Illiosentidae is a family of parasitic worms from the order

Echinorhynchida Echinorhynchida is an order of parasitic worms in the phylum Acanthocephala. It contains the following families: * Arhythmacanthidae Yamaguti, 1935 * Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932 * Diplosentidae Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1937 *Echinorhynchidae Cobbol ...

Species

Illiosentidae contains the following species: ''Brentisentis'' Leotta, Schmidt & Kuntz, 1982 *''Brentisentis chongqingensis'' Wei, 1998Wei Gang. A new species of Brentisentis from fishes of Chongqing,China(Palaeacanthocephala:Echinorhynchida:Rhadinorhynchidae) Dong wu fen lei xue bao = Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 1998 ;23(4):342-345. The species name ''chongqingensis'' was named after the location where the samples were collected:

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Romanization, alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality in Southwes ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

. *''Brentisentis uncinus'' Leotta, Schmidt, Kuntz, 1982Leotta, S. H., Schmidt, G. D., & Kuntz, R. E. (1982). Brentisentis uncinus gen. et sp. n. and Gorgorhynchus satoi (Morisita 1937) Yamaguti 1963 from Taiwan. The Journal of Parasitology, 134-137. ''B. uncinus'' was found infesting the small intestines of the

Tank goby ''Glossogobius giuris'', the tank goby, is a species of goby native to fresh, marine and brackish waters from the Red Sea and East Africa through South Asia and the Indian Ocean to China, Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. This spe ...

(''Glossogobius giuris'') and '' Eleotris pisonis'' near the mouth of

Keelung River The Keelung River () is a river in northern Taiwan. The Keelung River originates in the mountains west-northwest of the town of Jingtong in Pingxi District, New Taipei City, flows down to a rift valley and then flows ENE to Sandiaoling. Then i ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

. *''Brentisentis yangtzensis'' Yu and Wu, 1989 ''Dentitruncus'' Sinzar, 1955 *''Dentitruncus truttae'' Sinzar, 1955 ''Dollfusentis'' Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis bravoae'' Salgado-Maldonado, 1976 *''Dollfusentis chandleri'' Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis ctenorhynchus'' (Cable & Linderoth, 1963) Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis heteracanthus'' (Cable and Linderoth, 1963) *''Dollfusentis longispinus'' (Cable & Linderoth, 1963) Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis salgadoi'' Monks, Aleman-Garcia & Pulido-Flores, 2008 ''Goacanthus'' Gupta & Jain, 1980 *''Goacanthus panajiensis'' Gupta and Jain, 1980 ''Indorhynchus'' Golvan, 1969 *''Indorhynchus indicus'' (Tripathi, 1959) Golvan, 1969 *''Indorhynchus pseudobargi'' Wang and Wang, 1988 ''Koronacantha'' Monks & Ponce de Leon, 1996 *''Koronacantha mexicana'' Monks & Ponce de Leon, 1996 *''Koronacantha pectinaria'' (Van Cleave, 1940) Monks & Pérez-Ponce de León, 1996 '' Metarhadinorhynchus'' Yamaguti, 1959 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus cyprini'' Yin, 1961 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus echeneisi'' Gupta & Sinha, 1991 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus laterolabracis'' Yamaguti, 1959 ''M. laterolabracis'' is the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

. *'' Metarhadinorhynchus thapari'' Gupta & Gupta, 1975 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus valiyathurae'' Nadakal, John et Jacob, 1990Nadakal, A. M., John, K. O., & Jacob, A. (1990). Metarhadinorhynchus valiyathurae sp. nov., an acanthocephalid worm parasitic in the marine fish, Caranx melampygus (Cuv. & Val.). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 225(5/6), 377-382. '' Paradentitruncus'' Moravec & Sey, 1989 *'' Paradentitruncus longireceptaculis'' Moravec & Sey, 1989 '' Pseudorhadinorhynchus'' Achmerow & Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus cinereus'' Gupta & Nagui, 1983 ''P. cinereus'' was found infesting '' Stromateus cinereus'' in

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

.Kazmi, Q. B., & Naushaba, R. (2013). Checklist of marine worms reported from Pakistani marine waters. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 31(2), 187-280. *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus cochinensis'' Gupta & Nagui, 1983 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus deeghai'' Saxena, 2003 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus dhari'' Kumar, 1992 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus dussamicitatum'' Gupta & Gupta, 1972 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus ernakulensis'' Gupta & Gupta, 1972 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus guptai'' Gupta & Sinha, 1993 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus leuciscus'' (Krotov & Petrochenko, 1956) *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus longicollum'' Gupta & Naqvi, 1986 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus machidai'' Kumar, 1992 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus markewitschi'' Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus mujibi'' Gupta & Nagui, 1983 ''P. mujibi'' was found infesting '' Stromateus sinensis'' in

. *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus nandai'' Gupta and Sinha, 1993 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus orissai'' Gupta & Fatma, 1985 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus pseudaspii'' Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus samegaiensis'' Nakajima & Egusa, 1975 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus srivastavai'' Gupta & Fatma, 1985 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus vietnamensis'' Moravec and Sey, 1989 '' Tegorhynchus'' Van Cleve, 1921 *'' Tegorhynchus africanus'' (Golvan, 1955) *'' Tegorhynchus brevis'' Van Cleave, 1921 *'' Tegorhynchus cetratus'' (Van Cleave, 1945) *'' Tegorhynchus edmondsi'' (Golvan, 1960) *'' Tegorhynchus furcatus'' (Van Cleave & Lincicome, 1939) *'' Tegorhynchus holospinus'' Amin & Sey, 1996 *'' Tegorhynchus multacanthus'' (Mamaev, 1970) Amin & Sey, 1996 '' Telosentis'' Van Cleve, 1923 ''Telosentis'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

acanthocephala Acanthocephala (Greek , ', thorn + , ', head) is a phylum of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to p ...

ns. The representatives of the genus are distributed in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

waters of

Indian ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by th ...

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

coast of

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

. Consists of four

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

:Kvach Y., Sasal P. (2010) ''Telosentis exiguus'' (von Linstow, 1901) (Palaeacanthocephala: Illiosentidae), a generalist parasite of fishes in the Mediterranean basin. Systematic Parasitology, 76(1): 9-1

/ref> *'' Telosentis australiensis'' Edmonds, 1964 *'' Telosentis exiguus'' (von Linstow, 1901) ''T. exiguus'' is a widespread

intestinal The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans ...

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete wor ...

. Its

hosts A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places *Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County People *Jim Host (born 1937), American businessman *Michel Host ( ...

are

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

and

brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estua ...

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

of the

basin. This species is found in the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...

(near the coasts of

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

and

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

), in the

Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to t ...

(Italy,

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

), the

Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...

, the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

and the

Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov ( Crimean Tatar: ''Azaq deñizi''; russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; uk, Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, ...

(near the coasts of

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

). ''T. exiguus'' is able to thrive in a variety hosts. It has been found as an intestinal parasite in

anchovies An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water. More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...

, sand-smelts, shads,

garfish The garfish (''Belone belone''), also known as the garpike or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Black, and Baltic Seas. Description Th ...

es,

eels Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes (), which consists of eight suborders, 19 families, 111 genera, and about 800 species. Eels undergo considerable development from the early larval stage to the eventual adult stage ...

, sticklebacks, pipe-fishes, grass gobies, some other

gobies Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than in length, and the ...

blennies Blenny (from the Greek and , mucus, slime) is a common name for many types of fish, including several families of percomorph marine, brackish, and some freshwater fish sharing similar morphology and behaviour. Six families are considered "true ...

, and

wrasse The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into 9 subgroups or tribes. They are typically small, most of them le ...

''T. exiguus tegument is covered with spines in anterior and posterior parts. Its cerebral

ganglion A ganglion is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. In the somatic nervous system this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system there are both sympatheti ...

located in central part of the proboscis sac, sometime moved to anterior region. Its

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

is cylindrical or club-shaped, armed with 12 longitudal rows of hooks of same type; the smaller hooks are in the posterior region of proboscis, larger is in its central part. The roots of the hooks have long forward-facing appendixes. In the

the

intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...

s of this acanthocephalan is the

amphipod Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far descr ...

'' Apherusa bispinosa'',Belofastova I.P., Grintsov V.A. (2003) On the Find of Acantellae of the Acanthocephalan ''Telosentis exiguus'' in ''Apherusa bispinosa'' (Amphipoda, Calliopiidae) in the

. Vestnik Zoologii, 37(4): 57–59. (in Russia

/ref> in the

coelom The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In some animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, it r ...

of which the cystacanthes are located.

Fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

are infested by feeding on

amphipods Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far descri ...

infected with

larvae A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

. *''Telosentis lutianusi'' Gupta & Gupta, 1990 *''Telosentis mizellei'' Gupta & Fatma, 1988 *''Telosentis molini'' Van Cleave, 1923

Hosts

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2466705 Echinorhynchida Acanthocephala families