![Ruang MPR](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ruang_MPR.jpg)
The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, MPR-RI) is the legislative branch in
Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of the
People's Representative Council
The People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, DPR-RI), also known as the House of Representatives, is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), ...
(DPR) and the
Regional Representative Council
The Regional Representative Council ( id, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD; alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or the House of Regional Representatives or the Senate of Indonesia), is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia ...
(DPD). Before 2004, and the amendments to the
1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
.
In accordance with Law No. 16/1960, the assembly was formed after the
general election in 1971. It was decided at that time that the membership of the Assembly would be twice that of the House.
The 920 membership of MPR continued for the terms of 1977–1982 and 1982–1987. For the terms 1987–1992, 1992–1997, and 1997–1999 the MPR's membership became 1000. One hundred members were appointed representing delegations from groups as addition to the faction delegates of Karya Pembangunan (FKP),
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (FPDI),
Persatuan Pembangunan (FPP), and military (''Fraksi ABRI'', later renamed ''Fraksi TNI/POLRI''). For the term of 1999–2004 the membership of MPR was 700 (462 civilians and 38 from military and police which formed the DPR, 135 from each of the 27 provinces which formed the Regional Delegations Faction (''Fraksi Utusan Daerah''), and 65 to form the Groups Delegations Faction (''Fraksi Utusan Golongan'')). It was reduced to 688 in 2004 due to the removal of active military and police officers and the dissolution of the GDF, as well as the reassignment of Regional Delegations Faction to the newly formed DPD and restructuring the senatorial seats at 128 from each of the 32 provinces. Due to addition of
West Papua since the
2009 election, the number of DPD senators became 132. Since the 2019–2024 term there are 575 DPR members and 136 senators, resulting in 711 members of the MPR.
History
Origins
On 18 August, the day after
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia the
Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence ( id, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia), PPKI, ja, 独立準備委員会, Dokuritsu Junbi Iinkai, lead=yes) was a body established on 7 August 1945 to prepare for the transfer of auth ...
(PPKI) approved a new
constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When ...
for Indonesia. Under its transitional provisions, for a six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, which would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. On 29 August, Sukarno dissolved the PPKI and established the
Central Indonesian National Committee ( id, Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP)), with 135 appointed members, including the membership of the PPKI.
A number of KNIP members became concerned that the Indonesian government was too authoritarian, and pressed for a more parliamentary system. Sukarno and Vice President
Hatta agreed to these demands, and on 16 October 1945, Hatta issued
Vice-Presidential Edict No.X
Vice Presidential Edict No. X ( id, Maklumat Wakil Presiden No. X) was an edict issued by Indonesian Vice-president Mohammad Hatta on 16 October 1945 which gave the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), initially a purely advisory body, th ...
that gave the KNIP full legislative powers alongside Sukarno, meaning it had to approve all legislation, including those which determine the current national policies. These powers were delegated to a Working Committee. Wartime underground leaders
Sutan Sjahrir
Sutan Sjahrir (5 March 1909 – 9 April 1966) was an Indonesian politician, and revolutionary independence leader, who served as the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, from 1945 until 1947. Previously, he was a key Indonesian nationalist organiz ...
and
Amir Sjarifuddin
Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap ( EVO: Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap; 27 April 1907 – 19 December 1948) was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second prime minister of Indonesia from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the lef ...
were subsequently elected chairman and vice-chairman of this committee.
Federal Era and Parliamentary Democracy Era
On 27 December 1949, the
Dutch government transferred sovereignty to a federal
United States of Indonesia
The United States of Indonesia ( nl, Verenigde Staten van Indonesië, id, Republik Indonesia Serikat, abbreviated as RIS), was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except ...
(USI), which comprised 16 states and territories, including the
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
. Under the
constitution of the USI, the highest chamber of government was the Senate, which comprised 32 members, two from each of the 16 components of the USI. However, one by one, the individual regions and territories of the USI began to dissolve themselves into the Republic, and on 17 August 1950, Indonesia became a unitary state.
In discussions starting in May 1950, the Committee for the Preparation of the Constitution of a Unitary State, had was agreed that there would be a unicameral legislature comprising the membership of the lower chamber and Senate from the USI and the KNIP working Committee and the Supreme Advisory Council from the Republic. The
provisional constitution also called for the establishment of a
Constitutional Assembly
A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...
to draw up a permanent constitution. This assembly was elected in
1955
Events January
* January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.
* January 17 – , the first nuclear-powered submarine, puts to sea for the first time, from Groton, Connecticut.
* January 18– 20 – Battle of Yijian ...
but failed to agree on a new constitution, and with the support of the army, on 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued
decree
A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution). It has the force of law. The particular term used for ...
to abolish the provisional constitution and reimpose the 1945 Constitution, with the role of the MPR being restored.
Guided Democracy Era/Old Order
Formation
In 1960, Sukarno dissolved the lower house, the People's Representative Council, after it refused to pass the state budget. He then appointed a Mutual Cooperation People's Representative Council (DPR-GR) and reestablished the MPR in the form of a ''Provisional'' People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS). The 610 members, comprising the DPR-GR together with 94 appointed regional representatives and 232 appointed representatives of functional sectors, including service personnel of the Armed Forces and the National Police, took their oaths of office on 15 September.
It was during this time that the MPRS first passed a series of
Resolutions (), a power not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but hierarchically accepted as legislation directly under the Constitution, but higher than an Act (). MPRS and MPR would pass Resolutions until 2003, when MPR was definitively stripped of any law-making power.
1960 General Session
The MPRS held its first General Session in
Bandung
Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
,
West Java
West Java ( id, Jawa Barat, su, ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪, romanized ''Jawa Kulon'') is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten ...
from 10 November to 3 December. It passed two resolutions:
* Resolution No. I/MPRS/1960 on the Republic of Indonesia Political Manifesto as the Guidelines of State Policy; and
* Resolution No. II/MPRS/1960 on the Major Guidelines of the National Overall Planned Development Phase One 1961–1969.
1963 General Session
The second General Session was held in Bandung from 15 May to 22 May 1963. It was at this General Session that Sukarno was elected 'President for Life' through Resolution No. III/MPRS/1963, which was a violation of Article 7 of the
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When ...
. The resolution was supported by the armed forces deputies to the Assembly, while it dealt a serious blow to the increasing influence of the
Communist Party of Indonesia
The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in Indonesia during the mid-20th century. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. ...
and its representatives, who hoped for a pro-communist, democratically elected president as Soekarno's successor.
1965 General Session
The MPRS held its third General Session in Bandung from 11 to 16 April 1965. This General Session further entrenched Sukarno's ideological approaches in the running of Indonesia. Many of Sukarno's Independence Day speeches were adopted as the guideline for policies in politics and economics. The MPRS also decided on the principals of Guided Democracy, which would involve consultations () and consensus ().
Transition to the New Order
1966 General Session
Perhaps the most significant of the MPR's General Sessions was that in 1966. Meeting in Jakarta from 20 June to 5 July 1966 under a new leadership, and with a membership purged of 180 individuals either pro-Sukarno or linked to organizations implicated in the
alleged coup attempt of 30 September 1965, the General Session marked the beginning of the official transfer of power from Sukarno to Suharto. Although the
de facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...
transfer of power had been made on 11 March by virtue of the
Supersemar document, Suharto wanted to maintain the appearance of legality.
During the 1966 session, the MPRS passed 24 resolutions; they included revoking Sukarno's appointment to the life presidency, banning ; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and the tactics taught by ...
Stalin,
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
, etc.", elevating the Supersemar into a resolution irrevocable by Sukarno, the holding of legislative elections, commissioning Suharto to create a new Cabinet, and a constitutional amendment in which a president who might be unable to perform his duty would be replaced by the holder of the Supersemar instead of the vice-president.
Also during the General Session, Sukarno delivered a speech called ''Nawaksara'' ("The Nine Points"), in which he was expected to give account for the 1965
30 September Movement
The Thirtieth of September Movement ( id, Gerakan 30 September, abbreviated as G30S, also known by the acronym Gestapu for ''Gerakan September Tiga Puluh'', Thirtieth of September Movement) was a self-proclaimed organization of Indonesian Na ...
, in which six generals and a first lieutenant were kidnapped and killed by alleged communists. The speech was rejected, and the MPRS asked Sukarno to give a supplementary speech at the next MPRS General Session.
1967 Special Session
![MPRSleadership1967](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/MPRSleadership1967.jpg)
The 1967 MPRS Special Session, from 7 to 12 March, marked the end of Sukarno's presidency and the beginning of Suharto's. Much like the 1966 General Session, the official transfer of power was done before the General Session in March, with Sukarno stepping down from his position in February. Suharto's appointment as acting president and the withdrawal of power from Sukarno during this General Session was just a formality.
The MPRS also passed a resolution to re-examine the adoption of the Political Manifesto as the primary GSP of the Assembly and the Republic at large.
The Special Session assembled after Sukarno's ''Nawaksara'' Supplementary Letter was deemed to be unworthy because it had not included a full account of the 30 September Movement. He did not deliver a speech. On 9 February 1967, the DPR declared that the President was endangering the nation through his leadership and ideological stance. It then asked for an MPRS Special Session to be held in March.
1968 Special Session
The 1968 MPRS Special Session, 21 to 30 March, officially consolidated Suharto's position by appointing him to the presidency. The MPRS commissioned Suharto to continue stabilizing Indonesia's politics and to formulate a Five Year Plan for the economy.
The Special Session was assembled when it became obvious that Suharto was not going to be able to hold legislative elections in July 1968 as had been ordered by the 1966 MPRS General Session. During this Special Session, the MPRS also commissioned Suharto to hold elections by 5 July 1971.
New Order
1973 General Session
The 1973 General Session, held from 12 to 24 March was of the first MPR to be elected. Its membership was increased to 920. Until 1999 it included members from
Golkar
)
, foundation =
, youth = AMPG (Golkar Party Young Force)
, women = KPPG (Golkar Party Women's Corps)
, newspaper = '' Suara Karya'' (1971–2016)
, headquarters = Jakarta
, ideology ...
, the
United Development Party (PPP), the
Indonesian Democratic Party
The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) was one of the two state-approved parties during the New Order era of the late 20th-century in Indonesia.
Origins
Ten political parties participated in the 1971 legislative elections, a number that Pres ...
(PDI), ABRI members (
Indonesian National Armed Forces
, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces')
, current_form =
, disbanded =
, branches =
, headquarters = Cilangkap, Jakarta
, website =
, commander-in-chief = Joko Widodo
, ...
, which included
the police force at the time), as well as regional representatives.
For the first time the president was required to deliver an Accountability Speech. Suharto was expected to outline the achievements which had been accomplished during his five-year term and the way in which they fulfilled the national policies proposed by the Assembly to him at the beginning of his term.
In this General Session, the MPR passed resolutions that outlined the method of the election of the president and vice president and decided on the relationship between the governing bodies in Indonesia such as the MPR, DPR, the
Supreme Advisory Council
The Supreme Advisory Council ( id, Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, DPA), is a defunct Council, advisory council for the President of Indonesia. Its function was to give advice on state and foreign affairs.
Background
There was no credible source about ...
(DPA), etc. Suharto was elected to a second term as president, with
Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
, the sultan of Yogyakarta as vice president.
1978 General Session
The 1978 General Session, held on 11 to 23 March, passed resolutions that included the integration of
East Timor
East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-weste ...
as a province of Indonesia and commissioning Suharto to establish
Pancasila as the national ideology via an indoctrination process.
The session was noted for the mass walkout of PPP deputies when Suharto referred to religions as "streams of beliefs".
During this General Session, Suharto was elected to a third term as president, with
Adam Malik
Adam Malik Batubara (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984), or more commonly referred to simply as Adam Malik, was an Indonesians, Indonesian politician, diplomat, and journalist, who served as the 3rd Vice President of Indonesia from 1978 until ...
, then chairman of the MPR, as his vice president.
1983 General Session
The 1983 General Session passed resolutions on the holding of a
referendum
A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...
, as well giving Suharto the title of "Father of Development". He was elected to a fourth term, with
Umar Wirahadikusumah
Umar Wirahadikusumah (; 10 October 1924 – 21 March 2003) was an Indonesian politician and former army general, who served as the fourth Vice President of Indonesia, serving from 1983 until 1988. Previously, he was chair of the Audit Board of ...
as vice president.
1988 General Session
The 1988 General Session was marked by a reorganization of the MPR and the return of the sectoral representatives which formed the Groups Faction. Members of this faction, drawn from all walks of life and integrated into the factions of Golkar, PPP, and PDI deputies in the assembly, as well as the regional deputies, were presidential appointees from civil society organizations and representatives of industries.
This General Session was also noted for the furor over the nomination of
Sudharmono
Sudharmono ( EVO: Soedharmono; 12 March 1927 – 25 January 2006), also known by his nickname, Pak Dar, was an Indonesian politician and army officer, who served as the 5th Vice President of Indonesia, under the New Order regime of president S ...
as vice president, which resulted in Brigadier General Ibrahim Saleh interrupting the General Session and PPP's
Jailani Naro
Jailani "John" Naro, also known as Haji Naro or John Naro (3 January 1929 – 28 October 2000) was a former prosecutor that became an Indonesian politician.
He had served as the vice chairman of the People's Representative Council, vice chairma ...
nominating himself as vice president before he was convinced to withdraw by Suharto. The latter was elected to a fifth term as president with Sudharmono elected as vice president.
1993 General Session
![1993 People's Consultative Assembly](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People%27s_Consultative_Assembly.jpg)
The 1993 General Session was marked by another reorganization of the MPR, with membership being increased to 1,000 deputies. This General Session was noted for the ABRI's preemptive nomination of
Try Sutrisno
Try Sutrisno (; born 15 November 1935) is an Indonesian politician and retired army general who served as the country's sixth vice president. He held the office from 11 March 1993 to 11 March 1998. Previously, he served as the Commander of the ...
as vice president. Although displeased, Suharto did not want an open conflict with the military deputies and accepted Try as his vice president. Suharto was elected to a sixth term.
1998 General Session
The 1998 General Session was held during the height of the
Asian Financial Crisis and the peak of pro-democratic movements in Suharto's regime. In an effort to restore security and stability, the MPR passed a resolution to give special powers to the president to ensure the success and security of development.
Suharto was elected to a seventh term, with
B.J. Habibie
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (; 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer and politician who was the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh vice preside ...
as vice president.
To date, this is the New Order's last ever General Session, marked with Suharto's downfall before the Special Session in May, marking the starting the new Reform era.
Reform Era
1998 Special Session
The 1998 Special Session (''Sidang Istimewa'') was the first MPR assembly held after
Suharto's resignation from the Presidency and fall from power in May 1998. Although it still consisted of politicians who had flourished during Suharto's regime, these MPR members were keen to distance themselves from Suharto and appeal to the reformist sentiments that were prevalent in Indonesia at the time.
During this Special Session, MPR revoked the special powers given to the president in the 1998 General Session and limited the number of terms of the president. The MPR also resolved to hold legislative elections in 1999, ordered a crackdown on corruption, collusion, and nepotism and revoked the resolution which had ordered the indoctrination of ''
Pancasila'' to establish it as a national ideology.
This Special Session, and Suharto's resignation, marked the downfall of the
New Order, which transitioned to the ''Reformasi'' era.
1999 General Session
The 1999 General Session was the first MPR with "real" reform credentials. In another reorganization process, the membership was reduced to 700, with 500 DPR members, 135 Regional Representatives, and 65 Group Representatives.
During the General Session, the MPR recognized the referendum in East Timor and set a task force to amend the 1945 constitution. It also stipulated that it would thenceforth hold annual sessions to receive reports from the president,
DPR, the
Audit Board of Indonesia
The Audit Board of Indonesia (Indonesian: ''Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik Indonesia'', literally ''Financial Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia'') is a high state body in Indonesia which is responsible for evaluation of management and ac ...
(BPK), the
Supreme Advisory Council
The Supreme Advisory Council ( id, Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, DPA), is a defunct Council, advisory council for the President of Indonesia. Its function was to give advice on state and foreign affairs.
Background
There was no credible source about ...
(DPA), and the
Supreme Court
A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in most legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
. After receiving these annual reports, the MPR would then work to give recommendations on the course of action that the president could take.
For the first time, the MPR rejected an accountability speech (Habibie's), and following it Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections were held with more than one person competing.
During the General Session,
Abdurrahman Wahid was elected president, with
Megawati Sukarnoputri
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (; born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. She previously served as the eighth Vice President of Indonesia, vice president f ...
as vice-president.
2000 Annual Session
The 2000 Annual Session continued the reform process. The MPR separated the
TNI from the
National Police and defined their roles. It also passed resolutions on the consolidation of national unity and recommendations regarding the execution of regional autonomy.
2001 Special Session
The 2001 Special Session assembled after President Wahid was allegedly involved in a corruption case and after the DPR began claiming that Wahid's leadership had become incompetent. Originally scheduled for August 2001, the Special Session was brought forward to July 2001. It then removed Wahid from the presidency and elected
Megawati Soekarnoputri as president and
Hamzah Haz as vice-president.
2002 Annual Session
The 2002 Annual Session continued the constitutional amendment process, most notably changing the system of presidential elections, abolishing the DPA and requiring that 20 percent of the national budget be allocated for education, It also order the formulation of the
Constitutional Court by 17 August 2003.
2003 Annual Session
The 2003 Annual Session focused on the legal status of the previous resolutions that the MPR and the MPRS had passed, as well as deciding on the composition of a Constitutional Commission.
The 2003 Annual Session also outlined the MPR's new status, which would come into effect with the inauguration of the new president in 2004. With the president and vice-president thenceforth elected directly by the people and with the constitutional amendments which the MPR had worked on from 1999 to 2002, the MPR's power was reduced. It would no longer be the highest governing body but would stand on equal terms with the DPR, BPK, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Court. In dealing with the president and vice-president, the MPR would be responsible for the inauguration ceremony and, should the occasion call for it, the impeachment of the president or vice-president, or both. The MPR would elect a president and vice-president only if both positions were vacant.
2004 Annual Session
During this session, the MPR heard its last accountability speech by a president.
Duties and power
Constitutional duties
As provided by the 1945 Constitution, the MPR is responsible for the
amendment or deletion of certain articles and/or provisions of the Constitution. A two-thirds majority vote in a general session of the Assembly can approve any proposed changes to the constitution including scrapping or adding additional articles, sections and provisions, as well as in the introduction of certain amendments.
Presidential and vice-presidential inauguration
The 1945 Constitution empowers the MPR to hold a general inauguration session for the president and vice president of the Republic within weeks or months after their election.
Should the office of the presidency be vacant the MPR can be ordered to hold a general plenary for the vice president to render his/her oath taking as acting president.
On the impeachment of the president and vice-president
The Assembly, through the 2003 Rules, has the authority to impeach both the president and vice-president of Indonesia or either one of the two if probable violations of the 1945 constitution and the laws of the Republic have been committed during the performance of their mandate.
On the election of the vice president in case of a presidential vacancy
As provided by the 2003 amendments to the 1945 Constitution the MPR, should the Presidential post be vacant and the vice president assumes the office in an acting capacity, can be advised to hold a general plenary to appoint an acting vice president of the Republic to fill the vacancy created by it.
On the election of the president and vice-president in cases of vacancies of both offices
As per the 2003 Assembly rules, only in a case when both the Presidential and Vice-Presidential positions are vacant can the MPR be advised to hold a general session to elect office holders within a month after the announcement of the vacancy. Such cases are sudden resignation, impeachment, and death in office.
Members' right and duties
Rights of MPR members
Members of the MPR are vested with several rights in order to execute their duties. These include:
* Right to propose amendment(s) to the Constitution;
* Right to express opinions and make a choice;
* Right to elect and be elected into parliamentary duties;
* Right to defend oneself on alleged violations of parliamentary code of ethics;
* Right of immunity from prosecution due to any statements, questions, and opinions made for the purpose of parliamentary duties, except in violation of parliamentary code of ethics and code of conducts;
* Right to be assigned certain stately protocols; and
* Right to financial and administrative benefits.
Duties
Along with rights, members of the MPR are expected to perform their duties, These include:
* Uphold and promote ''
Pancasila'';
* Uphold and execute the
1945 Constitution and the
Laws of Indonesia;
* Defend and preserve national harmony and unity of Indonesia;
* Put ahead the national interests over individual or group interests; and
* Act as a proper representatives of the people and their constituent regions.
List of speakers
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{Authority control
Government of Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...