Hyloctistes

The eastern woodhaunter (''Automolus subulatus''), also known as the Amazonian woodhaunter, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 28, 2023

Taxonomy and systematics

At one time what is now the eastern woodhaunter was included in genus '' Hyloctistes'' but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that ''Hyloctistes'' is embedded within ''Automolus''.

Even before the generic merger, the eastern woodhaunter's taxonomy was unsettled, and it remains so. Its two subspecies were included with four others in what was then called the striped woodhaunter. In the early twenty-first century several authors split the four Central American and western South American subspecies from the striped woodhaunter and named the new species the western woodhaunter (then ''H. virgatus'', now ''A. virgatus''). They gave the remaining two subspecies the English name "eastern woodhaunter" and by the principle of priority retained the binomial ''A. subulatus''.Greeney, H. F., J. V. Remsen, Jr., and P. F. D. Boesman (2022). Striped Woodhaunter (''Automolus subulatus''), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.strwoo1.02 retrieved September 7, 2023 By late 2023 the International Ornithological Committee, BirdLife International's ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' (HBW), and the Clements taxonomy had adopted the split, though HBW calls ''A. subulatus'' the Amazonian woodhaunter.HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022 The North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) have not adopted the split though both subcommittees note that some authors suggest it.Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hern ndez-Ba os, R. A. Jim nez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., and K. Winker. 2023. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa/Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved October 20, 2023

The two subspecies of the eastern woodhaunter are the nominate ''A. s. subulatus'' (Spix, 1824) and ''A. s. lemae'' ( Phelps & Phelps Jr, 1960).

Description

The eastern woodhaunter is long and weighs about . It is a fairly large member of its genus and has a shortish and heavy bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a mostly dark brownish face with golden-buff streaks, a pale eyering and stripe behind the eye, and grizzled brownish and buff lores. Their crown is dark brownish with golden-buff streaks that widen as they extend onto the rich dark brown upper back. Their lower back, rump, and uppertail coverts are chestnut. Their wings are mostly rufescent brown and their tail chestnut. Their chin is light buff brown with faint darker streaks that become more visible on the lower throat. Their breast is dull medium brown with wide, blurry, golden-buff streaks that fade before the rich tawny brown belly is reached. Their flanks are a darker brown. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla black to dusky brown, their mandible paler yellowish or bluish gray, and their legs and feet slate gray to olive-gray. Juveniles have less distinct streaking overall and slightly paler underparts than adults. Subspecies ''A. s. lemae'' is overall more olivaceous than the nominate, including its back, breast, belly, and its streaking. It also has a more yellowish chin.

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the eastern woodhaunter is found in southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru, northern Bolivia, and Brazil on both sides of the Amazon to the Rio Negro and beyond that south of the Amazon to Pará state. Subspecies ''A. s. lemae'' is found only in Sierra de Lema in the southeastern Venezuelan state of Bolívar. The nominate subspecies primarily inhabits tropical evergreen forest, both '' várzea'' and ''terra firme'', and is also found in older secondary forest. ''A. s. lemae'' inhabits lower montane evergreen forest. In elevation it mostly occurs below but locally reaches in Peru and in Ecuador.

Behavior

Movement

The eastern woodhaunter is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding

The eastern woodhaunter's diet is not known in detail but includes arthropods and small vertebrates. It usually forages singly and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock, from the forest understory to its middle levels. It searches for prey along large branches and vines, gleaning and probing among dead leaves, epiphytes, palm fronds and other vegetation. It has been noted "burrowing" into clumps and flinging aside debris to reach prey.

Breeding

The eastern woodhaunter's breeding season has not been fully defined but includes at least August to November and may begin much earlier. It excavates a tunnel in an earthen bank and builds a shallow cup nest of leaf rachides in a chamber at its end. All of the documented clutches have been of two eggs. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision nestlings.

Vocalization

The eastern woodhaunter mostly sings at dawn and dusk, but also intermittently during the day. It typically sings from a perch in the forest's middle level. Its song is "two (occasionally up to four) loud downslurred whistled notes, followed by a softer, low-pitched rattle: ''tyeew-tyew-trrrrrrrr''", though sometimes the rattle is omitted. Its most common call is a "strident, emphatic short ''kirk!''" that is repeated many times. The call is also described as "squirp!" and "kreeut".

Status

The IUCN has assessed the eastern woodhaunter as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It occurs in a few protected areas, but " going deforestation is likely an issue throughout the species' range".

References

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eastern woodhaunter
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
eastern woodhaunter
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot