melodrama in 4 Acts'); premiere in Teatr Polski, Warsaw 1938 * ''Odbudowa Błędomierza. Sztuka w 3 aktach'' ('The Rebuilding of Błędomierz. Play in 3 Acts'); premiere in Teatr Stary, Kraków 1951 * ''Wesele Pana Balzaka'' ('The Wedding of Mr. Balzac'); premiere in Teatr Kameralny, Warsaw 1959 * ''Kosmogonia'' ('Cosmogony'); premiere in Teatr Polski, Warsaw 1967 (''Lato w Nohant'' is based on an episode in

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leadin ...

's life and ''Maskarada'' on

Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...

's final days.)

Adaptations

Films

*'' Matka Joanna od aniołów'' ('Mother Joan of the Angels') by

Jerzy Kawalerowicz Jerzy Franciszek Kawalerowicz (19 January 1922 – 27 December 2007) was a Polish film director and politician, having been a member of Polish United Workers' Party from 1954 until its dissolution in 1990 and a deputy in Polish parliament since ...

1961 *''Kochankowie z Marony'' ('The Lovers of Marona') by

Jerzy Zarzycki Jerzy Zarzycki (11 January 1911 – 2 January 1971) was a Polish film director. He directed 24 films between 1931 and 1970. He co-directed the 1933 film '' The Sea'', which was nominated for an Academy Award in 1933 for Best Short Subject ...

1966 *'' Brzezina'' ('The Birch Grove' ) by Andrzej Wajda 1970 *'' Panny z Wilka'' ('The Wilko Girls') by

Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Witold Wajda (; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the ...

1979 *''Ryś'' (('The Lynx'), based on Iwaszkiewicz's short story ''Kościół w Skaryszewie'' ('The Church in Skaryszew')) by

Stanisław Różewicz Stanisław Roch Różewicz (16 August 1924 – 9 November 2008) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He directed 26 films between 1947 and 1989. His 1967 film ''Westerplatte'' was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Fest ...

1981 *''Kochankowie z Marony'' ('The Lovers of Marona') by Izabela Cywińska 2005 *'' Tatarak'' ('Calamus') by Andrzej Wajda 2009

References

External links

Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
at Culture.pl {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwaszkiewicz, Jaroslaw 1894 births 1980 deaths People from Vinnytsia Oblast People from Kiev Governorate Members of the Polish Sejm 1952–1956 Members of the Polish Sejm 1961–1965 Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969 Members of the Polish Sejm 1969–1972 Members of the Polish Sejm 1972–1976 Members of the Polish Sejm 1976–1980 Polish male dramatists and playwrights Ballet librettists Polish LGBT poets Polish LGBT dramatists and playwrights Polish diarists Bisexual men Bisexual poets Bisexual dramatists and playwrights Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland Lenin Peace Prize recipients Opera librettists Polish male poets Male essayists 20th-century Polish poets 20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights 20th-century Polish male writers 20th-century essayists Polish Righteous Among the Nations Olympic competitors in art competitions Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland) 20th-century diarists