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Opalinata
Opalinata is a superclass of non-phagotrophic heterokonts that unites the classes Opalinea and Blastocystea, and is the sister group to Opalomonadea. Description When Opalinata was first erected as a taxon in 1926, it was placed as the sole class in the group "Protociliata" and considered as primitive cilliates due to the fact that they move thanks to their numerous cilia and that they both present two nuclei. They were distinguished because they perform syngamy by the complete fusion of uninucleated gametes, while the rest of ciliates, forming "Euciliata" ( Ciliata + Suctoria), perform syngamy through their micronuclei alone while their macronuclei dissolve. The taxon Opalinata was revised in 1996 by Cavalier-Smith and placed in Opalozoa, and is now defined by the following synapomorphies: gut parasitism and the loss of peroxisomes and phagocytosis. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Opalinata and the rest of Opalozoa. Classification The modern t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalozoa
Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic protists of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista. Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrate animals. Taxonomy History: phylum Opalozoa In 1993 the name “Opalozoa” referred to a group of protists that was very different from what it is now. It was a phylum composed of many unrelated zooflagellates, grouped together because of the common presence of tubular mitochondrial cristae and the lack of cortical alveoli or rigid tubular ciliary hairs ( retronemes). It also included the opalinids, proteomyxids and plasmodiophorids. Modern classification The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to order level, is as follows: * Subphylum Opalozoa ** Infraphylum Bikosia *** Class Bikosea ****Subclass Bicosidia *****Superorder Cyathobodoniae ******Order Bicoecida ******Order Anoecida ******Order Pseud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placidozoa
Placidozoa is a recently defined non-photosynthetic lineage of Heterokonts. Phylogeny Taxonomy Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013 * Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith 2006 stat. n. 2013 (paraphyletic) ** Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 *** Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 lacidae Cavalier-Smith 2006**** Family Placidiaceae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 ***** Genus '' Pendulomonas'' Tong 1997 ***** Genus ''Placidia'' Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 ***** Genus '' Wobblia'' Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2000 ***** Genus '' Allegra'' Rybarski et al. 2015 ** Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 *** Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith 2013 **** Family Solenicolidae Cavalier- Smith 2013 ***** Genus ''Solenicola'' Pavillard 1916 **** Family Incisomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 ***** Genus '' Incisomonas'' Scoble & Cavalier-Smith 2013 ** Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 *** Genus '' Barthelona'' Bernard, Simpson & Patterson 2000 *** G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalinea
The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight. Most opalines live as endocommensals in the large intestine and cloaca of anurans (frogs and toads), though they are sometimes found in fish, reptiles, molluscs and insects. The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their phylogenetic position among the protists. Taxonomy and phylogeny The relationship between opalines and other protists has been a subject of great controversy since the late 19th century, and is not completely resolved at present. Initially, microscopists believed that the thousands of rhythmically beating hair-like structures which cover their surface were cilia, and they placed the opalines in Ciliophora. In the early 20th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalinidae
The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight. Most opalines live as endocommensals in the large intestine and cloaca of anurans (frogs and toads), though they are sometimes found in fish, reptiles, molluscs and insects. The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their phylogenetic position among the protists. Taxonomy and phylogeny The relationship between opalines and other protists has been a subject of great controversy since the late 19th century, and is not completely resolved at present. Initially, microscopists believed that the thousands of rhythmically beating hair-like structures which cover their surface were cilia, and they placed the opalines in Ciliophora. In the early 20th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterokonta
Heterokonts are a group of protists (formally referred to as Heterokonta, Heterokontae or Heterokontophyta). The group is a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Other notable members of the Stramenopiles include the (generally) parasitic oomycetes, including ''Phytophthora'', which caused the Great Famine of Ireland, and ''Pythium'', which causes seed rot and damping off. The name "heterokont" refers to the type of motile life cycle stage, in which the flagellated cells possess two differently arranged flagella (see zoospore). History In 1899, Alexander Luther created the term "Heterokontae" for some algae with unequal flagella, today called Xanthophyceae. Later, some authors (e.g., Copeland, 1956) included other groups in Heterokonta, expanding the name's sense. The term continues to be applied in different ways, leading to Heterokontophyta being applied al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalomonadea
Opalomonadea is a class of biciliate phagotrophic opalozoans with an anterior hairy cilium, often from anaerobic habitats. It is a monophyletic group previously known as clade MAST-12, sister to Opalinata Opalinata is a superclass of non- phagotrophic heterokonts that unites the classes Opalinea and Blastocystea, and is the sister group to Opalomonadea. Description When Opalinata was first erected as a taxon in 1926, it was placed as the sole c .... This group was discovered through marine environmental DNA samples; no species have yet been described or cultured. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Opalomonadea and the rest of Opalozoans. References {{reflist Placidozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wobblata
Wobblata is a paraphyletic grouping of all placidozoans except Opalinata. It unites the classes Placididea, Nanomonadea and Opalomonadea. Description Members of this group are ancestrally aerobic phagotrophic biciliates. They have tubular mitochondrial cristae and a hairy anterior cilium The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projecti .... They have a split right microtubular root, i.e. one of the two (left and right) microtubular roots that support the feeding groove is split in two. They lack a cytopharynx, and some of them have lost their anterior cilium. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Wobblata and the rest of Opalozoans. References {{reflist Placidozoa Paraphyletic groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalinida
The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight. Most opalines live as endocommensals in the large intestine and cloaca of anurans (frogs and toads), though they are sometimes found in fish, reptiles, molluscs and insects. The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their phylogenetic position among the protists. Taxonomy and phylogeny The relationship between opalines and other protists has been a subject of great controversy since the late 19th century, and is not completely resolved at present. Initially, microscopists believed that the thousands of rhythmically beating hair-like structures which cover their surface were cilia, and they placed the opalines in Ciliophora. In the early 20th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bigyra
Bigyra is a grouping of heterokont organisms. It includes Bicosoecida, Blastocystis and Labyrinthulida. It has also been described as containing Opalozoa, Bicoecia, and Sagenista. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the internal relationships within Bigyra: Classification The modern taxonomy of Bigyra is as follows: *Phylum Bigyra **Subphylum Opalozoa ***Infraphylum Placidozoa ****Superclass Wobblata ( paraphyletic) *****Class Placididea *****Class Nanomonadea *****Class Opalomonadea ****Superclass Opalinata *****Class Opalinea *****Class Blastocystea ''Blastocystis'' is a genus of single-celled heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms that are known as the Stramenopiles (also called Heterokonts) that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. Blastocystis consists of several ... ***Infraphylum Bikosia ****Class Bikosea **Subphylum Sagenista ***Class Labyrinthulea ***Class Eogyrea References External links * * SAR supergroup unranked cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanomonadea
Nanomonadea is a class of biciliate phagotrophic, non-photosynthetic free-living opalozoans, coontaining the sole order Uniciliatida. This monophyletic group previously known as clade MAST-3 is characterized by a single hairless posterior cilium and absence of an anterior cilium. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Nanomonadea and the rest of Opalozoans. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Nanomonadea is as follows: *Subphylum Opalozoa **Infraphylum Placidozoa ***Superclass Wobblata (paraphyletic) ****Class Nanomonadea *****Order Uniciliatida ******Family Solenicolidae – ''Solenicola ''Solenicola setigera'' is a species of marine stramenopile, and the only species classified within the genus ''Solenicola''. The species ranges between 4–7 µm in diameter and has a complex feeding strategy. Its ecological role within th ...'' ******Family Incisomonadidae – '' Incisomonas'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q28373662 Placidozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalina
''Opalina'' is a genus of parasitic heterokonts found in the intestines of frogs and toads. They lack mouths and contractile vacuoles, they are covered with nearly equal flagelliform cilia, and they have numerous nuclei, all similar. All the species are obligate endosymbionts, most likely commensal rather than parasitic, in cold-blooded vertebrates. Its body is leaflike in shape. They lack cytostome A cytostome (from ''cyto-'', cell and ''stome-'', mouth) or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuol ...s. They are saprozoic, consuming dead matter, which suggests their commensal role. They propagate by means of plasmotomy. The body is flattened, leaf-like and oval in outline and covered by thin pellicle. Nutrition is by pinocytosis. There are several small, spherical and similar sized nuclei present in the endoplasm. The nuclei are e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteromonas
''Proteromonas'' is a genus of heterokonts. It lives in the gut of amphibians and reptiles. An example is ''Proteromonas lacertae''. ''Proteromonas'' is notable by location of mastigonemes not on its flagella, but on posterior part of the cell. Such mastigonemes are called somatonemes. List of Species * '' P. brevifilia'' Aléxéieff 1946 * '' P. dolichomastix'' Künstler 1889 * '' P. chameleoni'' Krishnamurthy 1963 * '' P. ganapatii'' Saratchandra 1981 * '' P. grassei'' Saratchandra & Narasimhamurti 1980 * '' P. hareni'' (Ray & Singh 1949) * '' P. hystrixi'' Todd 1963 * '' P. kakatiyae'' Bhaskar Rao et al. 1978 * '' P. krishnamurthyi'' Saratchandra & Ramesh Babu 1982 * '' P. longifila'' (Lemmermann 1913) Grassé 1926 * '' P. mabuiae'' Saratchandra, Vijayanand & Venkateswarlu 1984 * ''P. ophisauri P. is an abbreviation or acronym that may refer to: * Page (paper), where the abbreviation comes from Latin ''pagina'' * Paris Herbarium, at the ''Muséum national d'histoire naturel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
