The al-Dahdah family (also spelled El-Dahdaah, and El-Dahdah) is a noble
Maronite
The Maronites ( ar, الموارنة; syr, ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Levant region of the Middle East, whose members traditionally belong to the Maronite Church, with the larges ...
Christian family originating from the village of
Aqoura
Aqoura ( ar, عاقورة, also spelled ''Aaqoura'', "Akoura") is a mountainous village in the Byblos District of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon. It is 68 kilometers north of Beirut. Aqoura has an average elevation of 1,600 meters above sea ...
in
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon ( ar, جَبَل لُبْنَان, ''jabal lubnān'', ; syr, ܛܘܪ ܠܒ݂ܢܢ, ', , ''ṭūr lewnōn'' french: Mont Liban) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It averages above in elevation, with its peak at .
Geography
The Mount Le ...
, and whose line of descent is attested since the 14th century. It traces back in continuous lineage to Girgis al-Dahdah, the son-in-law of Ghazal al-Qaysi,
Muqaddam
( ar, مقدم) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.
As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots and chowdhurys, acted as hereditary rural in ...
of Aqoura, who died in 1375 without male issue.
Beginning in 1703, the family received agricultural estates in the Futuh tax-farming district of Mount Lebanon, and in 1705 it settled in the nearby village of
Aramoun in the
Keserwan District
Keserwan District ( ar, قضاء كسروان, transliteration: ''Qaḍā' Kisrawān'') is a district (''qadaa'') in Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon, to the northeast of Lebanon's capital Beirut. The capital, Jounieh, is overwhelmingly Maroni ...
. Its members have collectively held the
iqta'
An iqta ( ar, اقطاع, iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa ( ar, اقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrato ...
, or tax-farming concession, for the Futuh district of
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon ( ar, جَبَل لُبْنَان, ''jabal lubnān'', ; syr, ܛܘܪ ܠܒ݂ܢܢ, ', , ''ṭūr lewnōn'' french: Mont Liban) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It averages above in elevation, with its peak at .
Geography
The Mount Le ...
from Ottoman authorities from 1771 until the
Ottoman Tanzimat
The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. ...
ended the iqta' system in Mount Lebanon in 1859. One branch of the family, that of Mansur al-Dahdah also held the iqta' for the
Byblos District
Byblos District ( ar, قضاء جبيل; transliteration: ''Qadaa' Jbeil''), also called the Jbeil District (''Jbeil'' is Lebanese Arabic for "Byblos"; standard Arabic ''Jubail''), is a district (''qadaa'') of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Leb ...
for about the same period of time. In the writings of 19th century chroniclers of Mount Lebanon, such as those of Antuniyus Abu Khattar al-'Aynturini (d. 1821),
Tannus al-Shidyaq
Tannus ibn Yusuf al-Shidyaq ( – 1861), also transliterated ''Tannous el-Chidiac'', was a Maronite clerk and emissary of the Shihab emirs, the feudal chiefs and tax farmers of Ottoman Mount Lebanon, and a chronicler best known for his work on th ...
(d. 1859), and Mansur al-Hattuni (d. ca. 1880), the House of al-Dahdah
'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabic.html"_;"title="Arabic.html"_;"title="'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabic">'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabic">Arabic.html"_;"title="'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabic">'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabicis_alternatively_referred_to_as_the_Shaykh.html" ;"title="Arabic">'Aal_al-Dahdah''_in_Arabic.html" ;"title="Arabic.html" ;"title="'Aal al-Dahdah'' in Arabic">'Aal al-Dahdah'' in Arabic">Arabic.html" ;"title="'Aal al-Dahdah'' in Arabic">'Aal al-Dahdah'' in Arabicis alternatively referred to as the Shaykh">mashayikh (lords) and the muqata'jiyah (iqta' holders or tax farmers) of the Futuh district of Mount Lebanon.
Among its members were several officials at the court of the
Mount Lebanon Emirate
The Emirate of Mount Lebanon () was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century.
The town of Baakleen was the seat o ...
, Ottoman consuls in trading cities around the Mediterranean, Palatine Count, Papal Counts, and notable Lebanese statesmen, literary men, clergy members, military officers, and senior civil servants. It has consisted of five branches since the early 18th century, of which one is now extinct.
Origins
The family claims descent from an
eponymous
An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after whom or which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. The adjectives which are derived from the word eponym include ''eponymous'' and ''eponymic''.
Usage of the word
The term ''epon ...
ancestor, Thabit ibn al-Dahdah, a companion of the Prophet
Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, di ...
and a member of the
Sahabah
The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
, also known as Abu al-Dahdah, whose descendants are believed to have migrated to
Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious".
, motto =
, image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg
, image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg
, seal_type = Seal
, map_caption =
, ...
in the wake of Arab conquests, then settled in Aqoura, then an administrative dependency of Damascus, before converting to
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...
. These claims were first made in the early decades of the 20th century, during a time of pan-Arab and pan-Syrian ideological effervescence. The 17th- and 18th-century chronicles of Mount Lebanon do not refer to such an ascendance. Rather, early Islamic jurisprudence dictionaries appear to indicate that the
Sahabi
The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
Thabit ibn al-Dahdah died without male or female issue, prompting an exceptional ruling from the
Prophet Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monoth ...
to allocate his properties to the son of Thabit's sister.
Recent DNA testing by direct descendants have shown zero lineage to the Arab peninsula, putting to rest the thesis that the family is descendent from the Prophet. DNA testing indicates that the family is from the eastern Mediterranean.
Aqoura period: from 1375 to 1703
The first proven ancestor of the al-Dahdah family is Girgis al-Dahdah, who was the
deacon
A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian churches, such as the Catholic Churc ...
(in Arabic, shidyaq) of the Maronite community of
Aqoura
Aqoura ( ar, عاقورة, also spelled ''Aaqoura'', "Akoura") is a mountainous village in the Byblos District of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon. It is 68 kilometers north of Beirut. Aqoura has an average elevation of 1,600 meters above sea ...
in Mount Lebanon in the second half of the 14th century. This Girgis was the son-in-law of the
Muqaddam
( ar, مقدم) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.
As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots and chowdhurys, acted as hereditary rural in ...
Ghazal of Aqoura, the community's secular leader, who had died in 1375. They both belonged to the
Qays
Qays ʿAylān ( ar, قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (''Kais'' or ''Ḳays'') were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudar group. The tribe does not appear to have functioned as a unit in the pre-Islamic er ...
i party. Aqoura, in the hinterland of Byblos, appears to have been a focal point of the
Qays-Yaman rivalry that was engulfing Mount Lebanon and other rural parts of
Bilad al-Sham
Bilad al-Sham ( ar, بِلَاد الشَّام, Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates. It roughly correspon ...
in the late
Mamluk
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
and early
Ottoman times, perhaps due to the concentration of clans of Arab tribal origins in the town, and its location as the terminus of an ancient Arab nomadic migration route that has remained in use until recent years (by the Arabs of al-Luhayb and
Laqlouq
Laqlouq ( ar, لقلوق), also spelled ''Laklouk'' and also known as ′Arab Laqlouq ( ar, عرب القلوق) is a small mountainous village in mountainous area in the Byblos District of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon. It is located 69 kilo ...
among others).
![Tombstoneyusuf](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Tombstoneyusuf.jpg)
Following Girgis al-Dahdah, the family's line of descent features at least six successive priests, beginning with his son who became a monk under the name of Mikhail. One of these priests refers to himself as "the priest Hanna son of the priest Ibrahim al-Dahdah" on the margins of a liturgy book dated on from 1572 on the
sacrament of marriage
Marriage in the Catholic Church, also known as holy matrimony, is the "covenant by which a man and woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procre ...
for the parish church of Saint Georges of Aqoura, and appears to have copied a similar book in 1560. A paternal cousin of this priest Hanna, Sulayman al-Dahdah is recorded by Patriarch Istifan al-Duwayhi as having copied a liturgy book in Aqoura as early as 1552. Another later al-Dahdah cleric, Ighnatius, is recorded as having overseen the rebuilding of 'Aqura's parish church, named after Saint George in 1730, according to an inscription in the Arabic vernacular language and
Garshuni Garshuni or Karshuni ( Syriac alphabet: , Arabic alphabet: ) are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni", derived from the word "grasha" which literally translates as "pulling", was used by George Kiraz to coin the term "gars ...
script now located to the left of the western entrance of the 20th century church.
This succession of single children over seven generations has raised many questions about the possible existence of lateral branches of the family which either died out or survived without retaining the al-Dahdah name. Indeed, another one of these priests, Yusuf (1602-1677) mentions the existence of several of his own children ("awladi") among other family members, in a blessing he wrote in 1649 on the margins of a prayer book from a church in
Aqoura
Aqoura ( ar, عاقورة, also spelled ''Aaqoura'', "Akoura") is a mountainous village in the Byblos District of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon. It is 68 kilometers north of Beirut. Aqoura has an average elevation of 1,600 meters above sea ...
, where he identified himself as "a priest under the name of Yusuf, servitor of Aqoura, ordained by the
..Patriarch Yuhanna Makhluf
.. son of the late Mikhail son of the late priest Hanna son of the late priest Ibrahim referred to as ibn al-Dahdah from Aqoura the protected under the care of God in Mount Lebanon the blessed, in the dependency of the country of Baalbeck".
The series of al-Dahdah priests comes to an end with the
Shaykh
Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliteration of Arabic, transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonl ...
Yusuf al-Dahdah (1675-1762), the grandson of the aforementioned priest Yusuf. Shaykh Yusuf's momentous career is described in detail in Tannus al-Shidyaq's chronicle of the histories of notable families from Mount Lebanon. His existence is otherwise independently confirmed by a
colophon he wrote as a youth in Syriac
Garshuni Garshuni or Karshuni ( Syriac alphabet: , Arabic alphabet: ) are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni", derived from the word "grasha" which literally translates as "pulling", was used by George Kiraz to coin the term "gars ...
script in 1692 on the margins of a liturgy manuscript, now at the French National Library. Yusuf identifies himself in the colophon as the deacon "Yawsep bar Dahdah(o) of the blessed village of 'Aynquro", the Syriac name of Aqoura. Incidentally, the second colophon in the prayer book was written by a "'Imad son of Shi'mun of Aynquro" at the same time. This 'Imad was perhaps 'Imad al-Hashim, a local strongman who drove his rival Shaykh Yusuf al-Dahdah and his family out of Aqoura in 1702.
Father Luwis al-Hachim, in his local history of al-'Aqura (1930), lists numerous properties in Aqoura and its vicinity that still bore the al-Dahdah name long after they had been sold. Among these was the "land of al-Dahdah" in the area of al-'Aqabah, and the "orchard of al-Dahdah" in the locality of 'Ayn al-Lahta, and weekly water usage rights known as "the Mondays of al-Dahdah".
Futuh period: from 1704 to 1856
Shaykh Yusuf al-Dahdah's exile from Aqoura in 1704 marks the irruption of the family on Mount Lebanon's political scene and the rise of its fortunes first as tax administrators for the Hamadah overlords of Northern Mount Lebanon after 1705, and later as associates of the
Shihab emirs of the
Mount Lebanon Emirate
The Emirate of Mount Lebanon () was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century.
The town of Baakleen was the seat o ...
after 1763, and
iqta'
An iqta ( ar, اقطاع, iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa ( ar, اقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrato ...
holders of the Futuh district after 1771.
Ottoman archives in
Istanbul
Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...
show that the
Shiite
Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, most ...
Hamadah Shaykhs played a much larger role in the history of Mount Lebanon in the 17th century than Lebanese chroniclers have recognized. Their semi-autonomous emirate reached the height of its power in the late seventeenth century, when much of North Mount Lebanon, including the seat of the Maronite patriarchate in the
Qadisha Valley, was under their effective control. They had collected taxes and policed the largely Maronite
tax farm
A tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or n ...
districts of Byblos, the Futuh, Batroun, Jibbat al-Munaytrah and
Jibbat Bsharri of Mount Lebanon on behalf of the Ottoman provincial authorities of the
Tripoli Eyalet
Tripoli Eyalet ( ota, ایالت طرابلس شام, Eyālet-i Ṭrāblus-ı Şām; ar, طرابلس الشام) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was in Tripoli, Lebanon. Its reported area in the 19th century was .
It extended ...
since the 1630s.
As Ottoman iqta' holders (tax-farmers) with an interest in maximizing tax revenues and hence agricultural output from the districts they had received a fiscal concession for, the Hamada Shaykhs appear to have relied on Shaykh Yusuf al-Dahdah and his sons Mansur and Sulayman after him to administer and develop one of their less populated districts, the Futuh. In 1703, he was granted the agricultural estates of 'Ayn Jwayya, 'Ayn al-Dilbah, 'Ayn Sjaa', 'Ayn al-Gharah and 'Ayn al-Husari in the Futuh district as his private property; in 1704, his servants, properties and cattle and those of his associates were exempted from taxation, and he himself was put in charge of the tax collection and administration of the Futuh district. Indeed, a contemporary reference to him under "Shaykh Yusuf al-Aquri al-Maruni" as collecting Ottoman taxes for areas of the Futuh District on behalf of Shaykh Ismail Hamadah occurs in a biography of Maronite Patriarch and historian
Estephan El Douaihy
Estephan El Douaihy ( ar, اسطفانوس الثاني بطرس الدويهي / ALA-LC: ''Isṭifānūs al-thānī Buṭrus al-Duwayhī''; french: Étienne Douaihi; la, Stephanus Dovaihi; it, Stefano El Douaihy; August 2, 1630 – May 3, 1704) ...
(1630-1704) written by Douhaihy's successor Patriarch
Jacob Awad
Jacob IV Aouad (or Ya'qub Awwad, ''Auwad'', ''Aouad'', ar, يعقوب الرابع عوّاد, la, Iacobus Evodius Hasruensis born in Hasroun, Lebanon - died on 12 February 1733) was a former Eparch of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripo ...
(d. 1733).
Annual
Iltizam
An Iltizām (Arabic التزام) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
Iltizams were sold off by the gove ...
conventions between the Ottoman authorities and the Hamadah Shaykhs in the archives of the Ottoman Sharia Court in the provincial capital of
Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
show a systematic inclusion of a financial guarantee (kafala) clause after 1740, perhaps as a result of Hamadah Shaykhs repeatedly defaulting on their tax collection obligations. In almost all cases, the financial guarantors (kafil) were Maronite shaykhs from areas under Hamadah tutelage. In 1762, Mansur al-Dahdah and his brother Sulayman acted as guarantors (kafil) on the iltizam contract of the sons of Ismail Hamadah for the Byblos district, and had to sell their personal properties to pay the Ottoman authorities of Tripoli for the sum of 25,000
Ottoman piasters of tax monies owed by the Hamadah Shaykhs when these defaulted on their payments. Local chronicles report the sale by Mansur al-Dahdah and his brothers of the villages of Fatqa and al-Kfur as well as half of
Jabal Moussa in payment for the sums owed as guarantee for the Hamadah iltizam.
In 1761 and 1763 respectively, Mussa al-Dahdah and his brother Mansur entered the service of the
Shihab emirs of the
Shouf
Chouf (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf, in ''Jabal ash-Shouf''; french: La Montagne du Chouf) is a historic region of Lebanon, as well as an administrative Districts of Lebanon, district in the Governorates of Lebanon, governorate (Muhafazah, mu ...
in southern Mount Lebanon, as the power of the Hamadah Shaykhs declined following their bankruptcy and multiple Ottoman military campaigns against them, and all their iltizam concessions in Northern Mount Lebanon were transferred to the
Shihab emirs in 1763.
The year 1763 and the following years marked the beginning of a long period of association of the al-Dahdah family with the Shihab emirs of Mount of Lebanon. Through the good offices of Mansur al-Dahdah, Emir
Yusuf Shihab
Yusuf Shihab () (1748–1790) was the autonomous emir of Mount Lebanon between 1770 and 1789. He was the fifth consecutive member of the Shihab dynasty to govern Mount Lebanon.
Family
Yusuf Shihab was the son of Emir Mulhim.Harris, 2012, p119/r ...
had received the annual
iltizam
An Iltizām (Arabic التزام) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
Iltizams were sold off by the gove ...
of the Northern Mount Lebanon districts, which the Ottoman Pashas of Tripoli had previously awarded to different members of the Hamadah clan, and he put members of the al-Dahdah family in charge of administering and collecting imperial taxes from these districts. In 1763, Shaykh Mansur al-Dahdah was put in charge of administering the people and revenues of the Byblos District, a position which was later passed on to his son Hanna and his grandsons Lwis and Jahjah after that; his brother Shaykh Wuhbah al-Dahdah was put in charge of Jubbat al-Munaytra, the former stronghold of the Hamadah Shaykhs. Shaykh Mansur al-Dahdah also received large estates in the Byblos and the Futuh districts, as compensation for the sale of his properties to guarantee the Hamadah obligations under their iltizam.
![Palacesallumdahdah](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Palacesallumdahdah.jpg)
When in 1771 Emir Yusuf Shihab also took over the iltizam for the districts of Southern Mount Lebanon from his uncle emir
Mansur Shihab
Mansur Shihab () was the Emir of Mount Lebanon Emirate, Mount Lebanon between 1754 and 1770. He and his brother Ahmad took the reins of power from their ailing brother Mulhim Shihab and ruled jointly until Mansur became the sole emir after winning ...
, he appointed several members of the al-Dahdah family to positions of power and influence. Most significantly, the House of al-Dahdah collectively received the hereditary iqta' (tax-farm concession) for the Futuh muqata'ah (tax-farm district). After that date, the family's history becomes intimately intertwined with that of the
Shihab emirate of Mount Lebanon under Yusuf Shihab then
Bashir Shihab II
Emir Bashir Shihab II () (also spelled "Bachir Chehab II"; 2 January 1767–1850) was a Lebanese emir who ruled Ottoman Lebanon in the first half of the 19th century. Born to a branch of the Shihab family which had converted from Sunni Islam, t ...
, with its upheavals and bright spots. Indeed, Emir Bashir Shihab II mainly recruited his advisers among members of the al-Dahdah family. Most prominent among these were Shaykh Sallum al-Dahdah son of Mussa, and Shaykh Mansur al-Dahdah son of Sallum.
Arms
In Lebanon: A cross surrounded by two olive branches, according to family tradition.
In France, where the branch of Count Rochaid Dahdah was admitted into French nobility: "d'or, au cèdre arraché de sinople, au chef du meme"
Branches
The five branches of the al-Dahdah evolved from the five sons of Shaykh Yusuf al-Dahdah: Abu Yunis Ibrahim, extinct in 1883; Abu Dhahir Sulayman; Abu Nassif Mussa, Abu Hanna Mansur; and Abu Sarkis Wahbah.
Place names
Several neighborhoods, streets and public buildings in Middle Eastern and French cities were named after members of the family at various points in history.
1) In
Beirut
Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint o ...
, Lebanon, a neighborhood was known as Hayy al-Dahdah or Mahallat al-Dahdah near the old Damascus road just outside the city's old downtown, and appears in maps as late as 1911. The name of the neighborhood is no longer in use, but a street in the same area carries the name of Rochaid El-Dahdah. Another street in the Achrafieh neighborhood of Beirut carries the name of Mansur al-Dahdah.
![1911 Beirut map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/1911_Beirut_map.jpg)
2) In
Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious".
, motto =
, image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg
, image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg
, seal_type = Seal
, map_caption =
, ...
, Syria a neighborhood just north of the old city is still known as Hayy al-Dahdah (the quarter of al-Dahdah), and was known as Marj al-Dahdah (the field of al-Dahdah) into the early Middle Ages. Marj al-Dahdah is now the site of al-Dahdah cemetery, one of the cities oldest and largest. Both the field and the cemetery are named after the 10th-century
Hadith
Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval ...
scholar Abu al-Dahdah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Tamimi, who lived and is buried there. Popular lore wrongly attributed the naming of the cemetery to the
Sahabi
The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
Thabit ibn al-Dahdah, who appears to have died in Medina without issue, and not in Damascus.
3) In
Tunis
''Tounsi'' french: Tunisois
, population_note =
, population_urban =
, population_metro = 2658816
, population_density_km2 =
, timezone1 = CET
, utc_offset1 ...
, Tunisia, a public park in the Berges du Lac neighborhood, is named after Count Rochaid al-Dahdah, who was the adviser and personal secretary of the
bey of Tunis
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
between 1863 and 1869.
4) In
Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Franc ...
, France, where Merii Al-Dahdah and Rochaid Al-Dahdah had their commercial headquarters, there remains a
Boulevard Dahdah, in the 4th Arrondissement of Marseille and an Ecole Primaire Dahdah, 15 Boulevard Dahdah, Marseille, 13004 both named after Merii.
5) In
Dinard
Dinard (; br, Dinarzh, ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Dinard'') is a Communes of France, commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine Departments of France, department, Brittany (administrative region), Brittany, northwestern France.
Dinard is on the Côte d' ...
, France, the Rochaid square was named after Count Rochaid Al-Dahdah, the town's principal developer in the 19th century.
Prominent members
![Rochaidindianrd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rochaidindianrd.jpg)
* Hanna al-Dahdah (ca. 1560), a priest and copyist from 'Aqura, son of the priest Ibrahim, son of the monk Mikhail, son of Girgis al-Dahdah. Patriarch
Istifan al-Duwayhi
Estephan El Douaihy ( ar, اسطفانوس الثاني بطرس الدويهي / ALA-LC: ''Isṭifānūs al-thānī Buṭrus al-Duwayhī''; french: Étienne Douaihi; la, Stephanus Dovaihi; it, Stefano El Douaihy; August 2, 1630 – May 3, 1704) ...
list him in his history book Tarikh al-Azminah as one of the two copyists of Maronite liturgy books hailing from Aqura in 1552 and 1560. The other priest Duwayhi mentioned was the priest Sulayman al-Dahdah, the son of priest Hanna's paternal uncle. One of the liturgy books the priest Hanna al-Dahdah finished copying in April 1572 was a prayer book intended for the church of Saint Georges of Aqura. That prayer book was still in existence in 1930. He also copied a similar prayer book which he offered to the monastery of Sayyidat al-Habs (Our Lady of the Hermitage) in Aqura in the year 1560.
* Yusuf al-Dahdah (1602-1677), a priest in 'Aqura, son of Mikhail, son of the priest Hanna, and one of the first Maronite historians of Mount Lebanon. His numerous historical annotations on the margins of Maronite liturgy books are only known from excerpts in Father Luwis al-Hashim's book Tarikh al-'Aqura. His chronicles shed light on many otherwise little known events of the history of the Maronite community in Mount Lebanon.
* Yusuf al-Dahdah (1675-1762 d. 1733 in other sources), son of the priest Girgis, son of the priest Yusuf, tax-farmer for the Futuh District for Shaykh Ismail Hamadah, and secretary of Amir Husayn al-Harfush of Baalback. He is buried in an individual chamber in the church of Aramoun, in the Futuh district.
* Ighnatius al-Dahdah, another priest in 'Aqura, brother of Yusuf above, he oversaw the rebuilding of the church of Saint Georges in Aqura in 1725, as referenced in an inscription above one of the churches door.
* Mansur al-Dahdah (d. 1780), son of Yusuf, who arranged for the takeover by Emir Yusuf Shihab of the iltizam of the Hamadah Shaykhs in the eyalet of Tripoli, and who was rewarded with hereditary iqta' for the Byblos district under the
Shihab emirs, and large private estates in the Kisrawan, Byblos and Futuh districts.
* Hanna al-Dahdah (1762-1807), son of Mansur, son of Yusuf, iqta' holder with Byblos district, headed a delegation sent by Emir Bashir Shihab II to the Ottoman
Grand Vizier
Grand vizier ( fa, وزيرِ اعظم, vazîr-i aʾzam; ota, صدر اعظم, sadr-ı aʾzam; tr, sadrazam) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. The office of Grand Vizier was first ...
(Sadrazam) in 1799 in Anatolia
* Mussa al-Dahdah (d. 1778), son of Yusuf, was an early supporter of emir
Mansur Shihab
Mansur Shihab () was the Emir of Mount Lebanon Emirate, Mount Lebanon between 1754 and 1770. He and his brother Ahmad took the reins of power from their ailing brother Mulhim Shihab and ruled jointly until Mansur became the sole emir after winning ...
(the
Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve
Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve located in the Keserwan District of Lebanon, on the shoulders of the western slopes of Mount Lebanon overlooking the Mediterranean Sea to the West. It covers an area of 6500 hectares, at an altitu ...
takes its name after him)
* Nassif al-Dahdah (d. 1815), son of Mussa, head of the budget and tax authorities first under Emir Yusuf Shihab then under Emir Bashir Shihab II.
* Ibrahim al-Dahdah (d. 1834), son of Mussa, head of the judiciary under Emir Bashir Shihab II.
* Musa al-Dahdah (d. 1873), son of Ibrahim, an administrator in the divan of Emir Bashir Shihab II, then the mudabbir of Emir Bashir Ahmad Abillama, the second Christian
Kaimakam
Kaymakam, also known by many other romanizations, was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire, including acting grand viziers, governors of provincial sanjaks, and administrators of district kazas. The title has been retained a ...
of Mount Lebanon. He was known as "Lissaan al-Nassara" (the mouthpiece of the Christians) in his time.
* Yusuf al-Dahdah, son of Mussa, the regular envoy of Bashir Shihab II to Ottoman walis, and particularly to
Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar
Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar ( ar, أحمد باشا الجزّار; ota, جزّار أحمد پاشا; ca. 1720–30s7 May 1804) was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804 and the simultaneous governor of D ...
* Sallum al-Dahdah (d. 1820), son of Mussa, administrator in the divan of emir Yusuf Shihab, later mudabbir (or kikhia) of
Bashir Shihab II
Emir Bashir Shihab II () (also spelled "Bachir Chehab II"; 2 January 1767–1850) was a Lebanese emir who ruled Ottoman Lebanon in the first half of the 19th century. Born to a branch of the Shihab family which had converted from Sunni Islam, t ...
from 1799 to 1817. He left a detailed eye-witness record of the trip of
Bashir Shihab II
Emir Bashir Shihab II () (also spelled "Bachir Chehab II"; 2 January 1767–1850) was a Lebanese emir who ruled Ottoman Lebanon in the first half of the 19th century. Born to a branch of the Shihab family which had converted from Sunni Islam, t ...
to Egypt to meet Mohammed Ali, which was published in 1920. From the contemporary account of
Mikhail Mishaqah
Mikhail Mishaqa or Michael Mishaka (March 20, 1800 – July 19, 1888; ar, ميخائيل مشاقة, gr, Μιχαήλ Μισάκα), also known as Doctor Mishaqa, was born in Rashmayyā, Lebanon, and is reputed to be "the first historian of mo ...
about Shaykh Salloum: "''Let us return to Emir Bashir. He ruled the land, and his intendent for the affairs of his subjects and for issuing orders within the land was Shaykh Abu Khattar Sallum al-Dahdah, the grandfather of the metropolitan Nimat Allah al-Dahdah who presently occupies the archepiscopal throne in Damascus. He was the first Shaykh of the Dahdah family to be addressed by the emir as "my dear brother"''.
* Mansur al-Dahdah (1779-1861), son of Sallum, took over the mudabbir (or kakhia, chief administrator) function for Bashir Shihab II in 1817 when his father retired; he accompanied Emir Bashir Shihab to his second trip to Egypt in 1822, and remained in the function of mudabbir until 1828, when Bashir Shihab gave this responsibility to his son emir Amin; he retired in his palace in Aramun; in 1841, at the bequest of
Bashir Shihab III
Prince Bashir Chehab III () was a ruler of the Mount Lebanon Emirate (7th Emir, reigned 1840–1842). After Prince Bashir II was banished from Lebanon, the Ottoman authorities in Asitana (Istanbul) appointed Prince Bashir III from the Chehab fam ...
, he led his troops in battle against detachments of the Egyptian army; a contemporary newspaper account of this event, written from Smyrna, and which appeared in Italian on November 19, 1841 in the Gazetta di Firenze mentions Mansur al-Dahdah at the head of 5,000 Christian men at the Dog River (
Nahr El Kalb, north of Beirut). When in 1842 the Ottomans deposed Bashir Shihab III and appointed Omar Pashar instead, Mansur become the mudabbir of Omar Pasha for a short while.
* Jahjah al-Dahdah (d. 1840), son of Mansur, son of Sallum, an opponent to Bashir Shihab II and a leader of the resistance against Egyptian troops, defeated emir Majid, Bashir Shihab's grandson in battle in the Bsharri district, and took him prisoner.
* Rochaid Ghalib al-Dahdah (1813-1889),
Count Palatine
A count palatine (Latin ''comes palatinus''), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German ''Pfalzgraf''), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ord ...
, secretary of Amir Bashir Shihab II, businessman, journalist, editor, poet, entrepreneur, financier and socialite. He began his career as the secretary of Emir Bashir Shihab II and moved to Paris after the latter was deposed. His finance and trading operations straddled Europe and the Mediterranean with branches in Beirut, London, Tunis, Marseille. He developed the beach resort of
Dinard
Dinard (; br, Dinarzh, ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Dinard'') is a Communes of France, commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine Departments of France, department, Brittany (administrative region), Brittany, northwestern France.
Dinard is on the Côte d' ...
, in France, and was a close friend and business associate of Charles Auguste,
Duke of Morny
Charles Auguste Louis Joseph de Morny, 1er Duc de Morny () (15–16 September 1811, Switzerland10 March 1865, Paris) was a French statesman.
Biography
Morny was born in Switzerland, and was the extra-marital son of Hortense de Beauharnais (the ...
, who was French Minister of Interior (1851-1852), Speaker of Parliament (1854-1865) and otherwise half brother of French Emperor
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
. As adviser and creditor of the bey of Tunis, he played a role in the fall of the Regency of Tunis to the French, and was elevated to the hereditary dignity of
Count Palatine
A count palatine (Latin ''comes palatinus''), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German ''Pfalzgraf''), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ord ...
by Pope Pius IX in 1863, and by the French government in 1867.
* 'Abbas Ghalib al-Dahdah (1818-1890), ordained in Rome under the name Nomatalla in 1845, following studies at the College of the
Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a ...
iN Rome, then
Maronite archbishop of Damascus from 1872 till his death in 1890.
* Mer'i Nader al-Dahdah (1782-1868), entrepreneur, and owner of a trading office in Marseille, and adviser of King of France
Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France.
As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...
on Oriental affairs. He was behind the plan to the resettle the Maronites in French Algeria, following increasing tensions in the mid 1840s between the Maronites and the Druze in Mount Lebanon.
* Nomattalla Ishaq al-Dahdah, editor of the Kingdom of Morocco's first official newspaper, al-Fajr, in Tangiers then Fes.
* Assad al-Dahdah (d. 1921)
* Saj'aan Bashir al-Dahdah (d. 1896), Kaimakam of the Batrun District
* Francis al-Dahdah (d. 1825), administrator of the Byblos District under Emir Bashir Shihab II.
* Lattuf al-Dahdah (d. 1852), administrator of the Futuh District under Emir Bashir Shihab II.
* Iskandar Yusuf Mer'i al-Dahdah (d. 1912), magistrate, Head of appeals court in Greater Lebanon and Syria under the French Mandate, an
translator of the Ottoman commercial code to Arabic* Salim Khattar al-Dahdah, historian of Mount Lebanon.
* Farid Salim Khattar al-Dahdah, Lebanese magistrate, head of the Lebanese Civil Service Council in the 1960s.
* Nagib Salim Khattar al-Dahdah (d. 1984), Lebanese ambassador to the Vatican, Mexico, and Colombia; Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and editor in the Lebanese newspaper Le Reveil under the pen name of Libanus.
* Edward Salim Milan al-Dahdah (1898-1944), author, journalist and playwright; one of the pioneers of the Lebanese theater scene.
Properties and waqfs
In the Futuh District: (Ftouh,
Keserwan District
Keserwan District ( ar, قضاء كسروان, transliteration: ''Qaḍā' Kisrawān'') is a district (''qadaa'') in Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Lebanon, to the northeast of Lebanon's capital Beirut. The capital, Jounieh, is overwhelmingly Maroni ...
)
![Marnquladahdah](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Marnquladahdah.jpg)
* the village of 'Ayn Sjaa, a hamlet dependency of the town of Ghbele
* the village of 'Ayn al-Dilbah
* the village of 'Ayn al-Magharah
* the village of 'Ayn al-Husari
* the village of 'Ayn Juwayya
* the palace of Shaykh Mussa al-Dahdah, son of Ibrahim, in the town of
Aramoun, now the seat of the Maronite Eparchy of Baalbeck
* the palace of Shaykh Sallum al-Dahdah, son of Mussa outside the town of Aramoun; built in 1814 by the same architect as the
Beiteddine Palace
Beiteddine Palace ( ar, قصر بيت الدين) is a 19th-century palace in Beiteddine, Lebanon. It hosts the annual Beiteddine Festival and the Beiteddine Palace Museum.
History
Emir Bashir II of the Shihab dynasty, who later became ...
of Emir Bashir Shihab II.
* the palace of Shaykh Mansur al-Dahdah, son of Salloum, in the town of Aramoun, now the school of Saint Nicolas (Mar Nqula) and known locally as al-'Arimah.
* the palace of Shaykh Nassif al-Dahdah, son of Mussa, in the town of Ghodrass. The palace became known as the Monastery of Saint Dometius (Mar Doumit) in Ghodrass, a dependency of the Monastery of Saint Dometius in al-Bouar, after Shaykh Nassif turned the palace into a conditional waqf to a Maronite monastic order, along with vast landed estates in surrounding areas. A decision from the second Maronite
synod
A synod () is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. The word ''wikt:synod, synod'' comes from the meaning "assembly" or "meeting" and is analogous with the Latin ...
of Luwayzah in 1818 confirmed the temporal custody of the House of al-Dahdah over the all lands and properties attached to the a series waqfs of the monastery of Mar Doumit in al-Bouar, in the areas of Ghodrass, al-Bouar,
Safra,
Fatqa
Fatqa ( ar, فتقا) is a village located in the Keserwan District of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate in Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a c ...
, and others. A majority of these lands had been entrusted as waqfs by the House of al-Dahdah. The synod decision was confirmation and witnessed by the Maronite monks heading the monastery, who retained spiritual custodianship.
* the palace of Shaykh Merii al-Dahdah, in the town of
al-Kfour, now the upscale guesthouse o
Beit Trad
File:Meriipalace.jpg, Palace of Shaykh Merii al-Dahdah in Kfour, now a guesthouse
* the Monastery of
Saint Anthony of Padua
Anthony of Padua ( it, Antonio di Padova) or Anthony of Lisbon ( pt, António/Antônio de Lisboa; born Fernando Martins de Bulhões; 15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231) was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order. He was bor ...
(Mar Antonios al-Badawani) in Ayn Sjaa' al-Ghbele in the Futuh District
* the lands entrusted as
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
to the Monastery of Saint 'Abda (Mar 'Abda) in the village of Harhariya
* the lands in the town of Ghodrass entrusted as
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
to the Monastery of Saint
Dometius Domitius may refer to:
*Dometius of Persia, Christian saint, d. 300s
*Dometius of Byzantium, Christian bishop, d. 200s
*Saint Domitius, a French saint
*Domitius Afer
*Domitius Alexander
*Domitius Domitianus
*Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo
*Domitius Modest ...
(Mar Doumit) of al-Bouar
In the
Byblos District
Byblos District ( ar, قضاء جبيل; transliteration: ''Qadaa' Jbeil''), also called the Jbeil District (''Jbeil'' is Lebanese Arabic for "Byblos"; standard Arabic ''Jubail''), is a district (''qadaa'') of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Leb ...
:
* the Monastery (Deir) of al-Banat and its lands, now our the Monastery of Our Lady of the Succors, near the city of Byblos, entrusted as
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
to the
Lebanese Maronite Order
The Baladites, formally known as the Lebanese Maronite Order (; abbreviated OLM), is a monastic order among the Levant-based, Catholic Maronite Church, which from the beginning has been specifically a monastic Church. The order was founded in 16 ...
by Mansur al-Dahdah in 1770.
* the lands located in Mastita, entrusted as
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
to the Monastery of Our Lady of the Fields (Sayyidat al-Haqlah) of
Dlebta
* the house of Shaykh Hanna al-Dahdah, now a restaurant in the old district of Byblos
* the historic church (formerly a Roman temple) of Saint Elijah in the village of
Blat and its dependencies, a
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
of the Wahbah branch of the House of al-Dahdah.
In the
Batrun District:
* the village of Bassatine al-'Ussa in the Batrun District, to the heirs of Mansur ibn Sallum al-Dahdah
* the lands of the Church of Our Lady of Shwit (Sayyidat Swhit) in the village of Shgar in the Batrun District
Allied families
In addition to its dominant practice of
endogamous
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
Endogamy is common in many cultu ...
marriage between members of its different branches, the house of al-Dahdah is mainly allied to the two other families of the Maronite nobility of Kisrawan: the
Khazen
Khazen (also El-Khazen, Al-Khazen, Khazin or De Khazen, ar, آل الخازن, is a prominent Levantine family and clan based in Keserwan District, Lebanon, Damascus, Syria, Nablus, Palestine, as well as other districts around the Levant, predomin ...
, and the Hubaysh, and to a lesser extent, to the families of al-Hachem in Aqoura and al-Khouri Salih of Richmayya (currently the two families of al-Saad and al-Khoury of the Richmayya branch). For instance, President Shaykh
Bechara al-Khoury, the first president of the
Lebanese Republic
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lie ...
, was the maternal grandson of a woman from the Dahdah family; the sister of
Habib al-Saad, who was president of Lebanon under the French Mandate from 1934 to 1936, was married to Iskandar al-Dahdah.
See also
*
List of political families in Lebanon
This is a list of political families in Lebanon and their prominent members. This list does not include historical monarchies that ruled the region of the Levant but can include its modern-ruling decedents. (e.g. Talal Arslan of the Arslan family)
...
References
{{reflist
Lebanese noble families
Lebanese business families
Political families of Lebanon