Jana Zamoyskiego Street is located in downtown district, in Bydgoszcz,

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

. Most of its buildings display

Eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

, Art Nouveau or early modernist architectural styles. One of them is registered on the

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, also known as Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie, or Kujawy-Pomerania Province ( pl, województwo kujawsko-pomorskie ) is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divide ...

heritage list.

Location

The street is located to the north of downtown district ( pl, Śródmieście), and follows a west–east axis, parallel to the north to

Adam Mickiewicz Alley Adam Mickiewicz Alley is one of the main streets of downtown district in Bydgoszcz, where several buildings are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. Location The street links Gdańska Street to Józef Weyssenhoff ...

. To the west, it starts at Gdańska Street and its western tip ends when meeting with Niemcewicza street: in its course, it crosses 20 Stycznia 1920 and Paderewskiego streets.

History

The path has been developed lately at the beginning of the 20th century, under Prussian rule. First reference to the then ''Stein Straße'' is mentioned in the '' 1908 Bromberg Address Book'', as being vacant or under development. First houses appeared in 1909, and by the outbreak of

WWI World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, a dramatic increase of construction of the plots can be noticed.

Naming

Through the course of Bydgoszcz history, the street swapped its calling between the Prussian initial name ''Stein straße'' (from 1908 to 1918 and during the

German occupation German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 an ...

) and the Polish one (from 1918 to 1939, and since 1945). ''Stein straße'' stemmed from Baron vom Stein (1757-1831), a Prussian statesman. Current name ''Zamoyskiego street'' refers to

Jan Zamoyski Jan Sariusz Zamoyski ( la, Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, and the 1st '' ordynat'' of Zamość. He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Cha ...

(1542-1605), a Polish nobleman, Lord Grand-Chancellor and Grand

Hetman ( uk, гетьман, translit=het'man) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military co ...

of the Crown from 1581. He was an advisor to Kings

Sigismund II Augustus Sigismund II Augustus ( pl, Zygmunt II August, lt, Žygimantas Augustas; 1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler ...

and

Stephen Báthory Stephen Báthory ( hu, Báthory István; pl, Stefan Batory; ; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586) ...

, one of the most skilled diplomat of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi- confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ru ...

throughout his life.

Main edifices

Tenement house at the corner with Gdańska Street 1887, by Józef Święcicki and Anton Hoffmann

Eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories i ...

& French

Neo-Renaissance Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range ...

Putto A putto (; plural putti ) is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism,Dempsey, Charles. ''Inventing the Renaissance Putto''. University of ...

s and sirens stucco

relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term '' relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...

s are mounted on the facade. File:Bdg Gdanska86 3 07-2013.jpg, Main facade File:Gdanska 86 detail.JPG, Architectural detail Villa Carl Grosse, corner with Gdańska Street Registered on

heritage list, Nr.601311-Reg.A/1056, 26 February 1997 1898–1899, by Karl Bergner German

Historicism Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying their history, that is, by studying the process by which they came about. The term is widely ...

In the 1920s, rumor had it -mistakenly- that the villa belonged to Polish actress Apolonia Chalupiec, aka ''

Pola Negri Pola Negri (; born Apolonia Chalupec ; 3 January 1897 – 1 August 1987) was a Polish stage and film actress and singer. She achieved worldwide fame during the silent and golden eras of Hollywood and European film for her tragedienne and femm ...

''. File:Willa Gdańska 84 1.jpg, Villa Carl Grosse from Gdańska Street File:Willa Gdańska 84.jpg, View from Zamoyski street Tenement houses at 2 & 2a 1950s

Modern architecture Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that for ...

Modern buildings refurbisged at the beginning of the 21st century. The building at Nr.2 houses local edition of ''Gazeta Pomorska'' newspaper. File:Zamoyskiego 2.jpg, View of Nr.2 from the street File:Zamoyskiego 2a 2.jpg, Facade at Nr.2a File:Bdg GazetaPomorska Zamoyskiego 9-2015.jpg, View of the Gazeta Pomorska building Building at 2b 2010s

This modern glass and metal setback building erected in 2017 is the seat of Bydgoszcz IT firm ''Softblue SA''. File:Zamoyskiego 2b 2.jpg, View from the street Tenement houses at 3 & 3a 1930s

These buildings from the late 1930s recall tenements in the neighbourhood, like those built by architect

Jan Kossowski Jan Kossowski (1898-1958) was a Polish architect and builder, mainly associated with Bydgoszcz. His professional activity spanned from the History of Poland (1918-1939), interwar period to the 1940s. His artistic style is mainly connected with M ...

. The right facade at Nr.3a received a recent refurbishing. File:Zamoyskiego 3.jpg, Frontage at Zamoyskiego 3 File:Zamoyskiego 3a.jpg, Renovated facade at 3a Petrikowski Tenement at 4, corner with 14 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 1906–1907,Gminna Ewidencja Zabytków Miasta Bydgoszczy. Program Opieki nad Zabytkami miasta Bydgoszczy na lata 2013-2016 by Victor Petrikowski Art Nouveau This large tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the building, then at ''Stein straße 23''. In this house lived Edward Woyniłłowicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, ''Wspomnienia 1847-1928''. The edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass), adorned with floral motifs and stylized faces. File:Bdg ul20stycznia1920 14 07-2013.jpg, Corner view File:Zamoyskiego 4 (2).jpg, Main staircase File:Zamoyskiego 4 New1.jpg, View of the adorned

bay window A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a bay in a room. Types Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window constructions, regardless of whether they are curved or angular, or ...

File:Zamoyskiego 4 detail (2).jpg, Detail of motifs File:Zamoyskiego 4 door.jpg, Decorated portal Tenement at 6 1909 Art Nouveau This grand tenement has been used for renting purposes since its inception: in 1915, one could list a dozen of tenant families inhabiting the building. In addition to the elaborate decoration of the entry portal with

pilaster In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wal ...

s, masks and floral Art Nouveau patterns, one can still notice the initials ''MR'', of the first landlord, Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur. The Regamey family was accommodated their in the early 1920s when arriving from the

Eastern Borderlands Eastern Borderlands ( pl, Kresy Wschodnie) or simply Borderlands ( pl, Kresy, ) was a term coined for the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period (1918–1939). Largely agricultural and extensively multi-ethnic, it ...

. The successful renovation of the tenement in 2015 allows to appreciate the quality of the Art Nouveau stuccoes, be it in the adornment of the widow tops or in the motifs embellishing the

gable A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesth ...

s. File:Bdg ulZamoyskiego 3 07-2013.jpg, Renovated facade File:Bdg ulZamoyskiego 4 07-2013.jpg, Details of Art Nouveau motifs File:Zamoyskiego 6 door.jpg, Ornamented portal with ''MK'' initials Tenement at 8 1909 Art Nouveau This tenement had been commissioned by Max Reschke, a wood factory entrepreneur, and designed by Victor Petrikowski, also builder and owner of the house at Nr.4. Reschke was living at the time at ''Goethe Straße 26'' (today's 20 Stycznia 1920 Street 22), but kept ownership of Zamoyskiego 8 until the end of

. On 7 July 1920, famous Polish actress

bought the place to live there in a luxury apartment refurbished to her taste until May 1922. In July of the same year, she sold the building to Marta Czaplewska who owned it till the outbreak of

WWII World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

. The entire building has undergone a thorough refurbishing in 2017–2018, thanks for which one can admire the richness of the original architectural details. Art Nouveau elements are particularly noticeable around the elaborate adornment of the portal, displaying motifs, patterns, masks and floral items up to the transom light. At the top of the transom, the initials ''MR'' for Max Reschke are still visible, as they are in the abutting portal at Nr.6. File:Zamoyskiego 8.jpg, Facade from the street File:Zamoyskiego 8 (4).jpg, Details of Art Nouveau interiors File:Zamoyskiego 8 New1.jpg, Ornamented portal bearing ''MR'' initials File:Bdg Zamoyskiego8 2 10-2015.jpg, Plaque in memoriam of Pola Negri Tenement at 9, corner with 16 20 Stycznia 1920 Street Registered on ''

heritage list'', Nr.A/1628/1-2 (February 25,)Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego z dnia 20 maja 2013 r. 1910, by

Rudolf Kern Rudolf Kern was an important designer and builder in Bydgoszcz, at the end of the Prussian period of the city. Most his works have been realized between 1903 and 1914. His artistic style relates to Art Nouveau and Modernism. Life Rudolf Kern alle ...

Art Nouveau The building was first the property of the architect who realized it, Rudolf Kern, one of the leading designers in the early 20th century in Bydgoszcz (then called Bromberg). This immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals in particular a large

metal roof A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles characterized by its high resistance, impermeability and longevity. It is a component of the building envelope. Zinc, copper and steel alloys are commonly used. History Copper has pla ...

studded with a corner finial, dormers, a

terrace Terrace may refer to: Landforms and construction * Fluvial terrace, a natural, flat surface that borders and lies above the floodplain of a stream or river * Terrace, a street suffix * Terrace, the portion of a lot between the public sidewalk an ...

crowning the

avant-corps An ''avant-corps'' ( it, avancorpo or , plural , german: Risalit, pl, ryzalit), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis'', often taller than othe ...

which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside with

coffer A coffer (or coffering) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also ...

s and displays oval shaped openings so specific to Art Nouveau features. File:Zamoyskiego corner 20 stycznia.jpg, Facade onto Zamoyskiego street File:Kamienica, 1910 Bydgoszcz, ul. 20 Stycznia 1920 r. 16 (12).JPG,

Avant-corps An ''avant-corps'' ( it, avancorpo or , plural , german: Risalit, pl, ryzalit), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis'', often taller than othe ...

File:20 stycznia 1920 16.jpg, Adorned portal after renovation File:Zamoyskiego corner 20 stycznia stained wind.jpg, Stained glass window File:Ogrodzenie z bramą, 1910 Bydgoszcz, ul. 20 Stycznia 1920 r. 16 (7).JPG, Renovated portal Tenement at 10, corner with 11 Paderewskiego Street 1910, by O.M.W. Müller Art Nouveau First landlord was a merchant, Julius Lüdtke. This massive tenement is jammed with Art Nouveau details and motifs, on both facades:

pillar A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...

s on

decorated with

festoon A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depict ...

s, an exquisite portal adorned with floral motifs up to the

oeil-de-boeuf An ''oeil-de-boeuf'' (; en, "bull's eye"), also ''œil de bœuf'' and sometimes anglicized as ''ox-eye window'', is a relatively small elliptical or circular window, typically for an upper storey, and sometimes set in a roof slope as a d ...

, a round avant-corps topped with a

frieze In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Paterae are also usually used to decorate friezes. Even when neither columns nor ...

near the corner and as much decoration on the other elevation with bay windows and a second ornamented gate. File:Bdg ulPaderewsk&Zamoysk 7 10-2013.jpg, View of both facades File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 2 07-2013.jpg,

and main entry on Paderewskiego street File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 1 07-2013.jpg, Details of motifs File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 3 07-2013.jpg, Details of the portal on Paderewksiego street File:Paderewskiego 11 zamoyskiego 10 door.jpg, Gate on Zamoyskiego street Tenement at 11 1910, by

Late Art Nouveau On the plot owned by Hermann Draheim, a rentier, Rudolf Kern designed this tenement in 1910. At the time,

was a well-established architect who had realized numerous buildings in the area, be it villas (e.g. Paderewskiego Street 4) or tenement houses (e.g. August Mentzel Tenement, Julius Grey house). The large building boasts fading Art Nouveau elements that could deserve some refurbishing. One can stil appreciate the twin

flanking the entry and crowned by a large

. The lot is topped by a wide circular

, bearing an

and a stuccoed

s. The quality of the decoration of the portal is worth a stop, with Art Nouveau motifs, friezes, stained glass acting as transom over the delicate wooden double door. File:Zamoyskiego 11.jpg, Facade from the street File:Zamoyskiego 11 top.jpg, Details of the gabble File:Zamoyskiego 11 door.jpg, Ornamented portal Tenement at 13 1910–1911, by

Art Nouveau Hermann Pflaum, a craftsman, commissioned Rudolf Kern to realize this edifice, at almost the same period as the neighbouring one at Nr.11. Original address was ''Stein straße 7''. The frontage displays a balanced architecture, with two symmetric

, each topped by a volute gable with oeil-de-boeuf and a large window giving onto a

balcony A balcony (from it, balcone, "scaffold") is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor. Types The traditional Maltese balcony ...

. One is impressed by the number of openings on the facade: some of them are adorned with Art Nouveau floral motifs, masks or

Bay window A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a bay in a room. Types Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window constructions, regardless of whether they are curved or angular, or ...

s set in the middle of the avant-corps are capped by a metal roof. The main portal, although more sober than others in the street, still boasts pilasters on each side of a nicely crafted wooden-and-glass door with a transom light. File:Zamoyskiego 13.jpg, View from the street File:Zamoyskiego 13 BW.jpg, Details of a bay-window File:Zamoyskiego 13 detail.jpg, Art Nouveau ornamental masks File:Zamoyskiego 13 door 2.jpg, Main entry portal Tenement at 15, corner with 13 Paderewskiego street 1910–1915, by

Art Nouveau, early

Investor for the project was Emil Heydemann. The first landlord, Ernst Richter, was working as a railway administration secretary. Both elevations of this large building feature architectural elements transitioning to early modernism style: straight vertical lines are predominant and very few details recall the gone Art Nouveau style (e.g. adorned portals of both elevations, an eyelid dormer or

on top of

). The tenement has been refurbished in 2017. File:Paderewskiego 13.jpg, Facade on Paderewskiego street File:Paderewskiego 13 Zamoyskiego.jpg, Frontage on Zamoyskiego street File:Paderewskiego 13 top.jpg, Gable and

loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior gallery or corridor, usually on an upper level, but sometimes on the ground level of a building. The outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns ...

File:Paderewskiego 13 door.jpg, portal on Paderewskiego street File:Paderewskiego 13 Zamoyskiego door.jpg, portal on Zamoyskiego street Tenement corner with Paderewskiego Street 22 1912–1914, by Victor Petrikowski Early

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophy, philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western world, Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new fo ...

Built at the eve of

, the first landlord was Otto Möller, an assistant in railway construction business, who dwelt there till the 1930s. The edifice is one of the first in the street not to display any early modern style, transitioning from Art Nouveau line. The main facade follows without reservation early modernist style. The ensemble has been renovated at the end of 2016. File:Bdg Paderewskiego 20 rog Zamoysk 4-2015.jpg, View from street intersection File:Paderewskiego 22 (2).jpg, Frontage on Paderewskiego File:Paderewskiego 22 zamoyskiego.jpg, Frontage on Zamoyskiego File:Paderewskiego 22 door.jpg, Right side entry gate Tenement at 17 1936–1937, by

Early

The tenement was designed as a renting building by its commissioner, Bernard Cisewski. The edifice is characteristic of Jan Kossowski designs, with rich forms, expensive linings and a close attention to details. In doing so, Kossowski was greatly inspired by Le Corbusier's functionalist concepts. Jan Kossowski developed the same design in a larger scale in

Poznań Poznań () is a city on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint Joh ...

at 8 Dąbrowskiego street. The frontage was being renovated in 2018. File:Zamoyskiego 17.jpg, Facade on the street Tenements at 19 & 21 1930s Early

Both tenements are mirroring Kossowski's Nr.17, in the forms as well as in the functionalist concepts. File:Zamoyskiego 19 a b.jpg, Facade of Nr.19 File:Zamoyskiego 21.jpg, Main frontage at Nr.21

References

Bibliography

* *

External links

*
Tenement at 4
*
Local edition of Gazeta Pomorska

Softblue firm at 2b
{{Bydgoszcz streets and squares Cultural heritage monuments in Bydgoszcz Streets and squares in Bydgoszcz