''Haemoproteus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial no ...

of alveolates that are parasitic in

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

reptile Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates ( lizards and snakes) and rhynchoce ...

s and

amphibian Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbor ...

s. Its name is derived from

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteus'' was first used in the description of '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon '' Columba livia'' by Kruse in 1890. This was also the first description of this genus. Two other genera — '' Halteridium'' and '' Simondia'' — are now considered to be synonyms of ''Haemoproteus''. The protozoa are intracellular parasites that infect the

erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...

. They are transmitted by blood sucking insects including

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "lit ...

es, biting midges (''

Culicoides ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFA ...

''), louse flies ('' Hippoboscidae'') and horse-flies (" tabanids", "tabanid flies"). Infection with this genus is sometimes known as pseudomalaria because of the parasites' similarities with ''

Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a verte ...

'' species. Within the genus there are at least 173

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

, 5 varieties and 1

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

. Of these over 140 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia: 14 orders and 50

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

of birds are represented. These include gamebirds (''

Galliformes Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often ...

''), waterfowl (''

Anseriformes Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which in ...

''), raptors (''

Accipitriformes The Accipitriformes (; from Latin ''accipiter''/''accipitri-'' "hawk", and New Latin ''-formes'' "having the form of") are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites, but no ...

'', ''

Falconiformes The order Falconiformes () is represented by the extant family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) and a handful of enigmatic Paleogene species. Traditionally, the other bird of prey families Cathartidae (New World vultures and condors), Sagitt ...

'', '' Strigiformes''), pigeons and doves (''

Columbiformes Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

''), and perching birds or songbirds (''

Passeriformes A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by t ...

'').

Taxonomy and systematics

Evolution

The earliest known fossil is of a ''Haemoproteus''-like organism ('' Paleohaemoproteus burmacis'') was found in the abdominal cavity of a female

biting midge Ceratopogonidae is a family of flies commonly known as no-see-ums, or biting midges, generally in length. The family includes more than 5,000 species, distributed worldwide, apart from the Antarctic and the Arctic. Ceratopogonidae are holomet ...

trapped 100 million years ago in

amber Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In Ma ...

found in

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

Taxonomic history

The first description of this genus was in 1890 by Kruse who described '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon '' Columba livia''. McCallum in 1897 showed that the process of exflagellation was part of

sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote tha ...

in these parasites and thought it probable that the same process occurred in ''

''. The first record of a haemoproteid parasite in a reptile was by Simond in 1901 who gave it the name '' H. metchnikovi''. The Sergent brothers in 1906 showed that the ectoparasitic fly '' Pseudolynchia canariensis'' was the

vector Vector most often refers to: *Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction *Vector (epidemiology), an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematic ...

of ''H. columbae''. Aragao in 1908 demonstrated the

schizogonic Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may also refer to how ...

stages of ''H. columbae'' in the

endothelial cell The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vesse ...

s of the

lung The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and most other animals, including some snails and a small number of fish. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side ...

s of

nestling Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight ...

pigeons infected by the bite of infected ''Pseudolynchia''. It was generally believed that transmission of the parasites was by regurgitation during a

blood meal Blood meal is a dry, inert powder made from blood, used as a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer and a high protein animal feed. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. It is one of the highest non-synthetic sources of nitrogen. It usually comes from cattle ...

until Adie showed that the parasites develop in the

salivary gland The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands ( parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. Salivary g ...

s in a fashion analogous to that of ''Plasmodium'' in

es. The genus '' Halterium'' was created by the French parasitologist Alphonse Labbe for a species he observed with

gametocyte A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called ''spermatocytes'', and female gametocytes are called ''oocytes''. Development ...

s in

erythrocyte Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...

s, with pigment granules, and halter-shaped when fully formed. This genus was soon subsumed into the genus ''Haemoproteus''. The genus '' Haemocystidium'' was created to give a name to the haemoproteid of a

gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos are ...

belonging to the genus '' Hemidactylus'' in

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

by Castellani and Willey in 1904. A second species in this genus was described in 1909 by Johnston and Cleland who found pigmented gametocytes in the blood of the Australian tortoise '' Chelodina longicollis''. These species were transferred to ''Haemoproteus'' in 1926 by Wenyon. The genus was resurrected by Garnham in 1966 when he created a new generic name — '' Simondia'' — for the haemoproteids of chelonians. He followed the opinions of Wenyon, Hewitt and DeGiusti and suggested that all these parasites belonged to the one species — '' Simondia metchnikovi''. He retained the name ''Haemocystidium'' for the haemoproteids of

lizard Lizards are a widespread group of Squamata, squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbae ...

s. A different genus of vectors was identified in 1957 by Fallis and Wood when they identified '' H. nettionis'' in '' Culicoides downesi'' Wirth and Hubert in

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...

, Canada. Levine and Campbell in 1971 moved all the species in ''Simondia'' and ''Haemocystidium'' into ''Haemoproteus'', an opinion that was followed by subsequent authors. The genus ''Haemocystidium'' was resurrected again by Telford in 1996 when he described three new species of protozoa in geckos from

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-la ...

. This genus like those of many protozoa may be further modified once additional

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The ...

s are available. For instance, many DNA sequences have been identified for ''Haemoproteus'' in birds around the world in recent years, leading to new knowledge about the previously unknown diversity of this parasite in different regions.

Subgenera

The species infecting avian hosts have been divided into two subgenera — ''Haemoproteus'' and ''Parahaemoproteus'' — a division proposed in 1965 by Bennett ''et al''. These may be distinguished as follows: ': Vectors are hippoboscid flies ('' Hippoboscidae''). Exflagellation does not occur below 20 degrees Celsius. Mature

oocyst Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism ...

s have diameters greater than 20 micrometres. The average length of the

sporozoite Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism i ...

s is less than 10 micrometres. One end of the sporozoite is more pointed than the other. Although the majority are parasites of the

, some species from this subgenus have also been reported in the

Charadriiformes Charadriiformes (, from '' Charadrius'', the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water a ...

Pelecaniformes The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such ...

and

Suliformes The order Suliformes (, dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes" by ''Christidis & Boles 2008'') is an order recognised by the International Ornithologist's Union. In regard to the recent evidence that the traditional Pelecaniformes is polyphyletic, it h ...

. ': Parasites of birds other than the

. Vectors are biting midges (''

Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogonidae is a family of flies commonly known as no-see-ums, or biting midges, generally in length. The family includes more than 5,000 species, distributed worldwide, apart from the Antarctic and the Arctic. Ceratopogonidae are holomet ...

''). Exflagellation occurs below . Mature

s have diameters less than 20 micrometres. The average length of the sporozoites is greater than 10 micrometres. Both ends of the sporozoite are equally pointed. While it was previously thought that ''Haemoproteus'' was limited to doves and related species, species in this genus have been isolated from

frigatebird Frigatebirds are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, ''Fregata''. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked ...

Species list

Life cycle

Haemoproteus ilanpapernai parasite130095-fig1

The infective stage is the

which is present in the

s of the vector. Once the vector bites a new host, the sporozoites enter the blood stream and invade

s of

blood vessel The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide awa ...

s within various tissues including those of the

liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...

and spleen. Within the

s, the sporozoites undergo

asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the f ...

becoming

schizont Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism i ...

s. These in turn produce numerous merozoites which penetrate the

s and mature into either female gametocytes ( macrogametocytes) or male gametocytes ( microgametocytes).

Gametocyte A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called ''spermatocytes'', and female gametocytes are called ''oocytes''. Development ...

s can then be ingested by another blood-sucking insect where they undergo

in the

midgut The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is called the "midgut loop". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut a ...

of the insect to produce

s. The oocysts rupture and release numerous sporozoites that invade the salivary gland and serve as a focus of subsequent infection for another host once the insect takes its next blood meal.

Description

Only gametocytes are found in the

blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in th ...

. Asexual reproduction occurs in body organs, especially the

. The organisms occupy the majority of the

cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. T ...

, leaving the light magenta, finely granular, pink

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ...

centrally located. Taxonomy of this genus is difficult as there are few distinct morphological differences between the recognised species. Many of them were described under the 'one species-one host' hypothesis which is now thought to be potentially misleading. The morphological features most commonly used to describe a species include the number of pigment granules, the degree of encirclement of the host nucleus, the size of the parasite, the degree of host nucleus displacement and the degree of host cell enlargement. DNA studies should help to clarify this area but to date have rarely been undertaken. The gametocytes have five basic forms: *thin gametocytes with incomplete margins ('' H. balearicae'', '' H. pelouri'') *halterial gametocytes ('' H. maccullumi'') *thick sausage shaped gametocytes that fill most of the host cell and displace the host nucleus laterally ('' H. halyconis'', '' H. plataleae'') *gametocytes that encircle the host nucleus and fill the host cell ('' H. telfordi'') *straight gametocytes that normally occur in anucleate cells and are almost as long as the host cell ('' H. enucleator'')

Diagnostic criteria

s are only present within

s * Gametocytes have a "halter-shaped" appearance with little displacement of the host

Schizont Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism i ...

s are not seen on peripheral

blood smear A blood smear, peripheral blood smear or blood film is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically. Blood smears are examined in the ...

s * Multiple pigment granules (

hemozoin Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. These hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites ('' Plasmodium spp.''), '' Rhodnius'' and '' Schistosoma'' digest haemoglobin and release ...

) are present within the erythrocytes Pigment granules are refractile and yellow to brown in colour.

Pathology

Infections with most ''Haemoproteus'' species appear to produce subclinical infections. Post-mortem findings include enlargement of the spleen,

and

kidney The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blo ...

s. These organs may appear chocolate-brown due to hemozoin deposition. Cytologic imprints may reveal schizont-laden endothelial cells. Some species of ''Haemoproteus'' will also form large, cyst-like bodies within the skeletal muscles that resembling those seen with ''

Sarcocystis ''Sarcocystis'' is a genus of protozoan parasites, with many species infecting mammals, reptiles and birds. Its name is dervived from Greek ''sarx'' = flesh and ''kystis'' = bladder. The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two ...

'' species infections. Pigeons infected with '' H. columbae'' may develop enlarged

gizzard The gizzard, also referred to as the ventriculus, gastric mill, and gigerium, is an organ found in the digestive tract of some animals, including archosaurs (pterosaurs, crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, birds), earthworms, some gastropods, ...

s; and

anemia Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin. When anemia comes on slowly, ...

has been recorded. Flocks of bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') may become infected with '' H. lophortyx''. Infected birds may suffer from reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration and death. Other findings include parasitemia and anemia. Large megaloschizonts may be present in

skeletal muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of mus ...

s, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks may be over 20%. Experimental infection of turkeys with '' H. meleagridis'' resulted in lameness, diarrhea, depression, emaciation, anorexia and occasionally anemia. Muscovey ducks infected with '' H. nettionis'' suffered lameness, dyspnea and sudden death. In other avian species, anemia and anorexia have been reported occasionally. Importantly, new records of ''Haemoproteus'' are discovered constantly and should still be monitored for effects on host condition.

Effect on vectors

''H. columbae'' infects rock pigeons ('' Columba livia'') and is

ed by a hippoboscid fly ('' Pseudolynchia canariensis''). Both sexes of vector can transmit the parasite. Species of the ''

Hippoboscoidea Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of the Calyptratae. The flies in this superfamily are blood-feeding obligate parasites of their hosts. Four families are often placed here: * Glossinidae - Tsetse flies * Hippoboscidae - Ked flies *Nycteribiidae ...

'' the superfamily to which ''Ps. canariensis'' belongs do not lay eggs. Instead the larvae hatch ''in utero'', are fed internally by 'milk glands' and pass through three morphological stages before being deposited to pupate. The survival of female flies is significantly reduced when they were infected with the parasite. In contrast no effect is seen on male fly survival. Additionally the females produce fewer offspring when infected but the quality of the offspring does not seem to be affected.

Host records

Avian hosts

*''H. anthi'' — yellow wagtails ('' Motacilla flava'') *''H. antigonis'' — Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. balearicae'' — black crowned crane ('' Balearica pavonina gibbericeps'', '' B. p. pavonina''), Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. bambusicolae'' — bamboo partridge ('' Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox'') *''H. beckeri'' — gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) belopolskyi'' — blackcaps ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. bennetti'' — greater yellownape ('' Picus flavinucha'') *''H. borgesi'' — red cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *''H. brachiatus'' — saker falcon ('' Falco cherrug'') *''H. bucerotis'' — red billed hornbill ('' Tockus erythrorhynchus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) canachites'' — grouse *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) catharti'' — turkey vulture ('' Cathartes aura'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) coatneyi'' — bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola''), white-crowned sparrows ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) columbae'' — Japanese black wood pigeons ('' Columba janthina''), pigeon ('' Columba livia''), doves ('' Columbina talpacoti'', '' Scardafella squammata'', '' Zenaida auriculata''), laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis''), eastern white-winged doves ('' Z. asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) concavocentralis'' — hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes'') *''H. cornuata'' — coppersmith barbet ('' Megalaima haemacephala'') *''H. crumenium'' — wood stork (''

Mycteria americana The wood stork (''Mycteria americana'') is a large American wading bird in the family Ciconiidae ( storks), the only member of the family to breed in North America. It was formerly called the "wood ibis", though it is not an ibis. It is found ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) cyanomitrae'' — olive sunbird ('' Nectarinia olivacea'', ''Cyanomitra olivacea'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) danilewskyi'' — blue jays ('' Cyanocitta cristata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) desseri'' — blossom headed parakeet ('' Psittacula roseata'') *''H. dicruri'' — fork tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis''), crested drongos ('' D. forficatus'') *''H. elani'' — Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. enucleator'' — kingfisher ('' Ispidina picta'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) fringillae'' — rufous-winged ('' Aimophila carpalis''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes''), oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis''), dark-eyed juncos ('' Junco hyemalis''), American redstarts ('' Setophaga ruticilla'') *''H. forresteri'' — rufous-headed ground-roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *''H. gabaldoni'' — Muscovy duck ('' Cairina moschata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) garnhami'' — sparrows *''H. goodmani'' — pitta-like ground-roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') *''H. greineri'' — wood ducks ('' Aix sponsa''), common mergansers ('' Mergus merganser''), common pochard (''

Aythya ferina The common pochard (; ''Aythya ferina'') is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek '' aithuia'', an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin ''ferina'', "wild game", ...

'') *''H. handai'' — lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua sulphurea''), plum-headed parakeet ('' Psittacula cyanocephala''), ring necked parakeet ('' Psittacula krameri manillensis'') *''H. himalayanus'' — rufous sibia ('' Heterophasia capistrata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homobelopolskyi'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

Quelea quelea The red-billed quelea (; ''Quelea quelea''), also known as the red-billed weaver or red-billed dioch, is a small—approximately long and weighing —migratory, sparrow-like bird of the weaver family, Ploceidae, native to Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homopalloris'' - wood warblers ('' Phylloscopus sibilatrix'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homovelans'' — grey-faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) hudaidensis'' — blue checked bee-eater ('' Merops superciliosus persicus'' Pallas) *''H. ilanpapernai'' — spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo''), Brown Hawk-Owl ('' Ninox scutulata'') *''H. iwa'' — great frigatebirds (''

Fregata minor The great frigatebird (''Fregata minor'') is a large seabird in the frigatebird family. There are major nesting populations in the tropical Pacific (including the Galapagos Islands) and Indian Oceans, as well as a tiny population in the South At ...

''), magnificent frigatebirds ('' F. magnificens'') *''H. janovyi'' — whitebacked vulture ('' Gyps africanus''), hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus''), white-headed vulture ('' Trigonoceps occipitalis'') lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotus'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) jenniae'' — swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *''H. khani'' — crested drongos ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lanii'' — red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio''), woodchat shrike ('' L. senator'') *''H. lari'' — Caspian gulls (''

Larus cachinnans The Caspian gull (''Larus cachinnans'') is a large gull and a member of the herring and lesser black-backed gull complex. The scientific name is from Latin. ''Larus'' appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and ''cachinnans'' ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lophortyx'' — California quail ('' Callipepla californica''), scaled quail ('' Callipepla squamata''), bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') *''H. maccallumi'' — mourning doves ('' Zenaida macroura'') *''H. macrovacuolatus'' — black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *''H. madagascariensis'' — hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') *''H. majoris'' — Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus''), blue tit ('' Cyanistes caeruleus''), collared flycatcher ('' Ficedula albicollis''), pied flycatcher ('' F. hypoleuca'') *''H. mansoni'' — blue grouse ('' Dendragapus obscurus''), ptarmigan ('' Lagopus lagopus'') *''H. meleagridis'' — turkey (''

Meleagris gallopavo The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) micronuclearis'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multipigmentatus'' — Galapagos dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *''H. motacillae'' — yellow wagtails ('' Motacilla flava'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multivolutinus'' — tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nettionis'' — wood ducks ('' Aix sponsa''), blue-winged teals ('' Anas discors''), Pekin duck (''

Anas platyrhynchos The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Argen ...

''), lesser scaups ('' Aythya affinis''), common pochard (''

''), ring-necked ducks ('' Aythya collaris''), Muscovey duck ('' Cairina moschata''), trumpeter swans ('' Cygnus buccinator'') *''H. nisi'' — Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nucleofascialis'' — red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis''), black headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus''), red billed quelea (''

'') *''H. noctuae'' — snowy owls ('' Nyctea scandiaca''), spotted owl ('' Strix occidentalis'') *''H. orioli'' — golden oriole ('' Oriolus oriolus'') *''H. oryzivorae'' — oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis''), Indian silverbill ('' Lonchura malabarica''), tricoloured munia ('' L. malacca ruboniger''), scaly-breasted munia ('' L. punctulata''), baya weaver (''

Ploceus philippinus The baya weaver (''Ploceus philippinus'') is a weaverbird found across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. of these birds are found in grasslands, cultivated areas, scrub and secondary growth and they are best known for their hanging re ...

''), jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') *''H. palumbus'' — pigeon ('' Columba palumbus palumbus'') *''H. pallidus'' — pied flycatcher (''

Ficedula hypoleuca The European pied flycatcher (''Ficedula hypoleuca'') is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. One of the four species of Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers, it hybridizes to a limited extent with the collared ...

''), collared flycatcher ('' F. albicollis'') *''H. pallidulus'' — blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. parabelopolskyi'' — blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) paramultipigmentatus'' — Socorro common ground dove ('' Columbina passerina socorroensis'') *''H. passeris'' — Israeli house sparrow ('' Passer domesticus biblicus'') *''H. pasteris'' — pied myna ('' Sturnus contra''), grey headed myna ('' S. malabaricus'') *''H. pastoris'' — greater blue eared glossy starling ('' Lamprotornis chalybaeus''), pied myna ('' Sturnus contra'') *''H. payevskyi'' — great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus''), marsh warbler ('' A. palustris'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) piresi'' — pigeon ('' Columba livia'') *''H. plataleae'' — glossy ibis ('' Plegadis falcinellus'') *''H. pratosi'' — Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *''H. pratasi'' — helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') *''H. prognei'' — purple martin ('' Progne subis'') *''H. psittaci'' — African grey parrot ('' Psittacus erithacus'') *''H. raymundi'' — eastern olive sunbird ('' Nectarinia olivacea'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) sacharovi'' — eastern white-winged doves ('' Zenaida asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. sangunis'' — red whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus emeria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) sanîosdiasï'' — chicken ('' Gallus gallus'') *''H. silvaï'' — guinea fowl ('' Numida meleagris mitrata'') *''H. sylvae'' — great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') *''H. syrnii'' — tawny owl ('' Strix aluco''), spotted owl ('' S. occidentalis''), European scops owl ('' Otus scops'') *''H. telfordi'' — MacQueen's bustards ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii''), rufous-crested bustards ('' Eupodotis ruficrista''), great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') *''H. tendeiroi'' — MacQueen's bustards ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii''), rufous-crested bustards ('' Eupodotis ruficrista''), great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') *''H. tinnunculi'' — American kestrel ('' Falco sparverius''), Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) turtur'' — turtle dove ('' Streptopelia turtur'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) vacuolatus'' — yellow whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) valkiūnasi'' — great frigatebirds (''

''), lesser frigatebirds ('' F. ariel''), Ascension frigatebirds ('' F. aquila'') *''H. vangii'' — hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) velans'' — red-bellied woodpecker ('' Melanerpes carolinus''), red-cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *''H. zosteropsis'' — oriental white eye ('' Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa'')

Reptile hosts

*''H. anatolicum'' — tortoise ('' Testudo graeca'') *''H. balli'' — Egyptian cobra ('' Naja haje haje'') *''H. chelodina'' — saw-shelled tortoise ('' Elseya latisternum'') *''H. edomensis'' — lizard ('' Agama stellio'') *''H. geochelonis'' — tortoise ('' Geochelone denticulata'') *''H. kopki'' — spotted Indian house gecko ('' Hemidactylus brookei''), giant frog eye gecko ('' Teratoscincus scincus'') *''H. mackerrasi'' — Binoe's prickly gecko ('' Heteronotia binoei'') *''H. mesnili'' — spitting cobra ('' Naja nigricollis nigricolli'') *''H. metchnikovi'' — turtle ('' Chrysemys picta''), yellow bellied terrapin ('' Tramchemys scripta'') *''H. oedurae'' — Australian northern velvet gecko ('' Oedura castelnaui'') *''H. peltocephali'' — river turtle ('' Peltocephalus dumerilianus'') *''H. phyllodactyli'' — gekkonid ('' Ptyodactylus elisa'') *''H. ptyodactyli'' — Kramer's yellow fan-fingered gecko ('' Ptyodactylus hasselquistii'') *''H. tarentolae'' — Moorish gecko ('' Tarentola mauritanica'') *''H. trionyxi'' —

Ganges The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states." is ...

softshell turtle ('' Trionyx gangeticus'')

Amphibian hosts

*''H. ovalis'' — cricket frog ('' Rana limnocharis'')

Hosts known to be infected but ''Haemoproteus'' species not identified

*common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Blyth's reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus dumetorum'') *sedge warblers (''

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus The sedge warbler (''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossing ...

'') *reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus scirpaceus The common reed warbler (''Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It breeds across Europe into the temperate western Palaearctic where it is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also a re ...

'') *clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') *black throated sunbird ('' Aethopyga saturata'') *Spanish red-legged partridge ('' Alectoris rufa'') *imperial eagles ('' Aquila heliaca'') *canvasbacks ('' Aythya valisineria'') *white cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *sulphur-crested cockatoo (''

Cacatua galerita The sulphur-crested cockatoo (''Cacatua galerita'') is a relatively large white cockatoo found in wooded habitats in Australia, New Guinea, and some of the islands of Indonesia. They can be locally very numerous, leading to them sometimes being ...

'') *speckled pigeon ('' Columba guinea'') *white-rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *green jays ('' Cyanocorax yncas glaucescens'') *European bee-eaters ('' Merops apiaster'') *mute swan ('' Cygnus olor'') *magnificent bird of paradise ('' Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini'') *red munia ('' Estrilda amandava'') *lesser kestrel ('' Falco naumanni'') *common kestrel ('' Falco tinnunculus'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *magnificent frigatebirds (''

Fregata magnificens The magnificent frigatebird (''Fregata magnificens'') is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. With a length of and wingspan of it is the largest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtropical waters off America, betw ...

'') *chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') *hill mynah ('' Gracula religiosa intermedia'') *long tailed shrike ('' Lanius schach'') *superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') *Egyptian kites ('' Milvus migrans aegypticus'') *Guianan red-capped cardinal ('' Paroaria gularis gularis'') *lesser flamingos ('' Phoeniconaias minor'') *New Holland honeyeaters ('' Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'') *streaked weaver (''

Ploceus manyar The streaked weaver (''Ploceus manyar'') is a species of weaver bird found in South Asia and South-east Asia in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thail ...

'') *Surinam crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendolas ('' Psarocolius montezuma'') *Guianan turquoise tanager ('' Tangara mexicana mexicana'') *blue-necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala'') *sacred ibis ('' Threskiornis aethiopicus'') *white-crowned sparrows ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha'')

Vectors

*''H. balmorali'' — ''

Culicoides impunctatus The highland midge (scientific name: ''Culicoides impunctatus''; sco, Midgie; gd, Meanbh-chuileag) is a species of small flying insect, found across the Palearctic (throughout the British Isles, Scandinavia, other regions of Northern Europe, Ru ...

'' *''H. belopolskyi'' — ''

'' *''H. columbae'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'', '' Pseudolynchia canariensis'' *''H. danilewskyi'' — '' Culicoides arboricola'', '' Culicoides edeni'', '' Culicoides knowltoni'' *''H. dolniki'' — ''

'' *''H. fringillae'' — ''

'' *''H. lanii'' — ''

'' *''H. lophortyx'' — '' Culicoides bottimeri'', '' Lynchia hirsuta'', '' Stilbometopa impressa'' *''H. metchinikovi'' — ''

Chrysops callidus ''Chrysops callidus'' is a species of deer fly in the family Tabanidae. Distribution Canada, United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primar ...

'' *''H. nettionis'' — '' Culicoides downesi'' *''H. sacharovi'' — '' Peseudolynchia maura'' *''H. syrnii'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'' *''H. tartakovskyi'' — ''

'' *''H. turtur'' — '' Pseudolynchia canariensis''

Avian families affected

The concept of a "one host-one species" was originally used in the taxonomy of this genus as it appears that the parasites are at least moderately host specific. After this rule was found to be incorrect, it was suggested that the avian parasite species were limited to single avian families. From an inspection of the host records above it is clear that this is not the case. The avian species known to be infected are listed below: Order

Family

Accipitridae The Accipitridae is one of the three families within the order Accipitriformes, and is a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-s ...

*Cooper's hawk ('' Accipiter cooperii'') *Sharp shinned hawk ('' Accipiter striatus'') *Eastern imperial eagle ('' Aquila heliaca'') *White-backed vulture ('' Gyps africanus'') *Black kite ('' Milvus migrans'') *Hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus'') *White-headed vulture ('' Trigonoceps occipitalis'') *Lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotos'') Family

Cathartidae The New World vulture or condor family, Cathartidae, contains seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. The "New World" vultures were widespread ...

*Turkey vulture ('' Cathartes aura'') Order

Family

Anatidae The Anatidae are the biological family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted for swimming, floating on ...

*Wood duck ('' Aix sponsa'') *Blue winged teal ('' Anas discors'') *Mallard duck (''

'') *Lesser scaup ('' Aythya affinis'') *Ring necked duck ('' Aythya collaris'') *Canvasback ('' Aythya valisineria'') *Muscovy duck ('' Cairina moschata'') *Trumpeter swan ('' Cygnus buccinator'') *Mute swan ('' Cygnus olor'') *Black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *Common merganser ('' Mergus merganser'') Order

Family

Laridae Laridae is a family of seabirds in the order Charadriiformes that includes the gulls, terns, skimmers and kittiwakes. It includes around 100 species arranged into 22 genera. They are an adaptable group of mostly aerial birds found worldwide. ...

*Swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *Caspian gull (''

'') Order Ciconiiformes Family Ciconiidae *Wood stork (''

'') Order

Family

Columbidae Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

*Speckled pigeon ('' Columba guinea'') *Japanese wood pigeon ('' Columba janthina'') *Rock pigeon ('' Columba livia'') *Common wood pigeon ('' Columba palumbus'') *Socorro common ground dove ('' Columbina passerina socorroensis'') *Ruddy ground dove ('' Columbina talpacoti'') *Tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *Scaled dove ('' Scardafella squammata'') *European turtle dove ('' Streptopelia turtur'') *Laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis'') *White-winged dove ('' Zenaida asiatica'') *Eared dove ('' Zenaida auriculata'') *Galápagos Dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *Mourning dove ('' Zenaida macroura'') Order

Coraciiformes The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base) ...

Family Alcedinidae *African pygmy kingfisher ('' Ispidina picta'') Family Brachypteraciidae *Rufous headed ground roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *Pitta like ground roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') Family

Bucerotidae Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandibl ...

*Red-billed hornbill ('' Tockus erythrorhynchus'') Family

Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of non-passerine birds in the family Meropidae, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by ...

*Blue checked bee-eater ('' Merops superciliosus'') Order

Family

Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae (representing all extant species in the order Falconiformes). The family is divided into three subfamilies, Herpetotherinae, which inclu ...

*Saker falcon ('' Falco cherrug'') *Lesser kestrel ('' Falco naumanni'') *American kestrel ('' Falco sparverius'') *Common kestrel ('' Falco tinnunculus'') *Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') Order

Family

Numididae Guineafowl (; sometimes called "pet speckled hens" or "original fowl") are birds of the family Numididae in the order Galliformes. They are endemic to Africa and rank among the oldest of the gallinaceous birds. Phylogenetically, they branched ...

*Helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') Family

Odontophoridae The New World quail are small birds only distantly related to the Old World quail, but named for their similar appearance and habits. The American species are in their own family, the Odontophoridae, whereas Old World quail are in the pheasant ...

*California quail ('' Callipepla californica'') *Scaled quail ('' Callipepla squamata'') *Bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus'') Family

Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one and i ...

*Red legged partridge ('' Alectoris rufa'') *Chinese bamboo partridge ('' Bambusicola thoracicus'') *Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *Chicken ('' Gallus gallus'') *Willow grouse ('' Lagopus lagopus'') *Wild turkey (''

'') Family

Tetraonidae Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes, in the family Phasianidae. Grouse are presently assigned to the tribe Tetraonini (formerly the subfamily Tetraoninae and the family Tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondri ...

*Dusky grouse ('' Dendragapus obscurus'' Order

Gruiformes The Gruiformes are an order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like". Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that did ...

Family Gruidae *Black crowned crane ('' Balearica pavonina'') *Sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis'') Family Otidae *MacQueen's bustard ('' Chlamydotis macqueenii'') *Red crested bustard ('' Eupodotis ruficrista'') *Great bustard ('' Otis tarda'') Order

Family

Acrocephalidae The Acrocephalidae (the reed warblers, marsh- and tree-warblers, or acrocephalid warblers) are a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea. The species in this family are usually rather large "warblers". Most are rather pla ...

*Great reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') *Blyth's reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus dumetorum'') *Marsh warbler ('' Acrocephalus palustris'') *Sedge warbler (''

'') *Reed warbler (''

'') *Clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') Family

Corvidae Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Currentl ...

*Blue jay ('' Cyanocitta cristata'') *Green jay ('' Cyanocorax yncas'') Family Dicruridae *Fork-tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis'') *Crested drongo ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') Family Emberizidae *Dark eyed junco ('' Junco hyemalis'') *Rufous winged sparrow ('' Peucaea carpalis'') *White crowned sparrow ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys'') Family

Estrildidae Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "fi ...

*Red munia ('' Amandava amandava'') *Indian silverbill ('' Euodice malabarica'') *Tricoloured munia ('' Lonchura malacca'') *Scaly breasted munia ('' Lonchura punctulata'') Family

Fringillidae The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are us ...

*House finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus'') *Hawfinch ('' Coccothraustes coccothraustes'') *Chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') Family

Hirundinidae The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...

*Purple martin ('' Progne subis'') Family

Icteridae Icterids () or New World blackbirds make up a family, the Icteridae (), of small to medium-sized, often colorful, New World passerine birds. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. The ...

*Crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendola ('' Psarocolius montezuma'') Family Laniidae *Red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio'') *Long tailed shrike ('' Lanius schach'') *Woodchat shrike ('' Lanius senator'') Family

Meliphagidae The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family, Meliphagidae, of small to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Australian chats, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, miners and melidectes. They are most common in Australia and New Guine ...

*New Holland honeyeaters ('' Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'') Family Mimidae *Gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') Family

Motacillidae The wagtails, longclaws, and pipits are a family, Motacillidae, of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. Around 70 species occur in five genera. The longclaws are entirely restricted to the Afrotropics, and the wagtails are predominan ...

*Yellow wagtail ('' Motacilla flava'') Family

Muscicapidae The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, Bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica)'' and North ...

*White rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *Oriental magpie robin ('' Copsychus saularis'') Family

Nectariniidae Sunbirds and spiderhunters make up the family Nectariniidae of passerine birds. They are small, slender passerines from the Old World, usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly ...

*Black throated sunbird ('' Aethopyga saturata'') *Olive sunbird ( Cyanomitra olivacea'') Family Oriolidae *Golden oriole ('' Oriolus oriolus'') Family

Paridae The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus ''Parus''. Members of this family are comm ...

*Blue tit ('' Cyanistes caeruleus'') Family Paradisaeidae *Magnificent bird of paradise ('' Cicinnurus magnificus'') *Superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') Family

Parulidae The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds that make up the family Parulidae and are restricted to the New World. They are not closely related to Old World warblers or Australian warblers. M ...

*American redstart ('' Setophaga ruticilla'') Family

Passeridae Old World sparrows are a group of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name also used for a particular genus of the family, '' Passer''. They are distinct from both the New World sparrows, ...

*House sparrow (''

Passer domesticus The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, ...

'') Family

Ploceidae Ploceidae is a family of small passerine birds, many of which are called weavers, weaverbirds, weaver finches and bishops. These names come from the nests of intricately woven vegetation created by birds in this family. In most recent classifica ...

*Red headed malimbe ('' Malimbus rubricollis'') *Streaked weaver (''

'') *Black-headed weaver ('' Ploceus melanocephalus'') *Baya weaver (''

'') *Red billed quelea (''

'') Family

Pycnonotidae The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical ...

*Yellow whiskered bulbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *Red whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus'') Family Sturnidae *Common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Common hill myna ('' Gracula religiosa'') *Chestnut tailed starling ('' Sturnia malabarica'') *Asian pied starling ('' Sturnus contra'') *Greater blue eared glossy starling ('' Lamprotornis chalybaeus'') Family

Sylviidae Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers and a number of babblers formerly placed within the Old World babbler family. They are found in Eurasia and Africa. Taxonomy and systematics The scientific name Syl ...

*Blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') Family

Thraupidae The tanagers (singular ) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropi ...

*Bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola'') *Red capped cardinal (''

Paroaria gularis The red-capped cardinal (''Paroaria gularis'') is a small species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is found in South America. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-capped c ...

'') *Blue necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis'') *Turquoise tanager ('' Tangara mexicana'') Family Timaliidae *Rufous sibia ('' Heterophasia capistrata'') *Jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') Family

Turdidae The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World fl ...

*Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus'') Family Vangidae *Hook billed vanga ('' Vanga curvirostris'') Family

Zosteropidae The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...

*Oriental white eye ('' Zosterops palpebrosus'') Order

Family

Fregatidae Frigatebirds are a family of seabirds called Fregatidae which are found across all tropical and subtropical oceans. The five extant species are classified in a single genus, ''Fregata''. All have predominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked ...

*Magnificent frigatebird (''

'') *Great frigatebird (''

'') Family

Threskiornithidae The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and h ...

*African sacred ibis ('' Threskiornis aethiopicus'') *Glossy ibis ('' Plegadis falcinellus'') Order

Piciformes Nine families of largely arboreal birds make up the order Piciformes , the best-known of them being the Picidae, which includes the woodpeckers and close relatives. The Piciformes contain about 71 living genera with a little over 450 species, o ...

Family Megalaimidae *Coppersmith barbet ('' Megalaima haemacephala'') Family

Picidae Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. ...

*Red bellied woodpecker ('' Melanerpes carolinus'') *Red cockaded woodpecker ('' Picoides borealis'') *Grey faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *Greater yellownape ('' Picus flavinucha'') Order

Phoenicopteriformes Phoenicopteriformes is a group of water birds which comprises flamingos and their extinct relatives. Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes) and the closely related grebes ( Podicipedidae) are contained in the parent clade Mirandornithes. Fossil rec ...

Family

Phoenicopteridae Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbean ...

*Lesser flamingo ('' Phoenicopterus minor'') Order Psittaciformes Family

Cacatuidae A cockatoo is any of the 21 parrot species belonging to the family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea (large New Zealand parrots), they make up the ord ...

*White cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *Sulphur crested cockatoo (''

'') *Yellow crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua sulphurea'') Family Psittacidae *Plum headed parakeet ('' Psittacula cyanocephala'') *Rose ringed parakeet (''

Psittacula krameri The rose-ringed parakeet (''Psittacula krameri''), also known as the ring-necked parakeet (more commonly known as the Indian ringneck parrot), is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family Psittacidae. It has disjunct native r ...

'') *Blossom headed parakeet ('' Psittacula roseata'') *African grey parrot ('' Psittacus erithacus'') Order Strigiformes Family

Strigidae The true owls or typical owls ( family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls (Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct species in 24 genera. The typical ow ...

*Snowy owl ('' Bubo scandiacus'') *Brown Hawk-Owl ('' Ninox scutulata'') *European scops owl ('' Otus scops'') *Brown owl ('' Strix aluco'') *Spotted owl ('' Strix occidentalis'') *Spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo'')

Notes

''Haemoproteus balazuci'' Dias 1953 is a junior synonym of '' H. testudinalis'' ''Haemoproteus gymnorhidis'' de Mello 1936, ''Haemoproteus granulosum'' Rey Vila 1945, ''Haemoproteus danilewskyi var. urbanensis'' Sachs 1953 and ''Haemoproteus zasukhini'' Burtikashvili 1973 are considered to be synonyms of '' H. passeris'' Kruse 1890. ''Haemoproteus rouxi'' Novy and MacNeal 1904 is a ''

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5638270 Haemosporida Apicomplexa genera Poultry diseases Veterinary protozoology Parasites of reptiles Parasites of amphibians