Opalomonadea

	Opalomonadea Opalomonadea is a class of biciliate phagotrophic opalozoans with an anterior hairy cilium, often from anaerobic habitats. It is a monophyletic group previously known as clade MAST-12, sister to Opalinata Opalinata is a superclass of non- phagotrophic heterokonts that unites the classes Opalinea and Blastocystea, and is the sister group to Opalomonadea. Description When Opalinata was first erected as a taxon in 1926, it was placed as the sole c .... This group was discovered through marine environmental DNA samples; no species have yet been described or cultured. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Opalomonadea and the rest of Opalozoans. References {{reflist Placidozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Wobblata Wobblata is a paraphyletic grouping of all placidozoans except Opalinata. It unites the classes Placididea, Nanomonadea and Opalomonadea. Description Members of this group are ancestrally aerobic phagotrophic biciliates. They have tubular mitochondrial cristae and a hairy anterior cilium The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projecti .... They have a split right microtubular root, i.e. one of the two (left and right) microtubular roots that support the feeding groove is split in two. They lack a cytopharynx, and some of them have lost their anterior cilium. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Wobblata and the rest of Opalozoans. References {{reflist Placidozoa Paraphyletic groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Placidozoa Placidozoa is a recently defined non-photosynthetic lineage of Heterokonts. Phylogeny Taxonomy Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013 * Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith 2006 stat. n. 2013 (paraphyletic) Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 * Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 lacidae Cavalier-Smith 2006** Family Placidiaceae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 * Genus '' Pendulomonas'' Tong 1997 * Genus ''Placidia'' Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 * Genus '' Wobblia'' Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2000 * Genus '' Allegra'' Rybarski et al. 2015 Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 * Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith 2013 Family Solenicolidae Cavalier- Smith 2013 * Genus ''Solenicola'' Pavillard 1916 Family Incisomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 * Genus '' Incisomonas'' Scoble & Cavalier-Smith 2013 Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 * Genus '' Barthelona'' Bernard, Simpson & Patterson 2000 * G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Opalozoa Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic protists of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista. Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrate animals. Taxonomy History: phylum Opalozoa In 1993 the name “Opalozoa” referred to a group of protists that was very different from what it is now. It was a phylum composed of many unrelated zooflagellates, grouped together because of the common presence of tubular mitochondrial cristae and the lack of cortical alveoli or rigid tubular ciliary hairs ( retronemes). It also included the opalinids, proteomyxids and plasmodiophorids. Modern classification The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to order level, is as follows: * Subphylum Opalozoa Infraphylum Bikosia * Class Bikosea **Subclass Bicosidia *Superorder Cyathobodoniae **Order Bicoecida **Order Anoecida **Order Pseud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Opalinata Opalinata is a superclass of non-phagotrophic heterokonts that unites the classes Opalinea and Blastocystea, and is the sister group to Opalomonadea. Description When Opalinata was first erected as a taxon in 1926, it was placed as the sole class in the group "Protociliata" and considered as primitive cilliates due to the fact that they move thanks to their numerous cilia and that they both present two nuclei. They were distinguished because they perform syngamy by the complete fusion of uninucleated gametes, while the rest of ciliates, forming "Euciliata" ( Ciliata + Suctoria), perform syngamy through their micronuclei alone while their macronuclei dissolve. The taxon Opalinata was revised in 1996 by Cavalier-Smith and placed in Opalozoa, and is now defined by the following synapomorphies: gut parasitism and the loss of peroxisomes and phagocytosis. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Opalinata and the rest of Opalozoa. Classification The modern t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nanomonadea Nanomonadea is a class of biciliate phagotrophic, non-photosynthetic free-living opalozoans, coontaining the sole order Uniciliatida. This monophyletic group previously known as clade MAST-3 is characterized by a single hairless posterior cilium and absence of an anterior cilium. Phylogeny The cladogram below shows the relationships between Nanomonadea and the rest of Opalozoans. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Nanomonadea is as follows: Subphylum Opalozoa Infraphylum Placidozoa Superclass Wobblata (paraphyletic) Class Nanomonadea *Order Uniciliatida **Family Solenicolidae – ''Solenicola ''Solenicola setigera'' is a species of marine stramenopile, and the only species classified within the genus ''Solenicola''. The species ranges between 4–7 µm in diameter and has a complex feeding strategy. Its ecological role within th ...'' **Family Incisomonadidae – '' Incisomonas'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q28373662 Placidozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Anoecida Anoecida is an order of bicosoecids, a small group of unicellular flagellates, included among the heterokonts. Classification * Family Caecitellidae Cavalier-Smith 2006 Genus '' Halocafeteria'' Park, Cho & Simpson 2006 Genus '' Caecitellus'' Patterson et al. 1993 * Family Cafeteriaceae Moestrup 1995 ymbiomonadaceae Cavalier-Smith 2006; Anoecaceae Cavalier-Smith 2006 Genus '' Anoeca'' Cavalier-Smith, 2006 Genus '' Symbiomonas'' Guillou & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1999 ** Genus ''Cafeteria A cafeteria, sometimes called a canteen outside the U.S., is a type of food service location in which there is little or no waiting staff table service, whether a restaurant or within an institution such as a large office building or school ...'' Fenchel & Patterson 1988 References External links * Bikosea Heterokont orders {{Heterokont-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Blastocystea ''Blastocystis'' is a genus of single-celled heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms that are known as the Stramenopiles (also called Heterokonts) that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. Blastocystis consists of several species, living in the gastrointestinal tracts of species as diverse as humans, farm animals, birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and cockroaches. ''Blastocystis'' exhibits low host specificity, and many different species of ''Blastocystis'' can infect humans, and by current convention, any of these species would be identified as ''Blastocystis hominis''. ''Blastocystis'' is one of the most common human parasites in the world and has a global distribution. It is the most common parasitic infection in the United States, where it infected approximately 23% of the total population during year 2000. In less developed areas, infection rates as high as 100% have been observed. High rates of infection are found in individuals in developed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Opalinea The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida. Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight. Most opalines live as endocommensals in the large intestine and cloaca of anurans (frogs and toads), though they are sometimes found in fish, reptiles, molluscs and insects. The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their phylogenetic position among the protists. Taxonomy and phylogeny The relationship between opalines and other protists has been a subject of great controversy since the late 19th century, and is not completely resolved at present. Initially, microscopists believed that the thousands of rhythmically beating hair-like structures which cover their surface were cilia, and they placed the opalines in Ciliophora. In the early 20th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Phagotrophic Phagocytosis () is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte. In a multicellular organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. The ingested material is then digested in the phagosome. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytized. Some protozoa use phagocytosis as means to obtain nutrients. History Phagocytosis was first noted by Canadian physician William Osler (1876), and later studied and named by Élie Metchnikoff (1880, 1883). In immune system Phagocytosis is one main mechanisms of the innate immune defense. It is one of the first processes responding to infection, and is also one of the initiating branches of an adaptive immune response. Although mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]