The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the
surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
. It was signed by representatives from the
Empire of Japan
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent for ...
and from the
Allied nations: the
United States of America
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territor ...
, the
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northea ...
,
[The Republic of China was the only government of China until the ]People's Republic of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, sli ...
was promulgated in 1949. the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the
Commonwealth of Australia, the
Dominion of Canada, the
Provisional Government of the French Republic
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR; french: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française (''GPRF'')) was the provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, following the liberation ...
, the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
, national_anthem = )
, image_map = Kingdom of the Netherlands (orthographic projection).svg
, map_width = 250px
, image_map2 = File:KonDerNed-10-10-10.png
, map_caption2 = Map of the four constituent countries shown to scale
, capital = ...
, and the
Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of in
Tokyo Bay
is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...
on 2 September 1945.
The date is sometimes known as
Victory over Japan Day, although that designation more frequently refers to the date of Emperor
Hirohito
Emperor , commonly known in English-speaking countries by his personal name , was the 124th emperor of Japan, ruling from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. Hirohito and his wife, Empress Kōjun, had two sons and five daughters; he was ...
's ''
Gyokuon-hōsō'' (Imperial Rescript of Surrender), the radio broadcast announcement of the acceptance of the terms of the
Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, U ...
at noon
Japan Standard Time
, or , is the standard time zone in Japan, 9 hours ahead of UTC ( UTC+09:00). Japan does not observe daylight saving time, though its introduction has been debated on several occasions. During World War II, the time zone was often referred to ...
on 15 August.
Preparation
General
Douglas MacArthur's staff, headed by Colonel
LeGrande A. Diller
Brigadier General LeGrande Albert "Pick" Diller (16 February 1901 – 2 September 1987) was a United States Army officer during World War II. He served as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's Aide-de-camp in the South West Pacific Area du ...
, were tasked to prepare the draft of the Instrument of Surrender. This was a challenge given resources were limited in war-torn
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital city, capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities, highly urbanize ...
. Nevertheless, an enterprising staff member found rare parchment in a basement of a monastery, and this was given to MacArthur's printer.
Surrender ceremony
The ceremony aboard the deck of the ''Missouri'' lasted 23 minutes and was broadcast throughout the world. It occurred at in
Tokyo Bay
is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...
. The instrument was first signed by the Japanese foreign minister
Mamoru Shigemitsu "By Command and on behalf of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese Government" (9:04 a.m.).
General
Yoshijirō Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff, then signed the document "By Command and on behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters" (9:06 a.m.).
The Japanese representatives present for the signing were the following:
* Foreign Minister
Mamoru Shigemitsu
* General
Yoshijirō Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff
* Major General Yatsuji Nagai
*
Katsuo Okazaki (Foreign Ministry)
* Rear Admiral
Tadatoshi Tomioka
*
Toshikazu Kase
was a Japanese civil servant and career diplomat. During World War II he was a high-ranking Foreign Ministry official. Hideaki Kase is his son and Yoko Ono is his niece.
Biography
Kase was born in Chiba, Japan, from a family of upper-class l ...
(Foreign Ministry)
* Lt. General Suichi Miyakazi
* Rear Admiral Ichiro Yokoyama
* Saburo Ota (Foreign Ministry)
* Captain Katsuo Shiba (Navy)
* Colonel Kaziyi Sugita
At 9:08 a.m., American
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the Commander in the Southwest Pacific and
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, accepted the surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers and signed in his capacity as Supreme Commander.
After MacArthur, the following representatives signed the instrument of surrender on behalf of each of the Allied Powers:
*
Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz
Chester William Nimitz (; February 24, 1885 – February 20, 1966) was a fleet admiral in the United States Navy. He played a major role in the naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet, and Commander in ...
for the United States (9:12 a.m.)
*
General
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". O ...
Hsu Yung-chang
General Xu Yongchang (15 December 188512 July 1959) (Hsu Yung-chang; ; style name: Cichen (Tzu-chen)) was the Minister of Board of Military Operations of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China between December 22, 1948, and April 2 ...
for China (9:13 a.m.)
*
Admiral Sir
Bruce Fraser for the United Kingdom (9:14 a.m.)
*
Lieutenant General
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
Kuzma Derevyanko for the Soviet Union (9:16 a.m.)
[The Soviet Union had only declared war on Japan a month earlier, after the Hiroshima bombing.]
*
General
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". O ...
Sir
Thomas Blamey
Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey, (24 January 1884 – 27 May 1951) was an Australian general of the First and Second World Wars, and the only Australian to attain the rank of field marshal.
Blamey joined the Australian Army as a regula ...
for Australia (9:17 a.m.)
*
Colonel
Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge ...
Lawrence Moore Cosgrave for Canada (9:18 a.m.)
*
Général de Corps d'Armée Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque for France (9:20 a.m.)
*
Lieutenant Admiral C. E. L. Helfrich for the Netherlands (9:21 a.m.)
*
Air Vice-Marshal
Air vice-marshal (AVM) is a two-star air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes ...
Leonard M. Isitt for New Zealand (9:22 a.m.)
The UK invited
Dominion
The term ''Dominion'' is used to refer to one of several self-governing nations of the British Empire.
"Dominion status" was first accorded to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State at the 1926 ...
governments to send representatives to the ceremony as subordinates to its own. MacArthur supported the government of Australia's demand to attend and sign separately from the UK, although Australia objected to his recommendation that Canada, the Netherlands, and France also sign the document.
On 6 September, Colonel Bernard Theilen took the document and an imperial rescript to
Washington, D.C., and presented them to President
Harry S. Truman in a formal
White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. preside ...
ceremony the following day. The documents were then exhibited at the
National Archives.
Flags at the ceremony
The deck of the ''Missouri'' was furnished with two
American flags. A commonly heard story is that one of the flags had flown over the
White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. preside ...
on the day
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is an American lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It was often visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the ...
was
attacked. However, Captain Stuart Murray of USS ''Missouri'' explained:
That special flag on the veranda deck of the ''Missouri'' had been flown from
Commodore Matthew Perry's flagship in 1853–54 when
he led the U.S. Navy's Far East Squadron into
Tokyo Bay
is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...
to force the opening of Japan's ports to foreign trade. MacArthur was a direct descendant of the
New England
New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian province ...
Perry family and cousin of Commodore Matthew Perry.
Photographs of the signing ceremony show that this flag is displayed reverse side showing (stars in the upper right corner). This was because American flags on the right of an object plane, ship, or person have the stars on the upper right corner, to look like the flag is heading into as if attached to a pole and someone is carrying it. Stars in the upper left of a flag displayed on the right side of the object could make the flag look like it were going away from battle. The cloth of the historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the
U.S. Naval Academy Museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, leaving its "wrong side" visible; and this was how Perry's 31-star flag was presented on this unique occasion.
A replica of this historic flag can be seen today on the Surrender Deck of the Battleship ''Missouri'' Memorial in Pearl Harbor.
This replica is also placed in the same location on the bulkhead of the veranda deck where it had been initially mounted on the morning of 2 September 1945, by Chief Carpenter Fred Miletich.
The original flag is still on display at the Naval Academy Museum, as is the table and tablecloth upon which the instrument of surrender was signed, and the original bronze plaque marking the location of the signing (which was replaced by two replicas in 1990). However, it is not certain that the table is the actual one used as the deck had been cleaned and items returned to storage before anyone thought to save it.
Differences between versions
The Japanese copy of the treaty varied from the Allied in the following ways:
* The Allied copy was presented in
leather
Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and ho ...
and
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile ...
lining with both countries' seals printed on the front, whereas the Japanese copy was bound in rough canvas with no seals on the front.
* The Canadian representative,
Colonel Lawrence Moore Cosgrave
Colonel Lawrence Vincent Moore Cosgrave, (August 28, 1890 – July 28, 1971) was a Canadian soldier and diplomat. He was the Canadian signatory to the Japanese Instrument of Surrender at the end of World War II.
Early life
Cosgrave was born ...
, signed below his line instead of above it on the Allied copy, so everyone after him had to sign one line below the intended one. This was attributed to Cosgrave being blind in one eye from a
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
injury. When the discrepancy was pointed out to
General Sutherland, he crossed out the pre-printed name titles of the Allied nations and rewrote by hand the titles in their correct relative positions. The Japanese initially found this alteration unacceptable—until Sutherland initialed (as an abbreviated signature) each alteration. The Japanese representatives did not complain further.
[, ]
Current locations
The Allied copy of the Instrument is at the United States
National Archives Building
The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, is the headquarters of the United States National Archives and Records Administration. It is located north of the National Mall at 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest, Washington ...
in
Washington, D.C. The Japanese copy is at the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan in Tokyo, and was last publicly displayed in 2015, as part of an exhibition marking the 70th anniversary of the signing. A replica version of the Japanese copy can be viewed at the archive's gallery, and at the
Edo-Tokyo Museum in
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...
.
Gen. MacArthur originally had 11 full-sized facsimiles made of the Instrument of Surrender, but later increased this for distribution among the Allied nations present during the signing. Two of the copies which were given to Col.
LeGrande A. Diller
Brigadier General LeGrande Albert "Pick" Diller (16 February 1901 – 2 September 1987) was a United States Army officer during World War II. He served as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's Aide-de-camp in the South West Pacific Area du ...
and MGen.
Basilio Valdes for the Philippines are now displayed at
The International Museum of World War II
The International Museum of World War II was a nonprofit museum devoted to World War II located in Natick, Massachusetts, a few miles west of Boston. It was formed over a period of more than 50 years by its founder, Kenneth W. Rendell, one of the ...
in
Natick, Massachusetts.
As witnesses, American general
Jonathan Wainwright, who had surrendered the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, and British
lieutenant-general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
Arthur Percival, who had
surrendered Singapore, received two of the six pens used by General MacArthur to sign the instrument. Another pen went to the
West Point
The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known Metonymy, metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academies, United States service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a f ...
military academy, and one to MacArthur's aide. All of the pens used by MacArthur were black, except the last, which was bright red and went to his wife.
A replica of it, along with copies of the instrument of surrender, is in a case on ''Missouri'' by the plaque marking the signing spot. The model of USS ''Missouri'' in the
National Museum of the United States Navy
The National Museum of the United States Navy, or U.S. Navy Museum for short, is the flagship museum of the United States Navy and is located in the former Breech Mechanism Shop of the old Naval Gun Factory on the grounds of the Washington Navy ...
at the
Washington Navy Yard
The Washington Navy Yard (WNY) is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy.
The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administra ...
, has a scale replica of the signing table in the correct location.
Gallery
Image:Allied battleships in Sagami Bay 28 Aug 1945.jpg, Ships of U.S. Third Fleet and British Pacific Fleet in Sagami Wan, 28 August 1945, preparing for the formal Japanese surrender. Nearest ship is . is just beyond, with further in. is in far center distance. Mount Fuji
, or Fugaku, located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, with a summit elevation of . It is the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highes ...
is in the background.
Image:SC 212246 Surrender of Japan, Tokyo Bay, 2 September 1945.tif, Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland
Lieutenant General Richard Kerens Sutherland (27 November 1893 – 25 June 1966) was a United States Army officer during World War II. He served as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur's Chief of Staff in the South West Pacific Area during the ...
, aboard USS ''Missouri'', corrects a signatory error in the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. US Colonel Sidney Mashbir and Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki look on.
Image:MissouriPlaque.png, Plaque over the door to the Captain's Cabin on board the ''Missouri'' marking the signing
Image:Surrender Plaque USS Missouri (BB-63).jpg, Plaque in the deck of the ''Missouri'' marking the location of the signing
Image:Missouri-flyover.jpg, Huge formation of American planes over USS ''Missouri'' and Tokyo Bay celebrating the signing, 2 September 1945
Image:USS Missouri Tokyo Bay.jpg, Photo taken from an airplane flying over USS ''Missouri''. is alongside.
See also
*
Cairo Declaration (1943)
*
General Order No. 1
General Order No. 1 (Japanese:一般命令第一号) for the surrender of Japan was prepared by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff and approved by President Harry Truman on August 17, 1945.
It was issued by General Douglas MacArthur to the r ...
(Aug. 1945)
*
Retrocession Day (Oct. 1945)
*
List of Allied ships at the Japanese surrender
These ships of the Allied navies of World War II were present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day (2 September 1945) when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on board the battleship . The only two US vessels present at both the Pear ...
Post-war
*
Occupation of Japan
Japan was occupied and administered by the victorious Allies of World War II from the 1945 surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of the war until the
Treaty of San Francisco took effect in 1952. The occupation, led by the United States ...
*
Japanese holdout
Japanese holdouts ( ja, 残留日本兵, translit=Zanryū nipponhei, lit=remaining Japanese soldiers) were soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during the Pacific Theatre of World War II who continued fighting World Wa ...
s
*
Treaty of San Francisco
The , also called the , re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers on behalf of the United Nations by ending the legal state of war and providing for redress for hostile actions up to and including World War II. It w ...
(1951)
*
Treaty of Taipei (1952)
*
Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
Other Axis
*
German Instrument of Surrender
The German Instrument of Surrender (german: Bedingungslose Kapitulation der Wehrmacht, lit=Unconditional Capitulation of the " Wehrmacht"; russian: Акт о капитуляции Германии, Akt o kapitulyatsii Germanii, lit=Act of capi ...
(1945)
*
Armistice of Cassibile
*
Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
The Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending hostilities between both parties. It came into general effect on 15 September 1947.
Territorial changes
* Transfer of the Adriatic island ...
Notes
References
External links
National Archives & Records Administration Featured Document*
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20051125131001/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=warfare%2FJapanese+Surrender Alsos Digital Library bibliography of references on Japan's surrender*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Japanese Instrument Of Surrender
1945 in Japan
1945 documents
Aftermath of World War II in Japan
Australia–Japan military relations
Canada–Japan relations
China–Japan relations
France–Japan relations
Japan in World War II
Japan–Netherlands relations
Japan–New Zealand relations
Japan–Soviet Union relations
Japan–United Kingdom military relations
Japan–United States military relations
Occupied Japan
September 1945 events in Asia
Surrender of Japan
Surrenders
World War II documents