The Hôtel des Invalides ( en, "house of invalids"), commonly called Les Invalides (), is a complex of buildings in the

7th arrondissement of Paris The 7th arrondissement of Paris (''VIIe arrondissement'') is one of the 20 Arrondissements of Paris, arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as ''le septième''. The arrondissement, ca ...

, France, containing

museum A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these ...

s and

monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, his ...

s, all relating to the

military history of France The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, Europe, and a variety of regions throughout the world. According to historian ...

, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for

war veteran A veteran () is a person who has significant experience (and is usually adept and esteemed) and expertise in a particular job, occupation or Craft, field. A military veteran is a person who is no longer serving in a military. A military vete ...

s, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the

Musée de l'Armée The Musée de l'Armée (; "Army Museum") is a national military museum of France located at Les Invalides in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is served by Paris Métro stations Invalides (Paris Métro and RER), Invalides, Varenne (Paris Métro ...

, the military museum of the Army of France, the

Musée des Plans-Reliefs The Musée des Plans-Reliefs is a museum of military models located within the Hôtel des Invalides in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. The construction of models dates to 1668 when François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois and ...

, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine. The complex also includes the former hospital chapel, now national cathedral of the French military, and the adjacent former Royal Chapel known as the , the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 meters. The latter has been converted into a shrine of some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon.

History

Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, 140309 2

Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Vers ...

initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670, as a home and hospital for aged and disabled () soldiers. The initial architect of Les Invalides was

Libéral Bruant Libéral Bruant (''ca'' 1635 – Paris, 22 November 1697), was a French architect best known as the designer of the Hôtel des Invalides, Paris, which is now dominated by the dome erected by Jules Hardouin Mansart, his collaborator in earlier st ...

. The selected site was in the then suburban plain of Grenelle (''plaine de Grenelle''). By the time the enlarged project was completed in 1676, the façade fronting the

Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributarie ...

measured in width, and the complex had fifteen courtyards, the largest being the

cour d'honneur A ''cour d'honneur'' (; ; german: Ehrenhof) is the principal and formal approach and forecourt of a large building. It is usually defined by two secondary wings projecting forward from the main central block (''corps de logis''), sometimes wit ...

designed for military parades. The church-and-chapel complex of the Invalides was designed by

Jules Hardouin-Mansart Jules Hardouin-Mansart (; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand T ...

from 1676, taking inspiration from his great-uncle

François Mansart François Mansart (; 23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) was a French architect credited with introducing classicism into Baroque architecture of France. The '' Encyclopædia Britannica'' cites him as the most accomplished of 17th-century Fr ...

's design for a to be built behind the chancel of the

Basilica of Saint-Denis The Basilica of Saint-Denis (french: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, links=no, now formally known as the ) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building ...

, the French monarch's necropolis since ancient times. Several projects were submitted in the mid-1660s by both Mansart and

Gian Lorenzo Bernini Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his ...

who was residing in Paris at the time. Mansart's second project is very close to Hardouin-Mansart's concept of the Royal Chapel or Dome Church at Les Invalides, both in terms of its architecture and of its relationship with the adjacent church. Architectural historian

Allan Braham Allan John Witney Braham (19 August 19373 March 2011) was an English art historian, architectural historian, author and art gallery curator. He was Deputy Director at the National Gallery, London. Biography Braham was born in Croydon, Surrey ...

has hypothesized that the domed chapel was initially intended to be a new burial place for the Bourbon Dynasty, but that project was not implemented. Instead, the massive building was designated as private chapel of the monarch, from which he could attend church service without having to mingle with the disabled veterans. It was barely used for that purpose. The Dôme des Invalides remains as one of the prime exemplars of

French Baroque architecture French Baroque architecture, sometimes called French classicism, was a style of architecture during the reigns of Louis XIII (1610–43), Louis XIV (1643–1715) and Louis XV (1715–74). It was preceded by French Renaissance architecture and Man ...

, at high, and also as an iconic symbol of France's

absolute monarchy Absolute monarchy (or Absolutism as a doctrine) is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power, though a limited constitut ...

. The interior of the dome was painted by Le Brun's disciple

Charles de La Fosse Charles de La Fosse (or Lafosse; 15 June 1636 – 13 December 1716) was a French painter born in Paris. Life He was one of the most noted and least servile pupils of Le Brun, under whose direction he shared in the chief of the great decorativ ...

with a Baroque

illusionistic ceiling painting Illusionistic ceiling painting, which includes the techniques of perspective ''di sotto in sù'' and ''quadratura'', is the tradition in Renaissance art, Renaissance, Baroque art, Baroque and Rococo art in which ''trompe-l'œil'', Perspective (gr ...

. The painting was completed in 1705. Meanwhile, Hardouin-Mansart assisted the aged Bruant on the chapel, which was finished to Bruant's design after the latter's death in 1697. This chapel is known as the church of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides. Daily attendance of the veterans in the church services was required. Shortly after the veterans' chapel was started, Louis XIV commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel, now known as the from its most striking feature. The Dome chapel was finished in 1706. File:Mansart Saint-Denis projet 2.jpg, François Mansart's second project for the Chapel of the Bourbons in Saint-Denis File:Stichting invalides.jpg, Louis XIV ordering the construction of Les Invalides File:Colonnade des Invalides.jpg,

’s project with unrealized south esplanade File:Louis XIV Invalides Pierre Denis Martin.JPG, ''Visit of Louis XIV to Les Invalides''. Painting by Pierre-Denis Martin File:Hyacinthe Rigaud 1685 Jules-Hardouin Mansart-001.JPG, Portrait of Hardouin-Mansart by

Hyacinthe Rigaud Jacint Rigau-Ros i Serra (; 18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743), known in French as Hyacinthe Rigaud (), was a Catalan-French baroque painter most famous for his portraits of Louis XIV and other members of the French nobility. Biography Rigaud ...

showing the Dome,

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...

File:Veron-Bellecourt - Napoléon Ier visitant l'infirmerie des Invalides, 11 février 1808.jpg,

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

visiting the infirmary of Les Invalides Because of its location and significance, the Invalides served as the scene for several key events in French history. On 14 July 1789 it was stormed by Parisian rioters who seized the cannons and muskets stored in its cellars to use against the

Bastille The Bastille (, ) was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France. It was sto ...

later the same day. Napoleon was entombed under the Dome of the Invalides with great ceremony in 1840. The separation between the two churches was reinforced in the 19th century with the erection of

Napoleon's tomb Napoleon's tomb is the monument erected at Les Invalides in Paris to keep the mortal remains of Napoleon following their repatriation to France from Saint Helena in 1840, or , at the initiative of Louis Philippe I and his minister Adolphe Thiers. ...

, the creation of the two separate altars and then with the construction of a glass wall between the two chapels. The building retained its primary function of a retirement home and hospital for military veterans (''invalides'') until the early twentieth century. In 1872 the musée d'artillerie (Artillery Museum) was located within the building to be joined by the musée historique des armées (Historical Museum of the Armies) in 1896. The two institutions were merged to form the present musée de l'armée in 1905. At the same time the veterans in residence were dispersed to smaller centres outside Paris. The reason was that the adoption of a mainly conscript army, after 1872, meant a substantial reduction in the numbers of veterans having the twenty or more years of military service formerly required to enter the Hôpital des Invalides. The building accordingly became too large for its original purpose. The modern complex does however still include the facilities detailed below for about a hundred elderly or incapacitated former soldiers. When the Army Museum at Les Invalides was founded in 1905, the veterans' chapel was placed under its administrative control. It is now the cathedral of the

Diocese of the French Armed Forces The Diocese of the French Armed Forces (french: Diocèse aux Armées Françaises) is a Latin Church military ordinariate of the Catholic Church. Immediately subject to the Holy See, it provides pastoral care to Catholics serving in the French Arm ...

, officially known as Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides.

Architecture

Hôtel des Invalides, North View, Paris 7e 140402 1

On the north front of Les Invalides, Hardouin-Mansart's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade, yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment. To the north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade (''Esplanade des Invalides'') where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the

Pont Alexandre III The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. It connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with those of the Invalides and Eiffel Tower. The bridge is widely regarded as the most ornate, extravagant bridge in the city. ...

links this grand urbanistic axis with the

Petit Palais The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

and the

Grand Palais The Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées ( en, Great Palace of the Elysian Fields), commonly known as the Grand Palais (English: Great Palace), is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located at the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arro ...

. The

Pont des Invalides The Pont des Invalides is the lowest bridge traversing the Seine in Paris. History The story of this bridge started in 1821, when engineer Claude Navier conceived a technologically revolutionary bridge that crossed the Seine in one single reac ...

is next, downstream the Seine river. The buildings still comprise the Institution Nationale des Invalides, a national institution for

disabled Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, se ...

s. The institution comprises: *a retirement home *a medical and surgical centre *a centre for external medical consultations.

Gallery

File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Hôtel des Invalides 02.jpg, Aerial view of Les Invalides File:Paris - Les Invalides - Façade nord - 008.jpg, Northern frontage of the complex, overlooks the esplanade File:North portal of Hôtel des Invalides, Paris 11 June 2013.jpg, The northern portal of the complex, with Louis XIV with horse on the pediment File:Cour d'honneur des Invalides 001.jpg, The court of honor of the Invalides File:Paris - Toiture de la cour d'honneur des Invalides - Sculptures - 0010.jpg, Statue and attic window in the court of honor File:Statue aux invalides.jpg, Statue of Napoleon in the court File:Vive L'Empereur, Musée de l'Armée, August 2013 002.jpg, "Long Live the Emperor" in the court File:HoteldesInvalides-005-P07.jpg, The Alexander III bridge was built in alignment with Les Invalides File:Dome Invalides-IMG 2448.jpg, Sight on the complex and Paris from the Dome's top File:Armoiries-france-invalides-IMG 0831.jpg, Top of the gate that overlooks the northern esplanade File:Hotel des Invalides seen from the Tour Montparnasse.JPG, From

Montparnasse tower Tour Maine-Montparnasse (Maine-Montparnasse Tower), also commonly named Tour Montparnasse, is a office skyscraper located in the Montparnasse area of Paris, France. Constructed from 1969 to 1973, it was the tallest skyscraper in France until ...

File:L'architecture. Le passé.-Le présent (1916) - Flickr 14778212605.jpg, The Dome has a structure of triple hull File:Hôtel des Invalides - porte.jpg, The monumental bronze door of the Dome File:Dôme des Invalides, plan of former Église Royale des Invalides, engraving published 1670.jpg, Plan of the Dome File:Dôme des Invalides clocheton 2010.jpg, Pinnacle at the top of the Dome File:Dome @ Musée de l'Armée @ Les Invalides @ Paris (25768372166).jpg, Interior architecture File:Paris Dôme des Invalides 777.JPG, The grounds are covered with polychrome marble marquetries of the 17th century File:Napoleons tomb Paris France.jpg,

was dug in the center of the Dome File:Paris - Plafond du dôme des Invalides.jpg, Cupola of the Dome File:Dome @ Musée de l'Armée @ Les Invalides @ Paris (25673476082).jpg, One of the four small side cupolas File:Paris invalides cathedrale int.jpg, According to an old tradition,

war trophies __NOTOC__ A war trophy is an item taken during warfare by an invading force. Common war trophies include flags, weapons, vehicles, and art. History In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, military victories were commemorated with a display of captu ...

decorate the

vault Vault may refer to: * Jumping, the act of propelling oneself upwards Architecture * Vault (architecture), an arched form above an enclosed space * Bank vault, a reinforced room or compartment where valuables are stored * Burial vault (enclosure ...

of the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides File:MilitaryCostumeEmperorKienLong1736-1796.jpg, The

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 t ...

's military costume at the

Burials

The Dome chapel became a military necropolis when

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

in September 1800 designated it for the relocation of the tomb of Louis XIV's celebrated general

Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne , was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustrious member of the ...

, followed in 1807–1808 by Vauban. In 1835, the underground gallery below the church received the remains of 14 victims of the

Giuseppe Marco Fieschi Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (13 December 1790 – 19 February 1836) was a Corsican mass murderer, and the chief conspirator in an attempted assassination of King Louis-Philippe of France on 28 July 1835. The attack on the King and his entourage, ...

's failed assassination attempt on

Louis-Philippe I Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...

. The major development came with the building's designation to become

by a law of 10 June 1840, as part of the political project of the orchestrated by king

and his minister

Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France and first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Rev ...

(the reference to Napoleon's or "ashes" is actually to his mortal remains, as he had not been cremated). The creation of the crypt and of Napoleon's massive sarcophagus took twenty years to complete and was finished in 1861. By then, it was emperor

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...

who was in power and oversaw the ceremony of the transfer of his remains from a chapel of the church to the crypt beneath the dome.

Inside the Dome church

The most notable tomb at Les Invalides is that of

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

(1769–1821), designed by

Louis Visconti Louis Tullius Joachim Visconti (Rome February 11, 1791 – December 29, 1853) was an Italian-born French architect and designer. Life Son of the Italian archaeologist and art historian Ennio Quirino Visconti, Visconti designed many Pari ...

with sculptures by

James Pradier James Pradier (born Jean-Jacques Pradier, ; 23 May 1790 – 4 June 1852) was a Genevan-born French sculpture, sculptor best known for his work in the neoclassicism, neoclassical style. Life and work Born in Geneva (then Republic of Geneva), Prad ...

Pierre-Charles Simart Pierre-Charles Simart (born in Troyes on 27 June 1806, died in Paris on 27 May 1857) was a French sculptor. The son of a carpenter from Troyes in Champagne, Simart was the pupil of Antoine Desbœuf, Charles Dupaty, Jean-Pierre Cortot and Ja ...

and

Francisque Joseph Duret Francisque Joseph Duret (; 19 October 1804 – 26 May 1865) was a French sculptor, son and pupil of François-Joseph Duret (1732–1816). Life and career Before becoming a sculptor, Francisque Duret had shown interest in pursuing a career in thea ...

. Napoleon was initially interred on

Saint Helena Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three constitu ...

, but King

Louis Philippe Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...

arranged for his remains to be brought to France in 1840, an event known as ''le retour des cendres''. Napoléon's remains were kept in the Saint Jerome (southwestern) chapel of the Dome church for more than two decades until his final resting place, a tomb made of red quartzite and resting on a green granite base, was finished in 1861. Other military figures and members of Napoleon's family also buried at the Dome church, by year of burial there: * 1800:

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne , was a French general and one of only six Marshal of France, Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustr ...

(1611–1675); 1670s monument by Gaspard Marsy and

Jean-Baptiste Tuby Jean-Baptiste Tuby (also known as ''Le Romain'' - born in Rome in 1635, died in Paris 9 August 1700) was a French sculptor of Italian origins, best known for the sculpture in the fountains of the Gardens of Versailles. His work expresses the exub ...

, originally at the

and relocated by Napoleon * 1807–1808: heart of

Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Seigneur de Vauban, later Marquis de Vauban (baptised 15 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as ''Vauban'' (), was a French military engineer who worked under Louis XIV. He is generally considered the ...

(1633–1707); relocated by Napoleon from

Bazoches Bazoches () is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. Population Personalities * The Marquis de Vauban, Marshal of France and famous military engineer, bought the Château de Bazoches in 1675.Château de BazocheOfficial webs ...

, replaced in 1847 with a

cenotaph A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenot ...

Antoine Étex Antoine Étex (March 20, 1808 ParisJuly 14, 1888 Chaville) was a French sculptor, painter and architect. Biography He first exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1833, his work including a reproduction in marble of his ''Death of Hyacinthus'', and th ...

* 1847:

Henri Gatien Bertrand Henri-Gatien Bertrand (28 March 1773 – 31 January 1844) was a French general who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Under the Empire he was the third and last Grand marshal of the palace, the head of the Mi ...

(1773–1844), army general who accompanied Napoleon to Elba and then St Helena, and in 1840 brought Napoleon's body back to France; monument designed by

* 1847:

Géraud Duroc Géraud Christophe Michel Duroc (born de Michel du Roc; 25 October 1772 – 23 May 1813), 1st Duke of Frioul (''Duc de Frioul''), was a French general and diplomat who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was noted ...

(1772–1813); also by

* 1862:

Jérôme Bonaparte Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Girolamo Buonaparte; 15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon I and reigned as Jerome Napoleon I (formally Hieronymus Napoleon in German), King of Westphalia, between 1807 and 1 ...

(1784–1860), Napoleon's youngest brother, Governor of the Invalides 1848–1852; monument by Alfred-Nicolas Normand with sculpture by

Eugène Guillaume Eugene is a common male given name that comes from the Greek εὐγενής (''eugenēs''), "noble", literally "well-born", from εὖ (''eu''), "well" and γένος (''genos''), "race, stock, kin".Joseph Bonaparte it, Giuseppe-Napoleone Buonaparte es, José Napoleón Bonaparte , house = Bonaparte , father = Carlo Buonaparte , mother = Letizia Ramolino , birth_date = 7 January 1768 , birth_place = Corte, Corsica, Republic of ...

(1768–1844), Napoleon's elder brother; monument by in the Saint Augustine (southeastern) chapel *

Charles Leclerc Charles Marc Hervé Perceval Leclerc (; born 16 October 1997) is a Monégasque racing driver, currently racing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He won the GP3 Series championship in 2016 and the FIA Formula 2 Championship in . Leclerc ma ...

(1772–1802); urn relocated from the

Château de Montgobert The Château de Montgobert in the midst of the Forest of Retz, near Soissons, in Montgobert, Aisne, Picardy, is a neoclassical French château that was built for Antoine Pierre Desplasses between 1768 and 1775 on the site of an ancient seigneuri ...

* 1904: heart of

Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne Théophile Malo Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (23 November 174328 June 1800) was a French officer named by Napoleon as the "first grenadier of France". He was also a celtomaniac antiquarian who introduced the words "dolmen" and "menhir" into gene ...

(1743–1800), named by Napoleon the "first

grenadier A grenadier ( , ; derived from the word '' grenade'') was originally a specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in battle. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when grenadiers were recruited fr ...

of the Republic" * 1940:

Napoleon II , house = Bonaparte , father = Napoleon I, Emperor of the French , mother = Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma , birth_date = , birth_place = Tuileries Palace, Paris, French Empire ...

(1811–1832) son of Napoleon (his heart and intestines remained in Vienna); first placed in the church's Saint Jerome Chapel, then buried in the crypt in 1969 * 1858: heart of

Catharina of Württemberg Princess Katharina Friederike of Württemberg (21 February 1783 – 29 November 1835) was Queen consort of Westphalia by marriage to Jérôme Bonaparte, who reigned as King of Westphalia between 1807 and 1813. Life Katharina was born in Saint Pe ...

(1783–1835), wife of Jérôme Bonaparte, and their son

Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte Prince Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte (24 August 1814–12 May 1847) was the son of Jérôme Bonaparte and a nephew of Napoleon I, Emperor of France, and army officer of the German kingdom of Württemberg. Life Jérôme Napoléon was t ...

, in the underground gallery; the monument of Catharina's heart was relocated in 1862 in the Saint Jerome Chapel * 1937:

Ferdinand Foch Ferdinand Foch ( , ; 2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. An aggressive, even reckless commander at the First Marne, Flanders and Art ...

(1851–1929), monument by

Paul Landowski Paul Maximilien Landowski (1 June 1875 – 31 March 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish descent. His best-known work is '' Christ the Redeemer'' in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biography Landowski was born in Paris, France, of a Polish re ...

in the Saint Ambrose (northeastern) chapel * 1963:

Hubert Lyautey Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 27 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator. After serving in Indochina and Madagascar, he became the first French Resident-General in Morocco from 1912 to 1925. Early in ...

(1854–1934), relocated from Morocco, monument by

Albert Laprade Albert Laprade (29 November 1883 – 9 May 1978) was a French architect, perhaps best known for the Palais de la Porte Dorée. During a long career he undertook many urban renewal projects as well as major industrial and commercial works. A ski ...

in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel File:Deux " VICTOIRES " et le tombeau de Napoléon 1er.JPG, Two of the twelve marble Victories surrounding Napoleon's tomb File:Tomb of Joseph Bonaparte at Les Invalides, April 2011.jpg, Tomb of Joseph Bonaparte in the Dome church File:Fochs tomb, Hôtel des Invalides 2012-10-07.jpg, Tomb of

in the Dome church File:Vaubaninvalides01.JPG, Cenotaph of Vauban in the Dome church File:Tomb of marshal Lyautey in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel of les Invalides.jpg, Tomb of marshal Lyautey in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel File:Tomb of Jerome Bonaparte in the Saint Jerome chapel in les Invalides, France.jpg, Tomb of Jerome Bonaparte in the Saint Jerome chapel

Under the Cathedral church

82 additional military figures, including 28 Governors of Les Invalides, are in the underground gallery known as the beneath the Saint-Louis Cathedral: * Albert d'Amade (1856–1941) *

Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova (; born 8 March 1778 in Corte; died 22 March 1853 in Paris), duc de Padova, was a French diplomat and soldier of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. In the late 1840s, Arrighi was also involved in polit ...

(1778–1853), Governor 1852–1853 *

Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers (13 August 1764 – 6 January 1813) was a French Army general who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was the father of Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, a Marshal of France, and the father-in- ...

(1764–1813) (heart) *

Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers Louis-Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (6 September 1795 – 6 June 1878), 1st Comte Baraguey d'Hilliers, was a Marshal of France and politician. Baraguey d'Hilliers was born in Paris, the son of the French revolutionary general Louis Baraguey d'Hill ...

(1795–1878),

Marshal of France Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1 ...

* Jean-François Berruyer (1737?–1804), Governor 1803–1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean-Baptiste Bessières (; 6 August 1768 – 1 May 1813), 1st Duke of Istria (''Duc d'Istrie''), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His younge ...

(1768–1813),

Marshal of the Empire Marshal of the Empire (french: Maréchal d'Empire) was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was created by ''Sénatus-consulte'' on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent reinstated the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. Acc ...

* Baptiste Pierre Bisson (1767–1811) (heart) *

Antoine Baucheron de Boissoudy Antoine Baucheron de Boissoudy ( Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France, 12 October 1864 – Paris, 17 March 1926) was a French General in the First World War. He was the son of Admiral Philippe Baucheron de Boissoudy and studied at the École spécia ...

(1864–1926) *

Thomas Bugeaud Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 178410 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Governor-General of Algeria. Early life He was born at Limoges, a member of a noble family of Périgord (Occitania), the y ...

(1784–1849),

, involved in the conquest of Algeria *

François Canrobert François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * Francis I of France, King of France (), known as "the Father and Restorer of Letters" * Francis II of France, King o ...

(1809–1895),

* François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny (1737–1821),

, Governor 1816–1821 *

Victor Cordonnier Victor Louis Émilien Cordonnier (23 March 1858, Surgy, France – 1936) served France during World War I as a general and was called "''one of France's finest generals''" by Geoffrey Blainey.Geoffrey Blainey, ''The Causes of War'', (Simon and Sch ...

(1858–1936) *

Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont Charles-Marie Denys, comte de Damrémont (8 February 1783–12 October 1837) was a French general and military governor of French Algeria. He was killed in combat during the siege of Constantine. Early life Charles-Marie Denys was born in Cha ...

(1783–1837) * Vincent Martel Deconchy (1768–1823) (heart) *

Denis Auguste Duchêne Denis Auguste Duchene (23 September 1862 - 9 June 1950) was a French World War I general. He was born on 23 September 1862 at Juzennecourt, Haute-Marne and died on 9 June 1950 at Bihorel, Seine-Inférieure. He was promoted General de Brigade (b ...

(1862–1950) *

Guy-Victor Duperré Guy-Victor Duperré (20 February 1775 – 2 November 1846) was a French naval officer and Admiral of France. He is known for commanding French naval forces in the Mauritius campaign of 1809–11 and was victorious in the Battle of Grand Port ...

(1775–1846) * (1794–1848) *

Jean Baptiste Eblé Jean Baptiste Eblé (21 December 1758 – 31 December 1812) was a French General, Engineer and Artilleryman during the Napoleonic Wars. He is credited with saving Napoleon's Grand Army from complete destruction in 1812. Biography Eblé was born ...

(1758–1812) (heart) *

Louis Franchet d'Espèrey Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espèrey (25 May 1856 – 8 July 1942) was a French general during World War I. As commander of the large Allied army based at Salonika, he conducted the successful Macedonian campaign, which caused t ...

(1856–1942),

* Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans (1775–1852),

Émile Fayolle Marie Émile Fayolle (14 May 1852 – 27 August 1928) was a French general during World War I and a diplomat, elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. Early life Marie Émile Fayolle was born on May 14, 1852 in Puy-en-Velay, at ''9 ...

(1852–1928),

* Ernest François Fournier (1842–1934) *

Dominique-Marie Gauchet Dominique-Marie Gauchet (14 August 1853 in Vains – 4 February 1931 in Vains) was a French admiral during World War I. Life After a career of almost 40 years in the French Navy, Gauchet was appointed commander of the French Dardanelles squadr ...

(1853–1931) * Augustin Gérard (1857–1926) *

Henri Giraud Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general and a leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War until he was forced to retire in 1944. Born to an Alsatian family in Paris, Giraud graduated from ...

(1879–1949) * Émile Guépratte (1856–1939) *

Adolphe Guillaumat Marie Louis Adolphe Guillaumat (4 January 1863 – 18 May 1940) was a French Army general during World War I. Early years Adolphe Guillaumat was born in Bourgneuf, Charente-Maritime. He graduated first from his class of 1884 at the Saint-Cyr ...

(1863–1940) * Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin (1796–1864) * Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul (1754–1807) (heart) * Paul Prosper Henrys (1862–1943) * (1885–1960), Governor 1951–1960 * Georges Louis Humbert (1862–1921) * Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762–1833),

, Governor 1830–1833 * Alphonse Juin (1888–1967),

* Jean-Baptiste Kléber (1753–1800) (heart) * Fernand de Langle de Cary (1849–1927) * Charles Lanrezac (1852–1925) * Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère (1852–1924) * Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière (1759–1812) * Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), celebrated military surgeon * Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle (1777–1809), the "Hussar General" * Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947),

* Patrice de MacMahon (1808–1893),

and President of France * Paul Maistre (1858–1922) * Gabriel Malleterre (1858–1923), Governor 1919–1923 * Charles Mangin (1866–1925) * (1864–1944), Governor 1923–1944 * Edmond-Charles de Martimprey (1808–1883), Governor 1870–1871 * Louis de Maud'huy (1857–1921) * Michel-Joseph Maunoury (1847–1923), posthumous

* Antoine de Mitry (1857–1924) * Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor (1770–1849),

, Governor 1847–1848 * Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (1754–1842),

, Governor 1833–1842 * Raoul Magrin-Vernerey a.k.a. Ralph Monclar (1892–1964), Governor 1862–1864 * Georges Mouton (1770–1838),

* François-Marie-Casimir Négrier (1788–1848) (heart) * Robert Nivelle (1856–1924) * (1618–1705), Governor 1696–1705 * Philippe Antoine d'Ornano (1784–1863),

, Governor 1853–1863 * Nicolas Oudinot (1767–1847),

, Governor 1842–1847 * Paul Pau (1848–1932) * Aimable Pélissier (1794–1864),

* Henri Putz (1859–1925) * (1870–1951), Governor 1944–1951 * Pierre Alexis Ronarc'h (1865–1940) * Pierre Roques (1856–1920), creator of the French Air and Space Force, French Air Force * Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (1760–1836), army captain, author of France's national anthem ''La Marseillaise'' * Pierre Ruffey (1851–1928) * Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870),

* Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1798–1854),

* Maurice Sarrail (1856–1929) * Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta (1771–1851),

* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier (1742–1819),

, Governor 1804–1815 * Victor d'Urbal (1858–1943) * Sylvain Charles Valée (1773–1846),

Two of these, Gabriel Malleterre and Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, are also honored with a plaque inside the Saint-Louis-des-Invalides cathedral. Another plaque honors Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), posthumous

, commander of the French First Army during World War II and later commander in the First Indochina War, who is buried in Mouilleron-en-Pareds. File:Caveau des Gouverneurs.jpg, Burial vaults in the beaneath Saint-Louis Cathedral File:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny memorial plaque, Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Les Invalides, Paris, France - 20050912.jpg, Plaque honoring Marshal de Lattre de Tassigny in Saint-Louis Cathedral File:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque memorial plaque, Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Les Invalides, Paris, France - 20050912.jpg, Plaque honoring Marshal Leclerc in Saint-Louis Cathedral

References

External links

*
3d model of interior of Les Invalides
{{DEFAULTSORT:Invalides Buildings and structures completed in 1676 Baroque buildings in France Monuments and memorials in Paris Cemeteries in Paris Veterans' affairs in France Military-related organizations Roman Catholic churches in the 7th arrondissement of Paris Napoleon museums Terminating vistas in Paris Burial sites of the House of la Tour d'Auvergne Burial sites of the House of Bonaparte 1676 establishments in France Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Olympic archery venues Domes Cathedrals of military ordinariates