The inferior parietal lobule (subparietal district) lies below the horizontal portion of the
intraparietal sulcus
The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated usin ...
, and behind the lower part of the
postcentral sulcus
The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A ''sulcus'' is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain.)
The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from ...
. Also known as Geschwind's territory after
Norman Geschwind
Norman Geschwind (January 8, 1926 – November 4, 1984) was a pioneering American behavioral neurologist, best known for his exploration of behavioral neurology through disconnection models based on lesion analysis.
Early life
Norman Geschwi ...
, an
American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
neurologist
Neurology (from el, νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the brain, the spinal c ...
, who in the early 1960s recognised its importance. It is a part of the
parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.
The parietal lobe integrates sensory informa ...
.
Structure
It is divided from rostral to caudal into two gyri:
* One, the
supramarginal gyrus
The supramarginal gyrus is a portion of the parietal lobe. This area of the brain is also known as Brodmann area 40 based on the brain map created by Korbinian Brodmann to define the structures in the cerebral cortex. It is probably involved wi ...
, arches over the upturned end of the
lateral fissure
In neuroanatomy, the lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure, after Franciscus Sylvius, or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent features of the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the ...
; it is continuous in front with the
postcentral gyrus
In neuroanatomy, the postcentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain. It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch. Like other sensory areas, ...
, and behind with the
superior temporal gyrus.
* The second, the
angular gyrus
The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39.
Its significance is in transferring vis ...
, arches over the posterior end of the
superior temporal sulcus
The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is the sulcus separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain. A sulcus (plural sulci) is a deep groove that curves into the largest part of the brain, ...
, behind which it is continuous with the
middle temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. It corresponds largely to Brodmann area 21.
The middle temporal gyrus is bounded by:
* the superi ...
.
In macaque neuroanatomy, this region is often divided into caudal and rostral portions, cIPL and rIPL, respectively. The cIPL is further divided into areas Opt and PG whereas rIPL is divided into PFG and PF areas.
Function
Inferior parietal lobule has been involved in the
perception of emotions in facial stimuli,
[
] and interpretation of
sensory information
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the world through the detection of stimuli. (For example, in the human body, the brain which is part of the central nervous system re ...
. The Inferior parietal lobule is concerned with
language
Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...
,
mathematical operations
In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (also called "''operands''" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation.
The most commonly studied operat ...
, and
body image, particularly the
supramarginal gyrus
The supramarginal gyrus is a portion of the parietal lobe. This area of the brain is also known as Brodmann area 40 based on the brain map created by Korbinian Brodmann to define the structures in the cerebral cortex. It is probably involved wi ...
and the
angular gyrus
The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39.
Its significance is in transferring vis ...
.
Clinical significance
Destruction to the inferior parietal lobule of the dominant hemisphere results in
Gerstmann's syndrome
Gerstmann syndrome is a neurology, neuropsychological disorder that is characterized by a constellation of symptoms that suggests the presence of a lesion usually near the junction of the Temporal lobe, temporal and Parietal lobe, parietal lobes ...
: right-to-left confusion, finger
agnosia
Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually ...
,
dysgraphia and
dyslexia,
dyscalculia
Dyscalculia () is a disability resulting in difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations, and learning facts in mathematics. ...
,
contralateral
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...
hemianopia
Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a loss of vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one side of the vertical midline. The most common causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor, and trauma.
This article deals only wi ...
, or lower
quadrantanopia
Quadrantanopia, quadrantanopsia, refers to an anopia (loss of vision) affecting a quarter of the visual field.
It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation. While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and parieta ...
. Destruction to the inferior parietal lobule of the non-dominant hemisphere results in
topographic memory loss,
anosognosia,
construction apraxia,
dressing apraxia, contralateral
sensory neglect
Sensory may refer to:
Biology
* Sensory ecology, how organisms obtain information about their environment
* Sensory neuron, nerve cell responsible for transmitting information about external stimuli
* Sensory perception, the process of acquiri ...
, contralateral
hemianopia
Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a loss of vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one side of the vertical midline. The most common causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor, and trauma.
This article deals only wi ...
, or lower
quadrantanopia
Quadrantanopia, quadrantanopsia, refers to an anopia (loss of vision) affecting a quarter of the visual field.
It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation. While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and parieta ...
.
In other animals
Functional imaging experiments suggest that the left anterior supramarginal gyrus (aSMG) of the human inferior parietal lobule exhibits an evolved specialization related to tool use. It is not currently known if this functional specialization is unique to humans as complementary experiments have only been performed with macaque monkeys and not apes. The habitual use of tools by chimpanzees makes the uniqueness of the human aSMG an open question as its function may have evolved prior to the split from our last common ancestor.
Additional images
References
General
*
External links
{{Authority control
Parietal lobe
Gyri