Indian soap opera

Indian television drama (in Indian English Indian serials) are television programs written, produced, and filmed in India, with characters played by Indians and episodes broadcast on Indian television.

India's first television drama was '' Hum Log'' (Hindi), which aired in 1984–85, and concluded with 154 episodes. '' Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' (Hindi) (2000–2008) was the first Indian TV drama to cross 1,000 episodes and concluded with 1,833 episodes. ''Char Divas Sasuche'' (Marathi) (2001–2013) was the first Indian serial to cross 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, also entering in Limca Book of Records, which concluded with 3,200 episodes. The Bengali crime show ''Police File'' crossed 5,000 episodes. The Telugu serial ''Abhishekam'' (2008–2022) was the first Indian serial with 4,000 episodes and concluded on 1 February 2022. ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' (2008–present) is the longest running Hindi TV show of India, and the longest-running sitcom, have been running for 14 years as of 2022.

Indian serials are made in almost all of the major languages in India, though many also contain a mix of the predominant language and English. Indian dramas are also broadcast in other parts of South Asia, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Western Europe, Southeastern Europe, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, North Africa, Southeast Africa, and francophone Africa.

History

India's first television drama was '' Hum Log'', which first aired in 1984–85 and concluded with 154 episodes, was the longest running serial in the history of Indian television at the time when it ended. It had an audience of 60 million. Each episode was about 25 minutes long, and the series finale episode was about 55 minutes. At the end of each episode, veteran Hindi film actor Ashok Kumar would discuss the ongoing story and situations with the audience using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he would introduce the actors who played characters in the serial and end his monologue with the Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log."

Biographies of famous people started being produced in the form of dramas like ''Chanakya'', ''Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan'', ''Veer Shivaji'', ''Jhansi Ki Rani'', ''Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur'', ''Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap'', '' Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Rudramadevi'' in the 1980s.

Crime dramas also started being produced and aired. '' C.I.D.,'' follows a team of detectives belonging to the Crime Investigation Department in Mumbai. ''C.I.D.'' is the longest-running crime TV series in India, having a run of 20 years (1998–2018). ''Adaalat'' was an Indian television courtroom drama series which revolves around Advocate K.D. Pathak, is a defense lawyer with an impeccable track record of winning cases and setting helpless innocent victims free, but not at the cost of upholding the truth.

The Indian mythological drama show, '' Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev,'' recorded the highest, 8.2 TVR in an episode.

Daytime dramas were popular during the 1990s and 2000s, with shows like '' Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'', ''Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki'', '' Kasautii Zindagi Kay'', ''Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan'', ''Kaahin Kissii Roz'', ''Kahiin to Hoga'', ''Saarrthi'',''Roja Kootam, Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki, ''Hamari Devrani'', Kkusum and Metti Oli.'' ''Porus'', a historical drama, based on the Indian king Porus, premiered on Sony Entertainment Television on 27 November 2017 and ended on 13 November 2018. It is currently the most expensive show in Indian history, with a budget of over Rs. 500 crores.

During the 2010s, the popularity of daytime dramas gradually declined. At present, there are no daytime dramas on any mainstream channel. Currently, the four major networks that air primetime television dramas with nationwide following are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television and Zee TV.

Social impact

TV dramas affect Indian society, with regard to national integration, identity, Globalization, Women, ethics and social issues in rural areas. The first Indian television drama series, '' Hum Log'', began as a family planning program, and although it quickly turned its focus to entertainment, it continued to embed pro-development messages which provided a model of utilizing the television serial as an "edutainment" method that was followed by countries around the world.

A 2007 study of cable coming to rural India showed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of domestic violence towards women and son preference, as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." It also "found suggestive evidence that exposure to cable increases school enrollment for younger children, perhaps through increased participation of women in household decision-making."

International reception

Pakistan

Indian dramas were popular in Pakistan and Indian entertainment channels are widely watched, due to the mutual intelligibility between Urdu

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