Iyuku

''Iyuku'' (meaning "hatchling", pronounced "eye-yoo-koo") is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa. The type species is ''Iyuku raathi''.

Discovery and naming

''Iykuku'' is known from a bonebed mostly containing remains of at least 27 (inferred from non-overlapping parts of left femora) juvenile and hatchling individuals, an occurrence never before reported. These bonebeds were excavated during three expeditions between 1995 and 1999. The remains were known as the "Kirkwood taxon" since at least 2012, until the remains were determined to represent a new genus and species in 2022, named ''Iyuku raathi''. The holotype specimen, AM 6067, consists of an incomplete, semi-articulated skeleton including a partial skull, vertebrae, scapulae, pelvic girdle, both legs, and ribs. The generic name, "''Iyuku''", is derived from the Xhosa word for "hatchling", in reference to the immature status of the specimens. The specific name, "''raathi''", honors South African paleontologist Mike Raath.

Classification

The describers assigned ''Iyuku'' to the Iguanodontia. A 2015 PhD dissertation that included the then unnamed species in a cladistic analysis found it to be a member of the basal iguanodontian family Dryosauridae, with the parsimony analysis recovering ''Iyuku'' and ''Dysalotosaurus'' as sister taxa. Forster ''et al.'' (2022) referenced this study but noted that the early ontogenetic stage of most of the material of ''Iyuku'' presents a major problem in placing it into a phylogenetic analysis, and assigned to Iguanodontia without providing an analysis. Subsequently, four phylogenetic analyses conducted by Poole (2022) recovered ''Iyuku'' as the sister taxon to ''Dysalotosaurus'' within Dryosauridae. The cladogram below displays the results of a phylogenetic analysis from Poole (2022):

Paleobiology

Fossil material of ''Iyuku'' represents at least four size classes, including three juvenile phases of growth (with the smallest likely representing the post-hatching stage) and the fourth, larger stage, likely a subadult. Two different estimates of total length were provided for an incomplete tibia of a subadult specimen collected from an unknown location in the Kirkwood cliffs: either ~ or at least long, i.e. four or five times the length of the largest juvenile tibia from the quarry site. Fossil material from the quarry site includes mostly isolated bones (with only five instances of articulation) of hatchling to juvenile individuals of varying size in a 20–30 cm thick horizon, preserved with no apparent preferred orientation of long bones.

Forster ''et al.'' (2022) noted the similarity of this finding to the reported preservation of the juvenile remains of ''Orodromeus'', ''Maiasaura'' and ''Hypacrosaurus'' which might represent aggradations of mortality near nesting sites. Although remains of ''Iyuku'' were not found in association with nests or eggshells, Forster ''et al.'' (2022) considered it possible that the concentrations of young individuals of this species represent seasonal attrition at or near a nesting site, with the scattering of bones likely caused by trampling prior to burial or bioturbation shortly after interment. Bone histology of multiple young individuals reveals rest lines indicative of temporary arrests in bone deposition, hypothesized by Forster ''et al.'' (2022) as caused by repeated, possibly environmentally induced stress during the early stages of ontogeny in these individuals, such as dry and drought-like conditions and/or repeated periods of extreme heat.

Paleoenvironment

Sedimentological analysis of the holotype assemblage suggests it came from a horizon transitioning into a drier climate. Other animals from the Kirkwood Formation include the sauropod ''Algoasaurus'', the stegosaur ''Paranthodon'', the ornithomimosaur ''Nqwebasaurus'', and several other unnamed dinosaurs.

References

{{Ornithopoda, O.

Iguanodonts
Valanginian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
Cretaceous South Africa
Fossils of South Africa
Fossil taxa described in 2022
Ornithischian genera