lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.fungi in the family
Ophioparmaceae
The Ophioparmaceae are a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Umbilicariales. The family was circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of th ...
. Species in the genus grow on bark and on wood, especially on burned tree stumps and trunks in coniferous forest. ''Hypocenomyce'' lichens are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
Taxonomy
The genus was
circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
in 1951 by French lichenologist Maurice Choisy to contain the single species ''
Hypocenomyce scalaris
''Hypocenomyce'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ophioparmaceae. Species in the genus grow on bark and on wood, especially on burned tree stumps and trunks in coniferous forest. ''Hypocenomyce'' lichens are widely distributed ...
'', a lichen that was first formally described by Erik Acharius in 1795. Choisy's original concept of the genus featured a squamulose thallus, adnate apothecia of the lecideine type (i.e., lacking algae and an amphithecium, with a black carbonized margin as in the genus '' Lecidea'') and pycnoconidia that are short, straight, and cylindrical. Norwegian lichenologist Einer Timdal revised the genus in 1984, describing two new species to bring the total ''Hypocenomyce '' species up to ten. Since then, two new species have been described, and several have been transferred to other genera.
Norwegian lichenologist Einar Timdal revised the genus in the mid-1980s and identified four evolutionary groups; he suggested that the genus was polyphyletic. A 2013
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
study clarified the phylogenetic relationships amongst species previously classified in the genus. It was shown that the genus–as then circumscribed–consisted of seven
clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
orders
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
and even
subclasses
Subclass may refer to:
* Subclass (taxonomy), a taxonomic rank below "class"
* Subclass (computer science)
* Subclass (set theory)
See also
* Superclass
{{disambiguation ...
. Based on these results, the genus was split into different genera – '' Carbonicola'', '' Fulgidea'', and ''Hypocenomyce''. The ''Hypocenomyce xanthococca'' species group, which had been previously raised to the level of genus as '' Pycnora'', was further split into ''Pycnora'' and ''
Toensbergia
''Toensbergia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sporastatiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013. The genus name honours Norwegian lichenologist Tor Tønsberg, "in appreciation of his import ...
Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea
''Hypocenomyce'' is a genus of lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Hypocenomyce scalaris
''Hypocenomyce'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ophioparmaceae. Species in the genus grow on bark and on wood, especially on burned tree stumps and trunks in coniferous forest. ''Hypocenomyce'' lichens are widely distributed ...
Xylopsora caradocensis
''Xylopsora'' is a genus of lichenized fungi, belonging to the family Umbilicariaceae.
The genus was described in 2013 by Bendiksby and Timdal.
Species:
* ''Xylopsora canopeorum
''Xylopsora'' is a genus of lichenized fungi, belonging to the fa ...
Xylopsora friesii
''Xylopsora'' is a genus of lichenized fungi, belonging to the family Umbilicariaceae.
The genus was described in 2013 by Bendiksby and Timdal.
Species:
* ''Xylopsora canopeorum''
* ''Xylopsora caradocensis
''Xylopsora'' is a genus of licheniz ...
''
*''Hypocenomyce isidiosa'' = ''
Xylographa isidiosa
''Xylographa'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Xylographaceae.
The genus was first taxonomically described and named by Elias Magnus Fries. Species
*'' Xylographa bjoerkii'' (2014)
*'' Xylographa carneopallida'' (2014)
*'' Xylo ...
''
*''Hypocenomyce leucococca'' = ''
Toensbergia leucococca
''Toensbergia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sporastatiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013. The genus name honours Norwegian lichenologist Tor Tønsberg, "in appreciation of his import ...
Pycnora praestabilis
''Pycnora'' is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.
Characteristics of the Py ...
''
*''Hypocenomyce rubiformis'' = ''
Psora rubiformis
''Psora'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Psoraceae. Members of the genus are commonly called fishscale lichens. Lichens in the genus ''Psora'' are known to have a squamulose thallus and anthraquinones in the hymenium.
Specie ...
Pycnora sorophora
''Pycnora'' is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.
Characteristics of the Py ...
''
*''Hypocenomyce xanthococca'' = ''
Pycnora xanthococca
''Pycnora'' is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.
Characteristics of the Py ...