Heterokont genera
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Heterokonts are a group of protists (formally referred to as Heterokonta, Heterokontae or Heterokontophyta). The group is a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular
kelp Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant - it is a heterokont, a completely unrelated group of organisms. Kelp grows in "underwa ...
to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of
plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a crucia ...
. Other notable members of the
Stramenopile Stramenopile is a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have be ...
s include the (generally)
parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson ha ...
oomycete Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (). They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the resul ...
s, including ''
Phytophthora ''Phytophthora'' (from Greek (''phytón''), "plant" and (), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, a ...
'', which caused the Great Famine of Ireland, and ''
Pythium ''Pythium'' is a genus of parasitic oomycetes. They were formerly classified as fungi. Most species are plant parasites, but ''Pythium insidiosum'' is an important pathogen of animals, causing pythiosis. The feet of the fungus gnat are frequen ...
'', which causes seed rot and damping off. The name "heterokont" refers to the type of motile life cycle stage, in which the flagellated cells possess two differently arranged flagella (see
zoospore A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria, and fungi to propagate themselves. Diversity Flagella types Zoospores may possess one or ...
).


History

In 1899, Alexander Luther created the term "Heterokontae" for some algae with unequal flagella, today called
Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...
. Later, some authors (e.g., Copeland, 1956) included other groups in Heterokonta, expanding the name's sense. The term continues to be applied in different ways, leading to Heterokontophyta being applied also to the phylum
Ochrophyta The ochrophytes, subphylum Ochrophytina, is a group of mostly photosynthetic heterokonts. Their plastid is of red algal origin. The classification of the group is still being worked out. Originally, the ochrophytes were regarded as a phylum d ...
. The term 'Stramenopile' was introduced in 1989 by Patterson to overcome ambiguities that had (and continue to be) developed with the use of the term 'heterokont'. Consequently, heterokonts may be referred to as stramenopiles. The term 'heterokont' first emerged in the context of 19th century phycology. Over time, the scope of application has changed; especially when in the 1970's as ultrastructural studies revealed greater diversity among the algae with chromoplasts (= chlorophylls a and c) than had previously been recognized. At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes along inappropriate botanical/zoological lines. One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many of which had not been previously considered as 'heterokonts' were seen as being related to the 'core heterokonts' (i.e. those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and all their descendents. Molecular studies confirm that the genes that code for the proteins of these hairs are exclusive to stramenopiles. As the concept of 'Stramenopile' is based on a presumed apomorphy, it is stable and robust even when its composition changes. There is a widespread presumption, as here, that the terms 'stramenopile' and 'heterokont' are synonyms. They are not because they are defined differently and despite compositional overlap, most applications of the names imply differing compositions.


Morphology


Motile cells

Many heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles, for instance as
gamete A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...
s or
zoospore A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria, and fungi to propagate themselves. Diversity Flagella types Zoospores may possess one or ...
s. The name heterokont now refers to the characteristic form of these cells, which typically have two unequal flagella. The anterior flagellum is covered with one or two rows of lateral hairs or
mastigonemes Mastigonemes are lateral "hairs" that attach to protistan flagella. Flimsy hairs attach to the flagella of euglenid flagellates, while stiff hairs occur in stramenopile and cryptophyte protists.Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. ( ...
, which are tripartite (i.e. with a flexible basal insertion, a stiff hollow component, and tipped with fine delicate hairs), while the posterior flagellum is smooth, and usually shorter, or sometimes reduced to a basal body. The flagella are inserted subapically or laterally, and are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. Opalines have many rows of flagella that do not have flagellar hairs. They are closely related to endosymbiotic proteromonad flagellates some of which have tripartite hairs extending from the body surface. Mastigonemes are manufactured from glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum before being transported to the anterior flagellar surface. When the hairy flagellum beats, the stiff mastigonemes are forced backwards and this creates a retrograde current, pulling the cell through the water or bringing in food. The term mastigonemes refers to various types of flagellar hairs, but those of stramenopiles have a distinctive structure. It was treated as the evolutionary innovation that defined the stramenopiles, and although not initially so, it is increasingly treated as the defining characteristic of the heterokonts. Mastigonemes have been lost in a few heterkont lines, most notably the diatoms, opalines, and actinphryid heliozoa.


Chloroplasts

Many heterokonts are algae with chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, which are counted from the outermost to the innermost membrane. The first membrane is continuous with the host's chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, or cER. The second membrane presents a barrier between the lumen of the cER and the primary endosymbiont or chloroplast, which represents the next two membranes, within which the
thylakoid Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thyl ...
membranes are found. This arrangement of membranes has led to the hypothesis that heterokont chloroplasts were obtained from the reduction of a symbiotic
red algal Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...
eukaryote, which had arisen by evolutionary divergence from the monophyletic primary endosymbiotic ancestor that is thought to have given rise to all eukaryotic
photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs are organisms that use light energy and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials. Eukaryotic photoautotrophs absorb energy through the chlorophyll molecules in their chloroplasts while prokaryotic photoautotrophs use chlorophy ...
. The chloroplasts characteristically contain chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll c Chlorophyll ''c'' is a form of chlorophyll found in certain marine algae, including the photosynthetic Chromista (e.g. diatoms and brown algae) and dinoflagellates. It has a blue-green color and is an accessory pigment, particularly significant i ...
, and usually the accessory pigment
fucoxanthin Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll, with formula C42H58O6. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green ...
, giving them a golden-brown or brownish-green colour. Because of this colour, they are referred to as 'chromoplasts' distinguishing them from chlorophyll B containing plastids of green algae, their descendants the higher plants, and euglenids. Most basal heterokonts are colorless. This suggests that they diverged before the acquisition of chloroplasts within the group. However, fucoxanthin-containing chloroplasts are also found among the
haptophyte The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for '' Prymnesium''), are a clade of algae. The names Haptophyceae or Prymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead. This ending implies classification at ...
s. This led to hypotheses that all organisms with chlorophyll a/c containing chloroplasts have a common
phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
history with
cryptomonad The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a group of algae, most of which have plastids. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anteri ...
s, and should be taxonomically grouped as the
Chromista Chromista is a biological kingdom consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles ( plastids). It includes all protists whose plastids contain chlorophyll ''c'', ...
. Molecular studies do not confirm that the stramenopiles, haptophytes, and cryptomonads are sister taxa. The current consensus is that the ancestral stramenopiles / heterokonts were heterotrophic and acquired chloroplasts after their defining feature (the tripartite hairs) appeared.


Classification

As noted above, classification varies considerably. Originally, the heterokont algae was used only for Xanthophytes. The concept morphed to include more lineages and considered by some as part of the kingdom Plantae and later, by others, as within the Protista. An example is: :Division Chrysophyta ::Class Chrysophyceae (
golden alga The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whi ...
e) ::Class Bacillariophyceae ( diatoms) :Division Phaeophyta (
brown alga Brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate an ...
e) In this scheme, the Chrysophyceae is conceived of a very extensive group (Chrysophyte ''sensu lato'') that was paraphyletic - as the diatoms and brown algae evolved from within the chrysophytes. Over time, various lineages have been given their own classes and often divisions. Recent systems often treat these as classes within a single division, called the Heterokontophyta, Chromophyta, or Ochrophyta. This is not universal, however; Round ''et al.'' treat the diatoms as a division. The discovery that
oomycete Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (). They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the resul ...
s and
hyphochytrid Hyphochytrids are eukaryotic organisms in the group of Stramenopiles (Heterokonta). Characteristics They are distinguished by an anterior tinsel flagellum on their zoospores. Also they have a rhizoidal or hypha-like vegetative system (hence the ...
s are related to these algae, rather than fungi, as previously thought, has led many authors to include these two groups among the heterokonts. Should it turn out that they evolved from colored ancestors, the heterokont group would be paraphyletic in their absence. Once again, however, usage varies.
David J. Patterson David Joseph Patterson is a Northern Irish taxonomist specializing in protozoa and the use of taxonomy in biodiversity informatics. Early life and education David Joseph Patterson was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland on 19 April 1950 to Doris ...
named this extended group the stramenopiles, characterized by the presence of tripartite mastigonemes, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and open mitosis. He used the stramenopiles as a prototype for a classification without Linnaean rank. Their composition has been essentially stable, but their use within ranked systems varies.
Thomas Cavalier-Smith Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford. His research has led to discov ...
treats the heterokonts as identical in composition with the stramenopiles; this is the definition followed here. He has proposed placing them in a separate kingdom, the
Chromalveolata Chromalveolata was a eukaryote supergroup present in a major classification of 2005, then regarded as one of the six major groups within the eukaryotes. It was a refinement of the kingdom Chromista, first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in ...
, together with the haptophytes, cryptomonads, and alveolates. This is one of the most common revisions to the
five-kingdom system In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla. Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plan ...
, but has not been adopted, because Chromalveolata is not a monophyletic group. A few treat the Chromalveolata as identical in composition with the heterokonts, or list them as a kingdom Stramenopila. Some sources divide the heterokonts into the autotrophic
Ochrophyta The ochrophytes, subphylum Ochrophytina, is a group of mostly photosynthetic heterokonts. Their plastid is of red algal origin. The classification of the group is still being worked out. Originally, the ochrophytes were regarded as a phylum d ...
and heterotrophic
Bigyra Bigyra is a grouping of heterokont organisms. It includes Bicosoecida, Blastocystis and Labyrinthulida. It has also been described as containing Opalozoa, Bicoecia, and Sagenista. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the internal relationship ...
and
Pseudofungi Pseudofungi is a grouping of heterokonts, also known as the Heterokontimycotina. It consists of the Oomycota and Hyphochytridiomycetes. Although numerous biochemical, ultrastructural, and genetic traits clearly place them in the heterokonts, th ...
. However, some modifications to these classifications have been suggested. The name Heterokonta can be confused with the (much older) name Heterokontae, which is generally equivalent to the
Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...
, a limited subset of the Heterokonta. The simplified classification of the group according to Adl ''et al.'' (2012), in which heterokonts (using the term Stramenopiles) are part of a larger clade that embraces
Alveolates The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of protists, considered a major clade and superphylum within Eukarya. They are currently grouped with the stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate mitochond ...
and
Rhizaria The Rhizaria are an ill-defined but species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Except for the Chlorarachniophytes and three species in the genus Paulinella in the phylum Cercozoa, they are all non-photosynthethic, but many forami ...
, is: Eukaryota *
SAR SAR or Sar may refer to: Places * Sar (river), Galicia, Spain * Sar, Bahrain, a residential district * Sar, Iran (disambiguation), several places in Iran * Sar, Tibet, Tibet Autonomous Region of China * Šar Mountains, in southeastern Europe ...
** Stramenopiles , 1989, emend. ''et al.'', 2005 ***
Opalinata Opalinata is a superclass of non- phagotrophic heterokonts that unites the classes Opalinea and Blastocystea, and is the sister group to Opalomonadea. Description When Opalinata was first erected as a taxon in 1926, it was placed as the sole c ...
, 1926, emend. , 1997 (
Slopalinida Slopalinida is a heterokont Heterokonts are a group of protists (formally referred to as Heterokonta, Heterokontae or Heterokontophyta). The group is a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to t ...
, 1985) *** '' Blastocystis'' , 1911 *** Bicosoecida , 1926, emend. , 1998 *** Placidida ''et al.'', 2002 ***
Labyrinthulomycetes The Labyrinthulomycetes (ICBN) or Labyrinthulea (ICZN) are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them. The two main groups are the labyrint ...
, 2001 *** Hyphochytriales , 1960 *** Peronosporomycetes , 2001 ( Öomycetes , 1897, emend. , 1976) *** Actinophryidae 1874, emend. 1926 *** '' Bolidomonas'' , 1999 (
Bolidophyceae Bolidophyceae is a class of photosynthetic heterokont picophytoplankton, and consist of less than 20 known species. They are distinguished by the angle of flagellar insertion and swimming patterns as well as recent molecular analyses. Bolidophyc ...
in et al., 1999) ***
Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whic ...
, 1914 ***
Dictyochophyceae Dictyochophyceae sensu lato is a photosynthetic lineage of heterokont algae. Taxonomy * Class Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980 s.l. ** Subclass Sulcophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2013 *** Order Olisthodiscales Cavalier-Smith 2013 **** Family Olisthodis ...
, 1980 ***
Eustigmatales Eustigmatophytes are a small group (17 genera; ~107 species) of eukaryotic forms of algae that includes marine, freshwater and soil-living species. All eustigmatophytes are unicellular, with coccoid cells and polysaccharide cell walls. Eust ...
, 1981 *** Olisthodiscophyceae , 2021 *** Pelagophyceae , 1993 ***
Phaeothamniophyceae Phaeothamniophycidae is a sub class of heterokont algae. It contains two orders, Phaeothamniales and Pleurochloridellales, and consists of species separated from Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, go ...
, in ''et al.'', 1998 ***
Pinguiochrysidales Pinguiochrysidaceae is a family of marine Heterokontophyta. It is the only family in the order Pinguiochrysidales, which is the only order in the class Pinguiophyceae. It includes five species of unicellular organisms with high concentration of p ...
''et al.'', 2003 *** Raphidophyceae , 1950, emend. , 1980 ***
Synurales The synurids (order Synurales) are a small group of heterokont algae, found mostly in freshwater environments, characterized by cells covered in silica scales. Characteristics They are covered in silicate scales and spines. In ''Synura'', thes ...
, 1987 ***
Xanthophyceae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamen ...
, 1930, emend. , 1935 (
Heterokontae Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamento ...
, 1899, Heteromonadea , 1983,
Xanthophyta Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filament ...
, 1990) *** Phaeophyceae , 1886 (not , 1891, not , 1894) *** '' Schizocladia'' ''et al.'', in ''et al.'', 2003 ( Schizocladales ''et al.'', 2003) (M) ***
Diatomea A diatom ( Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising se ...
, 1821 (= Bacillariophyta , 1878) ** Alveolata **
Rhizaria The Rhizaria are an ill-defined but species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Except for the Chlorarachniophytes and three species in the genus Paulinella in the phylum Cercozoa, they are all non-photosynthethic, but many forami ...


Phylogeny

Based on the following works of Ruggiero et al. 2015 & Silar 2016.


Gallery

File:Aplanosem.png, ''
Aplanochytrium The genus ''Aplanochytrium'' is part of the class Labyrinthulomycetes. It is a sister genus of '' Labyrinthula'' and thraustochytrids. The major characteristic of all three genera is the production of an extension of the plasma membrane and th ...
'' (
Labyrinthulea The Labyrinthulomycetes (ICBN) or Labyrinthulea ( ICZN) are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them. The two main groups are the labyri ...
) File:Four_common_forms_of_Blastocystis_hominis_Valzn.jpg, ''
Blastocystis hominis ''Blastocystis'' is a genus of single-celled heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms that are known as the Stramenopiles (also called Heterokonts) that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. Blastocystis consists of several ...
'' (Blastocystea) File:Parasite140015-fig2 Protoopalina pingi (Opalinidae) Microscopy.tif, '' Protoopalina pingi'' (
Opalinea The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunli ...
) File:Peronospora sparsa.JPG, '' Peronospora sparsa'' (
Oomycetes Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (). They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result ...
) File:Aardappel Phytophthora Fresco.jpg, Potatoes with ''
Phytophthora ''Phytophthora'' (from Greek (''phytón''), "plant" and (), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, a ...
'' (
Oomycetes Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (). They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result ...
) File:Diatomeas w.jpg, Diatoms (
Bacillariophyceae Bacillariophyceae is a group of pennate diatoms with a raphe (raphids). According to Ruggiero et al., 2015, the diatoms are treated as follows. This treatment largely reflects that used by Algaebase as at 2015, and is also reflected in the curren ...
) File:Dictyocha speculum.jpg,
Silicoflagellate Dictyochales (Silicoflagellates, or Dictyochophyceae ''sensu stricto'') are a small group of unicellular heterokont algae, found in marine environments. Characteristics In one stage of their life cycle, they produce a siliceous skeleton, comp ...
(
Dictyochophyceae Dictyochophyceae sensu lato is a photosynthetic lineage of heterokont algae. Taxonomy * Class Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980 s.l. ** Subclass Sulcophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2013 *** Order Olisthodiscales Cavalier-Smith 2013 **** Family Olisthodis ...
) File:Actinophrys sol.jpg, '' Actinophrys sol'' (
Actinophryida The actinophryids are an order of heliozoa, a polyphyletic array of stramenopiles, having a close relationship with pedinellids and ''Ciliophrys''. They are common in fresh water and occasionally found in marine and soil habitats. Actinophryids a ...
) File:15 3klein2.jpg, ''
Nannochloropsis ''Nannochloropsis'' is a genus of algae comprising six known species. The genus in the current taxonomic classification was first termed by Hibberd (1981). The species have mostly been known from the marine environment but also occur in fresh and ...
'' sp. (
Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmatophytes are a small group (17 genera; ~107 species) of eukaryotic forms of algae that includes marine, freshwater and soil-living species. All eustigmatophytes are unicellular, with coccoid cells and polysaccharide cell walls. Eust ...
) File:Dinobryon sp.jpg, ''
Dinobryon ''Dinobryon'' is a type of microscopic algae. It is one of the 22 genera in the family Dinobryaceae. ''Dinobryon'' are mixotrophs, capable of obtaining energy and carbon through photosynthesis and phagotrophy of bacteria. The genus comprises at ...
'' sp. (
Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whic ...
) File:Synura.jpg, ''
Synura ''Synura'' is a genus of colonial chrysomonad algae covered in silica scales. It is the most conspicuous genus of the order Synurales The synurids (order Synurales) are a small group of heterokont algae, found mostly in freshwater environments ...
'' sp. ( Synurophyceae) File:Gonyostomum-cells.JPG, '' Gonyostomum semen'' ( Raphidophyceae) File:Vaucheria_sp_sexial_reproductive_organ01.jpg, ''
Vaucheria ''Vaucheria'' is a genus of Xanthophyceae or yellow-green algae known as water felt. It is one of only two genera in the family Vaucheriaceae. The type species of the genus is '' Vaucheria disperma''. The genus was circumscribed by Augustin Py ...
'' (
Xanthophyta Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filament ...
) File:Pacific rockweed, Olympic National Park, USA.jpg, ''
Fucus distichus ''Fucus distichus'' or rockweed is a species of brown alga in the family Fucaceae to be found in the intertidal zones of rocky seashores in the Northern Hemisphere, mostly in rock pools. Description This is a small tufted brown alga. The ...
'' ( Phaeophyceae) File:FMIB_48487_Pelagophycus_Porra,_or_Elk_Kelp.jpeg, ''
Pelagophycus ''Pelagophycus'' is a monotypic genus of kelp. It is found in deep waters off the west coast of central North America. The species ''Pelagophycus porra'', also known as Elk kelp, grows in temperatures of no higher than . It grows in subtidal f ...
porra'' ( Phaeophyceae)


References


External links


Tree of Life Web Project: Stramenopiles
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q461622, from2=Q18744565, from3=Q21286613 * Infrakingdoms