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The intermediate film system was a Television in Berlin
" ''Popular Wireless'', Sept. 19, 1936
Berlin 1936: Television in Germany
In both cases, intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras. The exposed film, either 35mm or 17.5mm (35mm split in half, to save expense), travelled in a continuous band from the camera, usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle, into a machine that developed and fixed the image. The film was then run through a flying spot scanner (so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image), and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image. Depending on the equipment, the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less. An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film, between the perforations and the edge of the film, at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization. The intermediate film system, with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras, did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time, with a better image quality than the later
Diagram of an intermediate film remote broadcast vehicle
Television Apparatus
U.S. Patent application by Fernseh AG, 1932 (in Germany, 1931).
Television Transmission Method
U.S. Patent application by Fernseh AG, 1933 (in Germany, 1932).
Michael Buckland, Professor. Emanuel Goldberg, Television & Zeiss Ikon.
Technological history of motion pictures and television
By Raymond Fielding
The intermediate film system was a television
Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication Media (communication), medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of Transmission (telecommunications), television tra ...
process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera, then scanned by a television scanner, and transmitted over the air. This system was used principally in Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
and Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light, but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens. John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932, borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany, where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934. The BBC used Baird's version of the process during the first three months of its then-"high-definition" television service from November 1936 through January 1937, and German television
Television in Germany began in Berlin on 22 March 1935, broadcasting for 90 minutes three times a week. It was home to the first public television station in the world, named ''Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow''.
In 2000, the German television market h ...
used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics
The 1936 Summer Olympics ( German: ''Olympische Sommerspiele 1936''), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad ( German: ''Spiele der XI. Olympiade'') and commonly known as Berlin 1936 or the Nazi Olympics, were an international multi- ...
." ''Popular Wireless'', Sept. 19, 1936
Berlin 1936: Television in Germany
In both cases, intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras. The exposed film, either 35mm or 17.5mm (35mm split in half, to save expense), travelled in a continuous band from the camera, usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle, into a machine that developed and fixed the image. The film was then run through a flying spot scanner (so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image), and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image. Depending on the equipment, the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less. An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film, between the perforations and the edge of the film, at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization. The intermediate film system, with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras, did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time, with a better image quality than the later
kinescope
Kinescope , shortened to kine , also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film, directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor. The process was pioneered during the 1940 ...
films, which were shot from a video monitor.
Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States, and by EMI in England, with much higher sensitivity to light, made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937. Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented.
See also
* History of televisionExternal links
Diagram of an intermediate film remote broadcast vehicle
Television Apparatus
U.S. Patent application by Fernseh AG, 1932 (in Germany, 1931).
Television Transmission Method
U.S. Patent application by Fernseh AG, 1933 (in Germany, 1932).
Michael Buckland, Professor. Emanuel Goldberg, Television & Zeiss Ikon.
Technological history of motion pictures and television
By Raymond Fielding
References
{{Reflist Television technology