''Inocybe'' is a large

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is t ...

-forming

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are

mycorrhizal A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plan ...

, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments.

Etymology

The name ''Inocybe'' means "fibrous hat". It is taken from the Greek words (in the genitive , meaning "muscle, nerve, fiber, strength, vigor") and ("head").

History

The genus was first described as ''Agaricus'' trib. ''Inocybe'' by Swedish scholar

Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. Career Fries was born at Femsjö (Hylte Municipality), Småland, the son of the pastor there. He attended school in Växjö. He acquired ...

in volume 1 of his work, ''

Systema mycologicum Systema Mycologicum is a systematic classification of fungi drawn up in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. Career F ...

'' (1821), and verified in the volume 2 of his book ''Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae'' in 1863. All other renaming attempts are accepted synonymous

Description

Typical mushrooms of the genus have various shades of brown, although some lilac or purplish species exist.

Caps Caps are flat headgear. Caps or CAPS may also refer to: Science and technology Computing * CESG Assisted Products Service, provided by the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters * Composite Application Platform Suite, by Java Caps, a Java ...

are small and conical, though flattening somewhat in age, generally with a pronounced central umbo. The cap often appears fibrous, giving the genus its

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

of "fiber caps". Many species have a distinctive odor, various described as musty or spermatic. Description valid for most species: * Pileus: small to medium size, thin, fleshy, initially narrow conical or bell-shaped, or with a prominent or flattened umbo in the center. It is not hygrophanous and has a dry appearance. The pileus margin often shows at first a pale curtain that disappears quickly, and in old age it often presents short radial cracks. The cuticle is finely silky and sometimes sprinkled with remnants of the partial veil, further developing radial fibers. There are also species with a woolly surface (woolly in mycological sense). Coloring is at first all white to gray-whitish varieties. Some retain color, others change, varying between ocher-yellowish and brown, various shapes, even lilac-like to purple. *

Lamellae Lamella (plural lamellae) means a small plate or flake in Latin, and in English may refer to: Biology * Lamella (mycology), a papery rib beneath a mushroom cap * Lamella (botany) * Lamella (surface anatomy), a plate-like structure in an animal * ...

: are dense, thick and crowded, with short intermediate sinus at the edge and only weakly attached to the stipe, almost free. Coloring is mainly white at the beginning, which becomes mature turns to gray-brown, ocher-brown or gray-olive. The edges are whitish. * Spores: they are brownish, tiny, normally oval to slightly ellipsoidal, often elongated in the form of almonds or beans (''Clypeus'' tuberculous or star-shaped subgenus), smooth, never verrucous and germ-free. Basidia are tetrasporic. Cystidia with or without crystalline crystals, spindle-shaped, convex in the middle and with a sharp point at the tip. * Stipe: it is thin, fibrous, cylindrical, more or less thickened and felt-white at the base, hollow inside. The surface is whitish, smooth, glossy, and often silky and slightly furfuraceous towards the apex of the stipe. It usually does not have a ring. * Context: white to slightly yellowish, oxidized or not to reddish when cutting, usually having a faint smell of green corn, chlorine or sperm. Commonly the flesh contains muscarine.

Classification

Originally placed in the family

Cortinariaceae The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 2100 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus ''Cortinarius''. Many genera formerly in the Cortinariaceae ...

(later shown to be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analyses suggests that the genus is better placed as the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

of the family

Inocybaceae The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas. Taxonomy The type genus of the Inocybaceae, ''Inocybe'', had traditionally been placed within ...

Neurotoxicity

''Inocybe'' species are not considered suitable for consumption, although in some underdeveloped countries certain species of ''Inocybe'' mushrooms are eaten. Many species contain large doses of

muscarine Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly '' C. dealbata''. Mushrooms in the genera ''Entoloma'' and ''Mycena'' have al ...

, and no easy method of distinguishing them from potentially edible species exists. In fact, ''Inocybe'' is the most commonly encountered mushroom genus for which microscopic characteristics are the only means of certain identification to the species level. While the vast majority of ''Inocybes'' are toxic, several rare species of ''Inocybe'' are hallucinogenic, having been found to contain, e.g.,

psilocybin Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P.&nbs ...

baeocystin Baeocystin is a zwitterionic alkaloid and analog of psilocybin. It is found as a minor compound in most psilocybin mushrooms together with psilocybin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, and psilocin. Baeocystin is an ''N''-demethylated derivative of ps ...

, and

aeruginascin Aeruginascin or ''N,N,N''-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine is an indoleamine derivative which occurs naturally within the mushroom ''Inocybe aeruginascens'' and ''Pholiotina cyanopus''. Aeruginascin is the ''N''-trimethyl analogue of psilocyb ...

Sections or subgenera

Two supersections are informally recognized: ''Cortinate'' supersection: The stipe is only pruinose at the apex or the upper half. The stipe base is (generally) not bulbous and a remnant of a cortina is present in the margin of the young cap. ''Marginate'' supersection: The stipe are entirely pruinose and has a bulbose base as general. Also, several subgenera/sections are recognized: ''Inocybe'' This subgenus has

pleurocystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ...

, usually thick-walled and in the apex has crystals. The basidiospores are smooth or angular-nodulose. The

basidia A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-c ...

is not necropigmented (basidia that become ochraceous and collapse). The hilar appendice is conspicuous. This subgenera is cosmopolitan and frequent in temperate ecosystems. ''Auritella'' This subgenus has no

and has necropigmented basidia. The spores are smooth and the hilar appendix is inconspicuous. Large cheilocystidia (>50 um). This is known from tropical Africa, Tropical, India and temperate Australia. ''

Inosperma ''Inosperma'' is a genus of gilled mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. Previously defined as a subgenus within the large genus ''Inocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1980, these fungi were found to be more distantly related in a 2019 multigene phylogen ...

'' (now a separate genus) The fruiting bodies of this subgenus usually have a distinct odor (fruity, honey-like, fishy). The pileus is radially rimose ("''Rimosae''") or can be squamulose to squarrose ("''Cervicolores''"). The

lamella Lamella (plural lamellae) means a small plate or flake in Latin, and in English may refer to: Biology * Lamella (mycology), a papery rib beneath a mushroom cap * Lamella (botany) * Lamella (surface anatomy), a plate-like structure in an animal * ...

has no pleurocystidia, but has cheilocystidia. Basidia necropigmented or not. The spores are smooth. In temperate areas. Wide distribution. ''Mallocybe'' The cap is usually woolly-squamulose, the cap surface is conspicuously darkening with alkali. The lamella broadly

adnate Adnate may refer to: * Adnation, in botany, the fusion of two or more whorls of a flower * Adnate, in mycology, a classification of lamellae (gills) * Conjoined twins Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to as Siamese twins – are ...

to subdecurrent. The stipe is shorter and has not pleurocystidia. The basidia are necropigmented and there are also cheilocystidia as terminal elements. Spores smooth. Wide distribution ''Nothocybe'' The lamellae have no pleurocystidia but there are cheilocystidia. Spores smooth. Known from tropical India. ''Pseudosperma'' Fruitbodies have indistinct, spermatic or green corn odor. The pileus is radially

rimose ''Rimose'' is an adjective used to describe a surface that is cracked or fissured.Decurrent ''Decurrent'' (sometimes decurring) is a term used in botany and mycology to describe plant or fungal parts that extend downward. In botany, the term is most often applied to leaf blades that partly wrap or have wings around the stem or petio ...

lamellae and cheilocystiidia present. Spores smooth. Known from mediterranean and tropical Africa.

Sections based in morphology

The genus ''Inocybe'' is very species-rich. The genus is divided according to Bon (2005) into three subgenera with sections: *Subgenus: ''

'' (now a separate genus) - without crystal-bearing

cystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ...

** Section: '' Depauperatae'': wool-peeling surface ***''

Inocybe dulcamara ''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptatio ...

'' ** Section: '' Cervicolores'': cap with wool-peeling cuticle, strong aroma (sperm like) ***'' Inocybe bongardii'' ** Section: '' Rimosae'': cap always radially fibrous and cracked ***''

Inocybe rimosa ''Inocybe rimosa'' (formerly known as ''Inocybe fastigiata''), commonly known as straw-colored fiber head, is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s. Serious poisoning can result from ...

'' *** '' Inocybe erubescens'' * Subgenus: ''Inocibium'' - with thick-walled, crystal-bearing pleurocystidia. ** Section: '' Lactiferae'': red or even greenish, with an extreme odor ***''

Inocybe piriodora ''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptatio ...

'' ***''Inocybe pudica'' ** Section: '' Lilacinae'': cap lilac, wool-peel surface, and scaly. Common. ***'' Inocybe oscura'' ***''Inocybe hystrix'' ***''Inocybe griseolilacin'' ** Section: '' Lacerae'': non- rimose stipe, no liliac shades. ***''

Inocybe lacera ''Inocybe lacera'', common name, commonly known as the torn fibrecap, is a mushroom poisoning, poisonous species of mushroom in the genus ''Inocybe''. Its appearance is that of a typical "little brown mushroom": small, brown and indistinct. Ho ...

'' ** Section: '' Tardae'': stipe only bumpy at the top ***'' Inocybe geophylla'' ***''Inocybe flocculosa'' ***''Inocybe virgatula'' ** Section: '' Splendentes'': stipe rimed completely or two-thirds. ***''

Inocybe hirtella ''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptatio ...

'' *Subgenus: ''Clypeus'' - spores tuberculate or star-shaped ** Section: '' Cortinatae'': stipe thin or bumped to the top ***''

Inocybe lanuginosa ''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptatio ...

'' ** Section: '' Petiginosae '':full bumpy stipe without basl bulb ***'' Inocybe fibrosa'' ** Section: '' Marginatae'': stipe pruinose with basal bulb. Crimping ***'' Inocybe asterospora''

Species

There are hundreds of species of ''Inocybe''. Representatives of the genus include: *''

Inocybe aeruginascens ''Inocybe aeruginascens'' is a member of the genus ''Inocybe'' which is widely distributed in Europe. The species was first documented by I. Ferencz in Ócsa, Hungary on June 15, 1965. Description ''Inocybe aeruginascens'' is a small mycorrhiz ...

'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe coelestium'' (psychoactive) *''

Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina ''Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina'', commonly known as the greenflush fibrecap, is a member of the genus ''Inocybe'' which is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of the h ...

'' Quél. (psychoactive) *''

Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha ''Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina'', commonly known as the greenflush fibrecap, is a member of the genus ''Inocybe'' which is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of the h ...

'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe erubescens'' (= ''I. patouillardii'') red-staining inocybe *'' Inocybe geophylla'' (toxic) *''

Inocybe haemacta ''Inocybe haemacta'' is a species of fungus in the genus ''Inocybe''. It is found in Europe. Biochemistry ''Inocybe haemacta'' contains the compounds psilocybin and psilocin. See also *List of Inocybe species, List of ''Inocybe'' species *List ...

'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe hystrix'' *''

'' *''

Inocybe tricolor ''Inocybe tricolor'' is a rare member of the genus ''Inocybe'' that is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom that contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. ''Inocybe tricolor'' is found under Nor ...

'' (psychoactive)

Images of selected species

Hösel 23.07.2017 Inocybe dulcamara (36853299366).jpg, I. dulcamara (1) 2012-08-03 Inocybe terrigena (Fr.) Kühner 244877.jpg, I. terrigena (1) Inocybe bongardii 187337.jpg, I. bongardii (2) Inocybe calamistrata 63726.jpg, I. calamistrata (2) Inocybe cookei a1.JPG, I. cookei (3) 2010-04-27 Inocybe erubescens.jpg, I. erubescens (3) Inocybe jurana 350770.jpg, I. jurana (3) 2011-11-26 Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm 185170.jpg, I. rimosa (3) 2012-04-25 Inocybe fraudans (Britzelm.) Sacc 214752.jpg, I. fraudans (4) Inocybe godeyi 71610.jpg, I. godeyi (4) Inocybe whitei 275323.jpg, I. whitei (4) 2011-10-02 Inocybe hystrix (Fr.) Karsten 172120.jpg, I. hystrix (5) Inocybe griseolilacina 817948.jpg, I. griseolilacina (5) Inocybe obscura 20061015w.jpg, I. obscura (5) 2012-05-01 Inocybe abjecta P. Karst 216530.jpg, I. lacera (6) Inocybe flocculosa 440275.jpg, I. flocculosa (7) Inocybe geophylla, Medford.jpg, I. geophylla (7) Inocybe fuscidula 622736.jpg, I. virgatula (7) Inocybe hirtella 170926w.JPG, I. hirtella (8) Inocybe sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst 821102.jpg, I. sindonia (8) 2011-06-10 Inocybe assimilata Britzelm 150660.jpg, I. assimilata (9) Inocybe.lanuginosa3.-.lindsey.jpg, I. lanuginosa (9) Inocybe relicina 95610.jpg, I. relicina (9) Inocybe asterospora a1 (5).JPG, I. asterospora (10) Inocybe praetervisa 21502.jpg, I. praetervisa (10) Inocybe fibrosa 271882.jpg, I. fibrosa (11) 2013-10-19 Inocybe petiginosa (Fr.) Gillet 396906.jpg, I.petiginosa (11)

References

External links

''Inocybe'' Photos
(www.pilzepilze.de) * http://www.inocybe.org/ {{Taxonbar, from=Q784343 Poisonous fungi Agaricales genera Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Neurotoxins