Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives (ISDA, also known as Smith-

IIA IIA may refer to: * Independence of irrelevant alternatives * Indian Institute of Architects *Indian Institute of Astrophysics *Indianapolis International Airport *Institute of Internal Auditors * Information Industry Association * International I ...

or Weak independence of irrelevant alternatives) is a

voting system criterion Electoral systems are the rules for conducting elections, a main component of which is the algorithm for determining the winner (or several winners) from the ballots cast. This article discusses methods and results of comparing different electora ...

defined such that its satisfaction by a voting system occurs when the selection of the winner is independent of candidates who are not within the

Smith set In voting systems, the Smith set, named after John H. Smith, but also known as the top cycle, or as Generalized Top-Choice Assumption (GETCHA), is the smallest non-empty set of candidates in a particular election such that each member defeats ever ...

. A simple way to describe it is that if a voting system is ISDA, then whenever you can partition the candidates into group ''A'' and group ''B'' such that each candidate in group ''A'' is preferred over each candidate in group ''B'', you can eliminate all candidates of group ''B'' without changing the outcome of the election. Any election method that is independent of Smith-dominated alternatives automatically satisfies the

Smith criterion The Smith criterion (sometimes generalized Condorcet criterion, but this can have other meanings) is a voting systems criterion defined such that it's satisfied when a voting system always elects a candidate that is in the Smith set, which is the ...

(because all candidates not in the Smith set can be eliminated without changing the result, implying that the winner was someone in the Smith set), and all criteria implied by it, notably the

Condorcet criterion An electoral system satisfies the Condorcet winner criterion () if it always chooses the Condorcet winner when one exists. The candidate who wins a majority of the vote in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidatesthat is, a ...

and the

mutual majority criterion The mutual majority criterion is a criterion used to compare voting systems. It is also known as the majority criterion for solid coalitions and the generalized majority criterion. The criterion states that if there is a subset S of the candidate ...

. Note that though ISDA is also called "weak independence of irrelevant alternatives", this may be misleading, since

independence of irrelevant alternatives The independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA), also known as binary independence or the independence axiom, is an axiom of decision theory and various social sciences. The term is used in different connotation in several contexts. Although it a ...

is incompatible with ISDA; this is because all majority criterion-passing methods

fail Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One ...

IIA and ISDA implies the majority criterion. ISDA can be argued to be a natural extension of a property implied by the Condorcet criterion: Whenever candidates who are pairwise beaten by (the

Condorcet winner An electoral system satisfies the Condorcet winner criterion () if it always chooses the Condorcet winner when one exists. The candidate who wins a majority of the vote in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidatesthat is, a ...

(when one exists)/every candidate in the Smith set) are added or removed from the election, this doesn't change who wins the election. ISDA increases the IIA-compliance of Smith-efficient Condorcet methods (i.e. the pass/fail rate of the criterion), because with these methods, candidates not in the Smith set are guaranteed to lose, and therefore they are irrelevant alternatives.

Original definition

If ''P'' is separable and neutral, then the relative standing of ''A'' and ''B'' depends only on the ranks each voter gives ''A'' and ''B'' (i.e., not on how he assigns the remaining candidates to the remaining ranks).Lemma 2 of

Complying methods

Schulze Schulze is a German surname, from the medieval office of Schulze, or village official. Notable people with the surname include: * Andrew Schulze (1896–1982), clergyman and civil rights activist * William August Schulze, rocket scientist recru ...

and

Ranked Pairs Ranked pairs (sometimes abbreviated "RP") or the Tideman method is an electoral system developed in 1987 by Nicolaus Tideman that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences. The ranked-pairs procedure can also be used to create ...

are independent of Smith-dominated alternatives. Any voting system can be "forced" to be ISDA by applying the voting system to the Smith set only. Methods failing the

(let alone the

) never satisfy independence of Smith-dominated alternatives.

References

{{voting systems Electoral system criteria