human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...

, Haplogroup A is a

human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolu ...

Origin

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a

bottleneck Bottleneck literally refers to the narrowed portion (neck) of a bottle near its opening, which limit the rate of outflow, and may describe any object of a similar shape. The literal neck of a bottle was originally used to play what is now known as ...

approximately 20,000 years ago. Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea and ...

, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in

. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the

Far East The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons. The ter ...

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and wes ...

and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the

indigenous peoples of the Americas The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples. Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...

, the others being B, C, D, and X. Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the

Inuit Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories ...

Na-Dene Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now considered ...

, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the

Chukchis The Chukchi, or Chukchee ( ckt, Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэт, О'равэтԓьэт, ''Ḷygʺoravètḷʹèt, O'ravètḷʹèt''), are a Siberian indigenous people native to the Chukchi Peninsula, the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Berin ...

, in northeasternmost Siberia. Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202 Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of

Khamnigans The Khamnigan, Hamnigan Mongols, or the Tungus Evenki, are a Tungusic- Mongolic ethnic (sub)group of Mongolized Evenks. Khamnigan is the Buriat- Mongolian term for all Ewenkis. In the early 16th century, the Evenks of Transbaikalia or Khamnigan ...

(1/99 = 1.0%) and

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...

(1/295 = 0.3%) from the

Buryat Republic Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia (russian: Республика Бурятия, r=Respublika Buryatiya, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə; bua, Буряад Улас, Buryaad Ulas, , mn, Буриад Улс, Buriad Uls), is ...

. In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in

Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people spea ...

-speaking populations of

Southwest China Southwest China () is a region in the south of the People's Republic of China. Geography Southwest China is a rugged and mountainous region, transitioning between the Tibetan Plateau to the west and the Chinese coastal hills (东南丘陵) and ...

, such as

Tibetans The Tibetan people (; ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans liv ...

(6/65 = 9.2%, 25/216 = 11.6%,Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109 11/73 = 15.1%). Approximately 7% to 15% of

Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply refe ...

belong to haplogroup A.Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009)
/ref>Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. Approximately 5% to 12% of the

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. Approximately 4% to 13% of

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...

belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4, 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from

New Barag Left Banner New Barag Left Banner ( Mongolian: ''Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu''; ) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is ...

in haplogroup A(xA5), 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)). Approximately 4% (3/71) of

Tatars The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

from Aznakayevo,Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065 3% (4/126) of Tatars from

Buinsk Buinsk (russian: Буинск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. ;Urban localities *Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan, a town of republic significance in the Republic of Tatarstan * Buinsk, Ibresinsky District, Chuvash Republic, ...

, and 2% of

Turkish people The Turkish people, or simply the Turks ( tr, Türkler), are the world's largest Turkic ethnic group; they speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. In addition, centuries-old ethnic ...

belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of

Persians The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language as well as of the languages that are closely related to Persian. ...

from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Tajik ...

from Tajikistan. Haplogroup A is not found among

Austronesians The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar that speak Austrone ...

.Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215 In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%). Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *A **A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia) ***A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (

Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...

from

Lao Cai Province __NOTOC__ Lao may refer to: Laos * Something of, from, or related to Laos, a country in Southeast Asia * Lao people (people from Laos, or of Lao descent) * The Lao language * Lao script, the writing system used to write the Lao language ** Lao ...

,S. Pischedda, R. Barral-Arca, A. Gómez-Carballa, ''et al.'' (2017), "Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements." ''Scientific Reports'' volume 7, Article number: 12630 (2017).

Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...

from

Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...

, Cờ Lao) ****A1 .html" ;"title="MRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp">MRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp*****A1* – Japan, Korea *****A1a .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp">MRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp******A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England ******A1a1 .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp">MRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp*******A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi *******A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp">MRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp******A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp">MRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp******A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp">MRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp****A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina .html" ;"title="MRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp">MRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp*****A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi ******A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup ******A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi ******A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi ******A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua) ******A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap) *****A2b – Chukchi ******A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland) *****A2c *****A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic) ******A2d1 – USA (Mexican) *******A2d1a – USA (Hispanic) ******A2d2 – USA (Hispanic) *****A2e'ao ******A2e ******A2ao *******A2ao1 *****A2f ******A2f1 – Newfoundland *******A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American) ******A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico ******A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic) *****A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula ******A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America *****A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco),

Yanomama The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Etymology The ethnonym ''Yanomam ...

, Kogui ******A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America *****A2i – USA (Hispanic, ''etc.''), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec) *****A2j – USA (Hispanic) ******A2j1 – USA (Hispanic) *****A2k – USA (Puerto Rico) ******A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico *******A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic) *****A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj ******A2l ******A2m ******A2n – Canada ******A2o ******A2ai ******A2aj *****A2p'am ******A2p *******A2p1 *******A2p2 ******A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in

Curaçao Curaçao ( ; ; pap, Kòrsou, ), officially the Country of Curaçao ( nl, Land Curaçao; pap, Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island country in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of the Venezuela coast ...

, in a Dabajuroid (

Caquetio Caquetio, Caiquetio, or Caiquetia are natives of northwestern Venezuela, living along the shores of Lake Maracaibo at the time of the Spanish conquest. They moved inland to avoid enslavement by the Spaniards, while their numbers were drastically ...

) site dating 1160-1500 CE. *****A2q ******A2q1 *****A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba ******A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican) *****A2s *****A2t – USA (Mexican) *****A2u ******A2u1 ******A2u2 *****A2v ******A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (

La Mixteca La Mixteca is a cultural, economic and political region in Western Oaxaca and neighboring portions of Puebla, Guerrero in south-central Mexico, which refers to the home of the Mixtec people. In their languages, the region is called either Ñuu Djau ...

) *******A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican) *******A2v1b – Mexico *****A2w – Colombia (

Kogi Kogi State is a state in the North Central region of Nigeria, bordered to the west by the states of Ekiti and Kwara, to the north by the Federal Capital Territory, to the northeast by Nasarawa State, to the northwest by Niger State, to th ...

, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic) ******A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia *****A2x *****A2y *****A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico) *****A2aa *****A2ab *****A2ac ******A2ac1 *****A2ad ******A2ad1 ******A2ad2 *****A2ae *****A2af ******A2af1 *******A2af1a ********A2af1a1 ********A2af1a2 *******A2af1b ********A2af1b1 *********A2af1b1a *********A2af1b1b ********A2af1b2 ******A2af2 *****A2ag *****A2ah *****A2ak *****A2al *****A2an *****A2ap *****A2aq ****A6 .html" ;"title="MRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp">MRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp*****A6* –

Deng Deng may refer to: * Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana * Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state * Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state ** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...

, Korea *****A6a – China .html" ;"title="MRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp">MRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp******A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, ''etc.'') ******A6a1 – Tujia *****A6b – Tibet .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp">MRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp******A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh) ******A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa) *****A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa) ****A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among

Udmurts The Udmurts ( udm, Удмуртъёс, ) are a Permian ( Finnic) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. In the course of history, Russian-speakers have referred to them as ' (), Otyaks, Wotyaks or Votyaks. Etymology The n ...

and

Komis The Komi ( kv, комияс, ' also ', also called Komi-Zyryans or Zyryans, are an indigenous Permian ethnic group whose homeland is in the northeast of European Russia around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers. They mostl ...

Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, ''et al.'' (2018), "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." ''Genome Biology'' (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 *****A12 – Czech Republic, Germany .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp">MRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp******A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets, Selkup .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp">MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp*******A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)Marchi, N., Hegay, T., Mennecier, P., Georges, M., Laurent, R., Whitten, M., Endicott, P., Aldashev, A., Dorzhu, C., Nasyrova, F., Chichlo, B., Segurel, L. and Heyer, E., "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations." ''Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.'' (2017) *******A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." ''Sci Rep'' 8 (1), 8969 (2018) Hungary (Debrecen) .html" ;"title="MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp">MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp*******A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Stony Tunguska River basinDuggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, ''et al.'' (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570) .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp">MRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp******A12b – Buryat, Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, Zoltán Maróti, Tibor Kalmár, Péter Bihari, István Nagy, György Pálfi, Erika Molnár, István Raskó, and Tibor Török, "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." ''PLoS ONE'' 12(4): e0174886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174886 .html" ;"title="MRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp">MRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp*****A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Buryat, Ket, Qashqai (Iran),Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, ''et al.'' (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 ancient Scythian (Chylenski) .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp">MRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp****A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, ''etc.''), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam ( Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay ( Alto ParanaFilipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, ''et al.'', "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." ''FSI Genetics'' Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007), Ireland *****A13 ******A13a - Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and

Lampang Province Lampang ( th, ลำปาง, ; Northern Thai: ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), lies in upper northern Thailand. The old name of Lampang was ''Khelang Nakhon''. Geography Lampang is in the broad river valley of the ...

Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." ''Hum Genet'' 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.), China ******A13b *******A13b1 - Uyghur, Taiwan *******A13b2 - China ( Lahu, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Red Lahu from

Mae Hong Son Province Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...

Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al.'' (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x), Vietnam ( Phù Lá) ********A13b2a - China ( Naxi), Thailand (

Lisu Lisu may refer to: *Lisu people, an ethnic group of Southeast Asia *Lisu language, spoken by the Lisu people * Old Lisu Alphabet or Fraser Alphabet *Lisu syllabary * Lisu (Unicode block), the block of Unicode characters for the Lisu language. *Lisu ...

from

) *****A14 – Russia (Altai Kizhi, ''etc.''), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand ( Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province), Vietnam ( Pa Then) ****A15 – Uyghur *****A15a – China (Han in Beijing,

Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...

,Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. ''etc.''), Tibet ( Tingri), Uyghur, Japan *****A15b – China, Japan (Ehime) *****A15c – China ******A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa) ****A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk ****A17 – China (Han from Beijing,

, ''etc.''), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand ( Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam ( Phù Lá, Hà Nhì) ****A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from

), Romania ****A19 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'') ****A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver) ****A21 – Tibet (Sherpa,

, ''etc.''), Jammu and Kashmir ****A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver) ****A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia) ****A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) ****A26 – Denmark ***A3 – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp">MRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp****A3a – Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'') .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp">MRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp***A7 .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp">MRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp****A7* – China ****A7a – Tibet .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp">MRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp*****A7a* – Lhoba *****A7a1 – Lhoba *****A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa ****A7b – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'') .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp">MRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp***A9 ***A11 – Nepal, Korea, Russia .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp">MRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp****A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, ''etc.''), Ladakh ****A11b – Tibet ( Tingri, Chamdo, ''etc.''), Naxi, Han (Yunnan) **A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan MRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp***A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, ''etc.''), Korea, China .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp">MRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp****A5a1 - Korea *****A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea ******A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, ''etc.''), KoreaQing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Chang Sun, ''et al.'', "Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations." ''Human Molecular Genetics'', 2006, Vol. 15, No. 13 2076–2086. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl130 *******A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'') *******A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, ''etc.''), Korea ******A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea *******A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi) *****A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi) ****A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, ''etc.'') ****A5a3 *****A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American) *****A5a3a ******A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo) ******A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, ''etc.'') ****A5a4 – Japan ****A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur ***A5b – China ( Tujia,

Hui The Hui people ( zh, c=, p=Huízú, w=Hui2-tsu2, Xiao'erjing: , dng, Хуэйзў, ) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the n ...

, ''etc.'') .html" ;"title="MRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp">MRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp****A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.''), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (

Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...

), Singapore .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp">MRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp*****A5b1* – Uyghur *****A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), KoreaPham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." ''BMC Med Genomics''. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID: 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126. .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp">MRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp*****A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Korea .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp">MRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp******A5b1b* – Han Chinese ******A5b1b1 *******A5b1b1* – Miao *******A5b1b1a – China *******A5b1b1b – China ******A5b1b2 – Uyghur *****A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp">MRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp******A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp">MRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp*****A5b1d .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp">MRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp ******A5b1d* – China ******A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand),

(Vietnam) ****A5b2 – China ( Tujia, ''etc.'') ***A5c – Japan (Aichi, ''etc.''), Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp">MRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp****A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, ''etc.'') **A8 – Uyghur .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp">MRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp***A8a –

Okunev culture Okunev culture (russian: Окуневская культура , lit=Okunev culture, translit=Okunevskaya kul'tura, label=ru) was south Siberian archaeological culture of pastoralists of the early Bronze Age dated from the end of the 3rd millen ...

, Ket, Selkup, Pakistan, Poland, Italy .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp">MRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp****A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean ****A8a1 – Hungary, Albania .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp">MRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp*****A8a1* - Uyghur, Poland (

Podhale Podhale (literally "below the mountain pastures") is Poland's southernmost region, sometimes referred to as the "Polish Highlands". The Podhale is located in the foothills of the Tatra range of the Carpathian mountains. It is the most famous ...

), USA (Louisiana) *****A8a1a - Yakut, Uyghur, Buryat ****A8a2 *****A8a2a – Kets (

Kellog Kellog (russian: Келлог) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.Law #10-4765 It is located by the Yeloguy River.Елогуй, Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov - ...

, ''etc.''), Tofalar ( Alygdzher) .html" ;"title="MRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 <-> 12,000) ybp">MRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 <-> 12,000) ybp*****A8a2b - Tuvan ( Bay-Tal), Poland ***A8b – Koryak .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp">MRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp**A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, ''etc.''), France, Canada, New York, Chumash Indians California .html" ;"title="MRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp">MRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp

Popular culture

The mummy " Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A. In his popular book ''

The Seven Daughters of Eve ''The Seven Daughters of Eve'' is a 2001 semi-fictional book by Bryan Sykes that presents the science of human origin in Africa and their dispersion to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the parti ...

'',

Bryan Sykes Bryan Clifford Sykes (9 September 1947 – 10 December 2020) was a British geneticist and science writer who was a Fellow of Wolfson College and Emeritus Professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford.Eva Longoria Eva Jacqueline Longoria Bastón ( Longoria; March 15, 1975) is an American actress, producer, and director. After a number of guest roles on several television series, she was recognized for her portrayal of Isabella Braña on the CBS daytime ...

, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.

References

External links

*General **Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
**Mannis van Oven'
Phylotree
*Haplogroup A
Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders (PLoS)

from ''

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...

''
Aiyana
**A10 Ancient DNA – Ancient Chumash Paleoasiatic remains. A10 haplogroup assignment. www.pcas.org/assets/docu Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California **A10 (( A10 ancient America sample.......Chumash documented origin, Cayegues (Kayiwish) Coastal Paleoasiatic California Indian populations, John R. Johnson, Anthropology 131CA http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/classes/anth131ca/California%20Genetic%20Prehistory.pdf {{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup A (Mtdna) A

Origin

Distribution

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Subclades

Tree

Popular culture

See also

References

External links